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PITFINAL
PITFINAL
PITFINAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter the student or readers will be able to understand and the
application of;
How much AC voltage will appear between any two of the lines (V AB, VBC , or VAC ) if
each stator coil inside the alternator outputs 277 volts? Draw a phasor diagram showing
how the phase (winding) and line voltages relate.
. b.
Pp=VpIpcosθ
=I2pRe(Zp) ⋯(9)
Sample problem 1:
The input power to a 3-phase a.c. motor is measured as 5kW. If the voltage and current
to the motor are 400V and 8.6A respectively, determine the power factor of the system?
Given:
Power P=5000W,
power, P =√3 VLIL cos φ
= 0.839
Sample problem 2:
Three loads, each of resistance 30, are connected in star to a 415 V, 3-phase supply.
Determine:
(a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current.
= 415 /√3
= 240/30
= 8 A
Contents:
The current flowing through each phase is called Phase Current (Iph), and the current
flowing through each line conductor is called Line Current (IL).
The voltage across each phase is called Phase Voltage (Eph), and the voltage across
two line conductors is called Line Voltage (EL).
To understand the relationship between the phase voltage and line voltage in the delta
connection, consider figure A shown below:
It is clear from the figure that the voltage across terminals 1 and 2 is the same as across
the terminals R and Y. Therefore,
Similarly,
As in the balanced system the three-phase current I 12, I23 and I31 are equal in magnitude
but are displaced from one another by 120° electrical.
Hence,
The vector I12 is reversed and is added in the vector I 31 to get the vector sum of I 31 and –
I12 as shown above in the phasor diagram. Therefore,
Similarly,
Hence, in delta connection line current is root three times of phase current.
This is all about Delta Connection In a 3 Phase System.
Sample Problem:
A balanced delta connected three-phase load draws 200 A per phase with a lading
power factor of 0.85 from a 12.47 kV line to line system. Determine the total real power
drawn by the load.
Definition: The system which has three phases, i.e., the current will pass through the
three wires, and there will be one neutral wire for passing the fault current to the earth is
known as the three phase system. In other words, the system which uses three wires
for generation, transmission and distribution is known as the three phase system. The
three phase system is also used as a single phase system if one of their phase and the
neutral wire is taken out from it. The sum of the line currents in the 3-phase system is
equal to zero, and their phases are differentiated at an angle of 120º
The three-phase system has four wire, i.e., the three current carrying conductors and
the one neutral. The cross section area of the neutral conductor is half of the live wire.
The current in the neutral wire is equal to the sum of the line current of the three wires
and consequently equal to √3 times the zero phase sequence components of current.
The three-phase system has several advantages like it requires fewer conductors as
compared to the single phase system. It also gives the continuous supply to the load.
The three-phase system has higher efficiency and minimum losses.
The three phase system induces in the generator which gives the three phase voltage
of equal magnitude and frequency. It provides an uninterruptible power, i.e., if one
phase of the system is disturbed, then the remaining two phases of the system continue
supplies the power.The magnitude of the current in one phase is equal to the sum of the
current in the other two phases of the system.
Sample Problem
Determine the phase sequence of the set of voltages
Solutions
2.6 Wye Connected Balanced System
The voltages we get from the three-phase power system are produced by a
synchronous generator. In a balanced condition, the three voltages have equal
amplitudes. The first type is balanced wye-wye connection.
Contents:
Each voltage has the 120◦ phase angle differences. It may be delta or wye, both have a
difference of 120◦.
Make sure to read what is three-phase circuits first.
(1)
ZS and Zl are often very small compared with ZL, so one can assume that ZY = ZL if no
source or line impedance is given. In any event, by lumping the impedances together,
the Y-Y system in Figure.(1) can be simplified to that shown in Figure.(2).
Figure 1. A balanced Y-Y system, showing the source, line, and load impedances.
(2)
The line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages Vab, Vbc, and Vca are related to the phase
voltages. For example,
(3a)
Similarly, we can obtain
(3b)
(3c)
Thus, the magnitude of the line voltages VL is √3 times the magnitude of the phase
voltages Vp, or
(4)
where
(5)
and
(6)
Also, the line voltages lead their corresponding phase voltages by 30◦. Figure.(3a)
illustrates this. Figure.(3a) also shows how to determine Vab from the phase voltages,
while Figure.(3b) shows the same for the three-line voltages.
Notice that Vab leads Vbc by 120◦, and Vbc leads Vca by 120◦so that the line voltages sum
up to zero as do the phase voltages.
Figure 3. Phasor diagrams illustrating the relationship between line voltages and phase
voltages
Applying KVL to each phase in Figure.(2), we obtain the line currents as
(7)
We can readily infer that the line currents add up to zero,
(8)
so that
(9a)
or
(9b)
that is, the voltage across the neutral wire is zero. The neutral line can thus be removed
without affecting the system.
In fact, in long-distance power transmission, conductors in multiples of three are used
with the earth itself acting as the neutral conductor.
For easier understanding, you better read about balanced three-phase voltages first.
Power systems designed in this way are well grounded at all critical points to ensure
safety.
While the line current is the current in each line, the phase current is the current in each
phase of the source or load. In the Y-Y system, the line current is the same as the
phase current.
We will use single subscripts for line currents because it is natural and conventional to
assume that line currents flow from the source to the load.
(10)
From Ia, we use the phase sequence to obtain other line currents. Thus, as long as the
system is balanced, we need only analyze one phase.
We may do this even if the neutral line is absent, as in the three-wire system.
Balanced Wye-Wye Connection Examples
For better understanding let us review the example below:
1. Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system of Figure.(5).
Figure 5
Solution:
The three-phase circuit in Figure.(5) is balanced; we may replace it with its single-phase
equivalent circuit such as in Figure.(4).
We obtain Ia from the single-phase analysis as
where ZY = (5 − j2) + (10 + j8) = 15 + j6 = 16.155 21.8◦. Hence,
Since the source voltages in Figure.(5) are in positive sequence and the line currents
are also in positive sequence,
2.7 Delta Connected Balanced System
A balanced delta-delta connection system is a system where the source is delta-
connected where the load is also delta-connected.
Contents hide
A balanced Delta-Delta system is one in which both the balanced source and balanced
load are ∆-connected.
Before moving on make sure you have read what is three-phase circuit first.
Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either wye- or
delta-connected, we have four possible connection :
Balanced wye-wye connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected
load).
Balanced wye-delta connection.
Balanced delta-delta connection.
Balanced delta-wye connection.
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection
The source, as well as the load, maybe delta-connected as shown in Figure.(1). Our
goal is to obtain the phase and line currents as usual.
Figure 1. A balanced ∆- ∆ connection
Assuming a positive sequence, the phase voltages for a delta-connected source are
(1)
The line voltages are the same as the phase voltages.
From Figure.(1), assuming there are no line impedances, the phase voltages of the
delta-connected source are equal to the voltages across the impedances; that is,
(2)
Hence, the phase currents are
(3)
Since the load is delta-connected just as in the balanced wye-delta connection, some of
the formulas derived there apply here.
The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at nodes A, B,
and C, as we did in the previous section:
(4)
Also, as shown in the last section, each line current lags the corresponding phase
current by 30◦; the magnitude I L of the line current is √3 times the magnitude I p of the
phase current,
(5)
An alternative way of analyzing the ∆-∆ circuit is to convert both the source and the load
to their Y equivalents.
We already know that ZY = Z∆/3. To convert a ∆-connected source to a Y-connected
source, see the next section.
Balanced Delta-Delta Connection Example
For better understanding let us review the example below:
1. A balanced ∆-connected load having an impedance 20 − j15 Ω is connected to a ∆-
connected, positive-sequence generator having V ab = 330∠0◦ V.
Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents.
Solution:
The load impedance per phase is
For a delta load, the line current always lags the corresponding phase current by 30◦
and has a magnitude √3 times that of the phase current.
Hence, the line currents are
Sample problem:
A star connected load consists of three identical coils, each inductance 159.2mH and
resistance 50ohms. If the supply frequency is 50Hz and the line current is 3 A determine
the (a) phase voltage and (b) the line voltage.
Sample Problem:
Three identical coils, each of resistance 10ohm and inductance 42mH are connected (a)
in star and (b) in delta to a 415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine the total power
dissipated in each case.
(a) Star connection
Inductive reactance,
Phase impedance,
Zp =√(R2 +XL2)
=√(102 +13.192) =16.55
VP =VL/√3=415/√3=240 V.
Phase current,
IL =Ip =14.50 A.
Power dissipated,
P =3I2R =3(14.50)2(10)=6.3kW)
(b) Delta connection
VL = Vp = 415 V,
IL =√3Ip =√3(25.08)=43.44A.
Power dissipated,
P =√3 VLIL cos φ
(Alternatively,
P =3I2R
2. 9 Neutral currents
Exchange currents which carry no electric charge and mediate certain types of electrow
eak interactions. The discovery of the neutral-current weak interactions and the agreem
ent of their experimentally measured properties with the theoretical predictions were of
great significance in establishing the validity of the Weinberg-Salam model of the electro
weak forces.
The electroweak forces come in three subclasses: the electromagnetic interactions, the
charged-current weak interactions, and the neutral
current weak interactions. The electromagnetic interaction is mediated by an exchanged
photon γ. Since the photon carries no electric charge, there is no change in charge betw
een the incoming and the outgoing particles. The charged-current weak interaction is m
ediated by the exchange of a charged intermediate boson, the W+, and thus, for exampl
e, an incoming neutral lepton such as the νμ is changed into a charged lepton, the μ-. In
the neutral-current weak interactions, the exchanged intermediate boson, the Z0, carries
no electric charge (hence the name neutral-current interaction), and thus, for example, a
n incident neutral lepton, such as the νμ, remains an outgoing neutral νμ.
The neutral
-current interactions were experimentally discovered in 1973, and have since been exte
nsively studied, in neutrino scattering processes. Very important information about the p
roperties of the neutral currents have been obtained by studying the interference effects
between the electromagnetic and the neutral-current weak interactions in the scattering
of polarized electrons on deuterium. Parity-violating effects in atomic physics processes
due to the neutral weak currents have been observed, and predicted parity-violating nuc
lear effects have been searched for.
By ANGELA RYCZKOWSKI
The neutral current in a three-phase, four-wire wye system represents the imbalance of
the three-phase conductors, also known as the "hot" conductors. If the three hot
conductors are equal, as in the case of supplying a three-phase motor, there is no
imbalance and the neutral current is zero. In a single-phase system, the neutral carries
only the imbalance of the two hot conductors, an easy calculation. However, in a three-
phase wye system, even if only two of the three phases and the neutral run a single-
phase load, you must use the neutral formula.
Step 1
Note the neutral formula. If A, B and C are the three phase currents, the formula to find
the neutral current is the square root of the following: (A^2 + B^2 + C^2 - AB - AC - BC).
Step 2
Use example phase currents of five amps, eight amps and 10 amps. Square each of the
phase currents and add the total of the three numbers. Using these examples, the
squared numbers are 25, 64 and 100. The sum of these numbers is 189.
Step 3
Subtract each multiplied pair of numbers from the current total. AB, or five multiplied by
eight, is 40; AC, or five multiplied by 10, is 50; and BC, or eight times 10, is 80. The total
of these numbers is 170. This number subtracted from 189 leaves 19.
Step 4
Take the square root of the calculated number. The resulting number is the neutral
current. The neutral current in the example is about 4.36 amps.
Fact 1: You get two voltages from the 3 phase supply because of the neutral wire
Fact 3: The current in the neutral wire is the phasor sum of all the line currents
Fact 5: A broken neutral wire changes the phase voltages when the electrical load is
unbalanced
Fact 6: A broken neutral wire changes the line currents in unbalanced loads
Sample Problems:
The line currents in a 3-ph 4-wire system are Ia= 100<30 0; Ib = 5-< 3000; Ic = 30<1800.
Find the symmetrical components and the neutral current.
2.10 Delta Unconnected Balanced or Unbalanced Loads
The solution of the unbalanced delta-connected load consists in computing the phase
currents and then applying KCL to obtain the line currents. The currents will be unequal
and will not have the symmetry of the balanced case.
Sample problems:
A three phase, 339.4-V, ABC system [figure a] has a delta-connected load with
Zab = 10/00 ohms Zbc = 10/300 ohms Zca = 15/-300 ohms
Obtain phase and line currents and draw the phasor diagram
2.11 Three-phase Power Formulas
Supplementary Problems:
VAB = VBC = VAC = 240 volts VAG = VCG = 120 volts VBG = 208 volts
ANS: A ”balanced” polyphase system is one where all line voltages are equal to each
other, and all line currents are also equal to each other. ”Unbalanced” conditions usually
stem from unsymmetrical loads, although severe imbalances may be caused by faults in
the system.
3. The line voltage to this three-phase load is 480 volts. How much power (total) is
dissipated by the load? How much current is there in each line supplying the load?
One more question: write an equation for calculating power in a balanced, three-phase
circuit, given line voltage and line current only.
Answer: c
Explanation: If the field system is rotated in the anticlockwise direction, then the
sequence of voltages in the three phases are in order RBY. The value of V ‘YY is V‘YY =
Vmsin(ωt-120⁰).
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of V‘BB is V‘BB = Vmsin(ωt-240⁰). There are only two possible
phase sequences; they are RBY and RYB.
6. In a two phase generator, the armature has two distinct windings that are displaced
__________ apart.
Answer: b
Explanation: Single phase voltages and currents are generated by single phase
generators and the armature of such generator has only one winding or one set of coils.
In a two phase generator, the armature has two distinct windings that are displaced 90⁰
apart. θ= 90⁰.
7. Calculate the full-load line current for a three-phase motor, given a horsepower rating
of 150 HP, an efficiency of 93%, and a line voltage of 480 volts. Assume a power factor
of 0.90 for full-load conditions.
Eline =
Iline =
Ephase(source) =
Iphase(source) =
Ephase(load) =
Iphase(load) =
Ptotal =
Hide Answer
Eline = 230 V
Iline = 7.967 A
Ephase(source) = 230 V
Iphase(source) = 4.6 A
Ephase(load) = 230 V
Iphase(load) = 4.6 A
Ptotal = 3.174 kW
Notes:
Be sure to ask your students to describe how they arrived at the answers to this
question. There is more than one place to start in determining the solution here, and
more than one way to calculate some of the figures. No matter how your students may
have approached this question, though, they should all obtain the same answers.
Identify the different voltages obtained from this coil configuration, and which
connection points each voltage is measured between.
Answer
VAB = 240 volts V BC = 240 volts V AC = 240 volts
Notes:
The usefulness of this connection scheme should be clearly evident: three different
voltage levels may be accessed for use in powering circuits. Usually, the coils shown
are secondary windings of three different transformers, the primary windings connected
to a set of three-phase high voltage power lines. In many cases, a heavier-duty
transformer is used for coil AC than for coils AB or BC due to the number of 120 volt
loads.
Answer:
5-7 Three impedances of 4.20/-35o ohms are connected in delta to three-phase, ABC
system having VBC = 495.0/0oV. Obtain the line currents.
1-5. Determine the complex power, apparent power, average power absorbed, reactive
power and power factor (including whether it is leading or lagging) for a load circuit
whose voltage and current at its input terminals are given by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Answers:
A.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1-6. For a 208-V three-phase ideally balanced system shown below, find;
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2.6 Wye-Connected Balanced System
c. the load voltages.
Answer:
6-7. If Vab= 400 V in a balanced Y-connected three-phase generator, find the phase
voltages, assuming the phase sequence is
(a.) abc
(b.) acb
Answer:
8. Calculate the complex power at the source and at the load
10. Calculate the line current required for a 30-kW three-phase motor having a power
factor of 0.85 lagging if it is connected to a balanced source with a line voltage of 440 V.
Answer: 46.31 A
2.7 DELTA CONNECTED BALANCED SYSTEM
Answer: Yes, you can generate a perfect, delta-connected voltage source configuration
with just two sources
2-3. For delta-delta circuit, calculate the (a.) the phase currents (b.) line currents
Answers:
A positive-sequence, balanced delta-connected source supplies a balanced delta-
connected load. If the impedance per phase of the load is 18 + j12 ohms and Ia = 9.609
/35o A, (a.) find IAB (b.)find VAB
4-6. A balanced star connected 3 phase load of 10ohms per phase is supplied from a
400V 50Hz mains supply at a unity power factor. Calculate (a.) the phase voltage (b.)
the line current (c.) the total power consumed
Answers
c. P = 16kW
currents.
2. 9 NEUTRAL CURRENT
A Y-connected source with phase voltages Vag = 277<0 0, Vbg = 260<-1200 and Vcg =
295<1150 is applied to a balanced delta load of 30<40 0 ohms/phase through a line of
impedance 1<850 ohms. The neutral of the source is solidly grounded. Draw the
sequence networks of the system and find the source currents
1-2. The two-phase balanced ac generator of Fig. 11-22 feeds two identical loads. The
two voltage sources are 180oout of phase. Find, with the given Vp = 110 Vrms and Z = 4
+ j3.
(a) the line currents, line voltages, and their phase angles,
3-4. Repeat Problem but with the two voltage sources of Problem 11.1 90 oout of phase.
Answer:
2.11 THREE PHASE POWER FORMULAS
A three-phase, three-wire CBA system, with an effective line voltage 106.1 V, has a
balanced-connected load with impedances Z = 15/30o ohms. Obtain the line and phase
currents by the single-line equivalent method. Referring to Fig. 11-28,
Answer:
A three-phase, three-wire system, with an effective line voltage 176.8 V, supplies two
balanced loads, one in delta withZ¼1508and the other in wye withZY¼10308. Obtain
thetotal power.First convert the-load to Y, and then use the single-line equivalent circuit,
Fig. 11-29, to obtain the line current.
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