EE-301 Lab Manual, ME Department, Wah Engineering College

Lab Experiment # 1
Familiarization with Modern electronics lab trainer

Objective: To familiarize with Modern Electronics lab trainer.

Apparatus:

 Oscilloscope
 Proteus
 Semi-Conductors
 Diodes
 clippers and clampers
 Zener Diodes
 DC Biasing of BJTS
 Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
 Operational Amplifiers Applications of Operational Amplifiers
 Power supply
 Bread boards
 Electrical trainer

Theory:-

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope or CRO (cathode-ray oscilloscope) is a type of electronic test instrument that

allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of
one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or y-axis, plotted as a function of
time (horizontal or x-axis). This way, many types of signals can be converted to voltages and
displayed.
Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such that voltage
and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a calibrated scale. This shape is
commonly referred to as a waveform, and makes it easy to view voltage changes over time,
allows measurement of peak-to-peak voltage, the frequency of periodic signals, the time between
pulses.
 EE-301 Lab Manual, ME Department, Wah Engineering College

Fig-1: Oscilloscope

Semi-Conductors:

A semiconductor is a material which has electrical conductivity to a degree between that of

a metal (such as copper) and that of an insulator (such as glass). Semiconductors are the
foundation of modern solid state electronics, including transistors, solar cells, light-emitting
diodes (LEDs), quantum dots and digital and analogue integrated circuits

 Intrinsic: An intrinsic semiconductor material is chemically very pure and possesses poor
conductivity. It has equal numbers of negative carriers (electrons) and positive carriers
(holes).
 Extrinsic: Where as an extrinsic semiconductor is an improved intrinsic semiconductor
with a small amount of impurities added by a process, known as doping, which alters the
electrical properties of the semiconductor and improves its conductivity. Introducing
impurities into the semiconductor materials (doping process) can control their
conductivity.

Fig-2: semi-conductors
 EE-301 Lab Manual, ME Department, Wah Engineering College

Proteous :-

Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board
(PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics. It is used in for the exact circuit analysis
on the computers.

Fig-3: Proteus

Diodes:-

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with a

symmetric conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

Fig-4: Diode
 EE-301 Lab Manual, ME Department, Wah Engineering College

Applications of Diodes:

 Signal rectifier
 Diode gate
 Diode clamps
 Limiter

BJTS (Bipolar Junction Transistors):-

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT or bipolar transistor) is a type of transistor that relies on the

contact of two types of semiconductor for its operation. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches,
or in oscillators. BJTs can be found either as individual discrete components, or in large numbers
as parts of integrated circuits. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves
both electrons and holes. These two kinds of charge carriers are characteristic of the two kinds of
doped semiconductor material. In contrast, unipolar transistors such as the field-effect
transistors have only one kind of charge carrier. The two types of semiconductor means a P type
and a N type semiconductor joined together in a specific way. The two types of BJTs are:
 PNP transistor
 NPN transistor

Fig-5: BJTs

Zener Diodes:-

A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same
manner as an ideal diode, but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is
above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage", and zener voltage
“or” avalanche point.
 EE-301 Lab Manual, ME Department, Wah Engineering College

Fig-6: Zener diode

 Construction:
The zener diode's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p-n junction. The depletion
region formed in the diode is very thin (<1 µm) and the electric field is consequently very high
(about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V,
allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band
of the n-type material.

 Uses:
Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage
across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is
reverse biased, a zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown
voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across
the diode at that value.
Operational Amplifiers:-

An operational amplifier is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical

operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation, and integration. An
operational amplifier is designed so that it performs some mathematical operations when external
components, such as resistors and capacitors, are connected to its terminals.
Its terminal specifications and symbol are:

Fig-7: Op-AMP
CONCLUSION:-

An overview on basic lab equipment was done. This session is helpful in attaining a basic
understanding on equipment being used in this particular lab.