Seismic Evaluation of Blood Banks in Nepal

ability Assessment of Blood Bank Buildings in Nepal
National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 SCOPE OF WORK.............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 OVERALL METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................... 2
2. SEISMIC HAZARD AND DESIGN GROUND MOTION ............................................................... 2
2.1 SEISMIC HAZARD ............................................................................................................ 2
2.2 DESIGN BASIS EARTHQUAKE .......................................................................................... 2
3. DATA COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 3
3.1 SURVEY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 3
3.2 LOCATION OF BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC HAZARD MAP OF NEPAL ..................................... 3
3.3 INTERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 4
3.4 FIELD EXPLORATION ....................................................................................................... 4
3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING TYPOLOGY ..................................................................... 4
3.6 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 5
3.6.1 FRAGILITY OF THE IDENTIFIED BUILDING TYPOLOGY ............................................... 5
3.6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABILITY FACTORS ......................................................... 6
3.6.3 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS TO THE SEISMIC
PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING .............................................................................. 6
3.6.4 VULNERABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDING VS. A GROUP OF BUILDINGS ................. 6
4. SURVEY FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS RESULT ........................................................................... 6
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING ............................................................................................. 6
4.2 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ............................................... 6
4.3 WEAKNESSES IN BUILDINGS ........................................................................................... 7
4.3.1 MATERIAL WEAKNESS ................................................................................................ 7
4.3.2 LACK OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS ........................................................................................................................... 7
4.3.3 TYPICAL WEAKNESSES IN THE ASSESSED BUILDINGS ................................................ 7
4.4 IDENTIFICATION OF NON STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ................................................... 9
4.5 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS TO THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
OF THE BUILDING .......................................................................................................... 10
4.6 REINTERPRETATION OF THE BUILDING FRAGILITY BASED ON OBSERVED

VULNERABILITY FACTORS ............................................................................................ 12
4.7 PROBABLE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING AT DIFFERENT INTENSITIES .................. 12
5. INTERVENTION OPTIONS FOR BETTER SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ....................................... 14
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5.1 LESSONS FROM PAST EARTHQUAKES ........................................................................... 14
5.1.1 LOAD BEARING UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS .......................................... 14
5.1.2 RC FRAME BUILDINGS.............................................................................................. 14
5.2 SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS ......................................................................... 15
5.2.1 PHILOSOPHY AND APPROACH ................................................................................... 15
5.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF RETROFITTING METHODOLOGY ................................................. 15
5.3 RETROFITTING METHODS ............................................................................................. 16
5.3.1 GENERAL IMPROVEMENT ......................................................................................... 16
5.4 RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES ......................................................................................... 16
5.4.1 MASONRY BUILDINGS IN CEMENT SAND MORTAR .................................................. 16
5.4.2 RC FRAME BUILDING STRUCTURE ........................................................................... 18
6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................... 18
6.1 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 18
6.2 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 19
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 19
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APPENDIX
ANNEX I: EUROPEAN MACRO SEISMIC SCALE (EMS 98)........................................................... 21

ANNEX 2: MODIFIED MERCALLY INTENSITY SCALE (MMI SCALE) ............................ 27
ANNEX III-1(BLOOD BANK-KATHMANDU): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY
FACTORS OF THE BUILDING ......................................................................................................... 29
ANNEX III-2 (BLOOD BANK- BIRATNAGAR): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY
FACTORS OF THE BUILDING ......................................................................................................... 32
ANNEX III-3 (BLOOD BANK- POKHARA): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS
OF THE BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 35
ANNEX III-4 (BLOOD BANK- NEPALGUNJ): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS

OF THE BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 39
ANNEX III-5 (BLOOD BANK- DHANGADI): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS

OF THE BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 42
ANNEX III-6(BLOOD BANK- BIRGUNJ): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS OF

THE BUILDING ............................................................................................................................... 45
ANNEX IV-1 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-KATHMANDU): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ................... 48

ANNEX IV-3 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-POKHARA): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ......................... 50
ANNEX IV-4 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-NEPALGUNJ): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ..................... 53
ANNEX IV-5 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-DHANGADI): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ....................... 55
ANNEX IV-6 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-BIRGUNJ): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ........................... 57
ANNEX V-1: BUILDING DESCRIPTION ( BLOOD BANK-KATHMANDU) ...................................... 59
ANNEX V-2: BUILDING DESCRIPTION (BLOOD BANK-BIRATNAGAR) ....................................... 60
ANNEX V-3: BUILDING DESCRIPTION ( BLOOD BANK-POKHARA) ............................................ 61
ANNEX V-4: BUILDING DESCRIPTION (BLOOD BANK-NEPALGUNJ) ......................................... 62
ANNEX V-5: BUILDING DESCRIPTION ( BLOOD BANK-DHANGADI) .......................................... 63
ANNEX V-6: BUILDING DESCRIPTION (BLOOD BANK-BIRGUNJ)............................................... 64
ANNEX VI-1: PHOTOGRAPHS ( BLOOD BANK-KATHMANDU) .................................................... 66
ANNEX VI-2: PHOTOGRAPHS (BLOOD BANK-BIRATNAGAR)..................................................... 71
ANNEX VI-3: PHOTOGRAPHS (BLOOD BANK-POKHARA) .......................................................... 77
ANNEX VI-4: PHOTOGRAPHS (BLOOD BANK-NEPALGUNJ) ....................................................... 82
ANNEX VI-5: PHOTOGRAPHS (BLOOD BANK-DHANGADI)......................................................... 87
ANNEX VI-6: PHOTOGRAPHS ( BLOOD BANK-BIRGUNJ)............................................................ 92
ANNEX VII-1: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ( BLOOD BANK-KATHMANDU) ........................... 97
ANNEX VII-2: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS (BLOOD BANK-BIRATNAGAR)…..…………... 104
ANNEX VII-3: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ( BLOOD BANK-POKHARA)…………………. 111
ANNEX VII-4: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ( BLOOD BANK-NEPALGUNJ)……………….. 114
ANNEX VII-5: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ( BLOOD BANK-DHANGADI)……………… 118
ANNEX VII-6: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ( BLOOD BANK-BIRGUNJ)…………………. 123
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Qualitative Structural Vulnerability Assessment of Blood Bank Buildings in Nepal
1. Introduction
This report is prepared by National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET) under the
contract agreement with World Health Organization in Nepal for earthquake vulnerability
assessment of blood bank buildings in district centers of Nepal. It includes qualitative earthquake
vulnerability assessment of blood bank building in Kathmandu and five other district centers
Biratnagar, Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi and Birgunj. The report describes the method and
findings of the assessment. The study was conducted within a time range from November 2006 to
February 2007. Recommendations are provided for improving seismic performance of the
assessed building.
This report is based on the methodology described in section 2 to 4 and best engineering judgment
arrived at from the site visit, study of structural systems, limited number of field exploration and
prevailing practices of building construction in the region. All possible efforts have been made to
provide accurate and authoritative seismic vulnerability assessment of the building in the given
circumstances of information provided by the client on the design and construction details of the
building and limited number of field tests (both destructive and non-destructive). So neither
NSET nor any of its employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, nor assumes any
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the statement made in this report in
case the starting information does not stand correct.
The report has six chapters. Chapter one introduces the background, scope of work, methodology
and limitation. Chapter two presents the general understanding of the existing seismic hazard and
potential ground motions. Chapter three presents data collection and assessment methodology,
chapter four discusses the survey findings, chapter five describes the various possible intervention
options to improve the seismic response of the buildings and chapter six presents the summary of
findings, conclusions and recommendation.
In addition, this main report also includes seven appendices that provide supporting on issues
discussed in the main report. These include details of Modified Mercalli Intensity scale and
EMS98 with damage grades, survey checklists, short check calculations, building description with
attached photographs and architectural drawings of the buildings.
1.1 Scope of Work

The following scope of work has been defined:
1 Prepare as-built drawings of existing buildings to be assessed.
2 Conduct a survey to determine the structural characteristic of the blood bank building
3 Assess the seismic structural vulnerability of the buildings
4 Identify non-structural vulnerability in the buildings
5 Compilation of report detailing procedures and presenting findings and
recommendations for improving their seismic resilience.
1.2 Overall Methodology

The overall methodology for this study is summarized as follows.
1) Definition of hazard and design basis ground motion based on past studies and Nepal
Building codes.
2) Reconnaissance of building structures.
3) Identification of building typology based on construction materials and structural
systems.
4) Detail visual survey of individual buildings which included:

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i Identification of strengths and deficiencies

ii Identification of structural vulnerability factors: Plan and vertical irregularities, load path,
configuration problems, lateral force resisting system, material deterioration etc.
5) Identification of building design criteria and structural systems and calculation of
design shear forces and checking of stresses in ground floor bearing walls or columns
as required.
6) General earthquake performance evaluation of the buildings. The building
performance was evaluated based on the available fragility functions developed by
Nepal Building Code Development Project for Nepalese buildings.
7) Recommendations for improving the seismic performance of the buildings.
8) Finally documentation on detail methodology, procedures of assessment, findings,
conclusions and recommendation in the form of a report.
The detail descriptions of each step are described in respective chapters.
1.3 Limitations
The survey is carried mainly by visual inspection with limited material exploration to understand
the building typology. Few holes are drilled and plaster stripped off as destructive tests
considering identical condition in the overall building structure. Hilti Ferroscan detector is used to
verify structural details at possible locations as non-destructive tests for exploration of material.
No material testing is conducted to determine the material properties of building materials.
Structural drawings of the surveyed buildings are not available. Since all the buildings are
covered with plaster work, many times it is difficult to make firm decision on material quality,
state of their deterioration and overall structural system with limited field exploration. In such
cases only educated guess could be made.
2. Seismic Hazard and Design Ground Motion
2.1 Seismic Hazard

Nepal lies on an active seismic zone ranging from Java-Myanmar-Himalayas-Iran and turkey,
which is susceptible to great earthquakes. According to historical data, many large earthquakes
have occurred in the past. The assessment of Seismic Hazard of Kathmandu valley done by
UNDP /UNCHS, 1994 and Nippon Koei and Oyo, 2001, identifies several faults in the
Kathmandu Valley. Different fault models are liable to produce earthquakes of intensity IX in
many parts of the country. It is pointed out that there is a high possibility that a huge earthquake
will occur around the Himalayan region based on the difference between energy accumulation in
this region and historic earthquake occurrence (“Himalayan Seismic Hazard” by R. Blham, V.K.
Gaur and P.Molnar).
2.2 Design Basis Earthquake

Design basis ground motion is the ground motion that has a 10% probability of being exceeded
within 50 years, as determined by a site-specific hazard analysis or from a hazard zoning map of
Nepal. Nepal National Building Code NBC 105-1994 has been followed for seismic design of
buildings in Nepal. The seismic design coefficient according to Nepal National Building Code is
given by,
Seismic Design Coefficient,
Cd = C I Z K
where,

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C = Response acceleration coefficient obtained from the Design Response Spectrum

I = Importance factor
Z = Zone factor
K = Structural performance factor
All the buildings under consideration are short period structures (two storey or less). Hence C=
0.08; I = 1.5 for all blood bank buildings (Important buildings); Z = 1 for Kathmandu and
Pokhara; Z = 0.85 for Birgunj; Z= 0.9 for Dhangadi and Z = 0.91 for Nepalgunj from seismic
zoning map of Nepal; K = 4 ( for unreinforced masonry building), = 2 ( for ordinary moment
resisting frame building). Subsequent calculations (see Annex IV) are performed using these
coefficients for seismic safety check of the buildings.
3. Data Collection and Assessment Methodology
3.1 Survey Methodology

Qualitative structural assessment of the building is performed based on visual observation, review
of drawings and design details observed at site during field tests to explore the material type,
construction technology, level of material deterioration, distress in structure etc.FEMA310
"Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings" has been adopted for this study which
suggests the procedure for the identification of deficiencies in the building structure. Different
seismic vulnerability factors are checked and expected performance of the building is estimated
for different intensities earthquakes. Different steps of the assessment process and their outcomes
are described in this section.
3.2 Location of Buildings in Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal

The assessed buildings are located in seismic hazard map of Nepal for the proposed value of
seismic zoning factor, Z. The location of the buildings in shaking hazard map is given in figure 3.
Fig 3: Proposed Value for Seismic Zoning Factor, Z

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3.3 Interview
The study team gathered information on the construction technology of the building from the
people having information on the design and construction. The interview is limited to some blood
bank staffs that have knowledge on particular building construction. Building design and
supervision overseer/engineer, who were involved during construction phase, are also interviewed
where possible. It is found that all the six buildings were constructed 20-30 years back. Since the
buildings were built long time back, the only information that could be collected is year of
construction, construction material and some structural details.
3.4 Field Exploration

Limited number of material exploration of the buildings is done to understand the material type
and their quality. The field test consists of hand drilling in walls, stripping off the plaster at some
strategic locations and the use of Hilti PS 200 Ferroscan detector to verify some of the structural
details such as availability of sill, lintel and roof band, vertical reinforcement etc. However the
process is very limited as all the buildings are in operation.
3.5 Classification of Building Typology

Based on site observations, interviews, material exploration, observed construction practice in the
areas and identified structural systems, buildings are grouped into classes of similar or near
similar typologies for earthquake vulnerability assessment. The major building types in Nepal are
given in the following table. From the visual observation and field tests, blood bank buildings in
Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and Birgunj are identified as a system with brick in cement (Type 2)
mortar with rigid floors and roof system, buildings in Biratnagar and Pokhara are identified as
Reinforced Concrete Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame with masonry infill (Type 3) and the
building in Dhangadi as well built brick in mud (Type 2) with rigid floors.
No. Building Types in Description

Nepal
1 Adobe, stone in Adobe Buildings: These are buildings constructed in sun-dried

mud, brick-in-mud bricks (earthen) with mud mortar for the construction of structural
(Low Strength walls. The walls are usually more than 350 mm.
Masonry). Stone in Mud: These are stone-masonry buildings constructed using
dressed or undressed stones with mud mortar. These types of
buildings have generally flexible floors and roof.
Brick in Mud: These are the brick masonry buildings with fired
bricks in mud mortar
2 Brick in Cement, These are the brick masonry buildings with fired bricks in cement or
Stone in Cement lime mortar and stone-masonry buildings using dressed or undressed
Well built brick in stones with cement mortar.
mud
3 Reinforced Concrete These are the buildings with reinforced concrete frames and
Ordinary-Moment- unreinforced brick masonry infill in cement mortar. The thickness of
Resisting-Frame infill walls is 230mm (9”) or even 115mm (41/2”) and column size
Buildings is predominantly 9”x 9”. The prevalent practice of most urban areas
of Nepal for the construction of residential and commercial
complexes is generally of this type.
4 Reinforced Concrete These buildings consist of a frame assembly of cast-in-place
Intermediate- concrete beams and columns. Floor and roof framing consists of
Moment-Resisting- cast-in-place concrete slabs. Lateral forces are resisted by concrete
Frame Buildings moment frames that develop their stiffness through monolithic
beam-column connections. These are engineered buildings designed

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without earthquake load or with old codes or designed for small

earthquake forces. Some of the newly constructed reinforced
concrete buildings are likely to be of this type.
5 Reinforced concrete These buildings consist of a frame assembly of cast-in-place
special-moment- concrete beams and columns. Floor and roof framing consists of
resistant-frames cast-in-place concrete slabs. Lateral forces are resisted by concrete
(SMRF) moment frames that develop their stiffness through monolithic
beam-column connections. These buildings have joint reinforcing,
closely spaced ties, and special detailing to provide ductile
performance. Despite the fact that this system should be adopted
ideally for all new RC frame buildings in Nepal, it is now only used
as an exception.
6 Others Mixed buildings like Stone and Adobe, Stone and Brick in Mud,
Brick in Mud and Brick in cement etc. are other building type in
Kathmandu valley.
3.6 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology

3.6.1 Fragility of the Identified Building Typology
The probable damage to the building structures at different intensities derived based on “The
Development of Alternative Building Materials and Technologies for Nepal, Appendix-C:
Vulnerability Assessment, UNDP/UNCHS 1994” and “European Macro-seismic Scale (EMS 98)”
http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/projekt/ems/core/emsa_cor.htm is given in Table 3.6. The
table shows that the weaker buildings of type 2 building get damage degree of five (DG5) at
intensity IX where as good buildings of this category will suffer damage degree of three (DG3) at
the same intensity as shown in Table 3.6-A. Similarly, the weaker buildings of type 3 building get
damage degree of four (DG4) at intensity IX where as good buildings of this category will suffer
damage degree of two (DG2) at the same intensity as shown in Table 3.6-B. The details of MMI
scale is given in Annex II of this report.
Table 3.6 -A: Fragility of Masonry Buildings (Brick in cement, stone in cement and well
built brick in mud)
MMI VI VII VIII IX
Weak DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5

Grades for
Classes of
Buildings
Different
Damage
Average DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4
Good - DG1 DG2 DG3
Table 3.6-B: Fragility of Reinforced Concrete Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame

(< 3 story)
MMI VI VII VIII IX
Weak DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4

Grades for
Classes of
Buildings
Different
Damage
Average - DG1 DG2 DG3
Good - - DG1 DG2
Note: The description of different damage degrees is provided in Annex I of this report

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3.6.2 Identification of Vulnerability Factors

Different Vulnerability factors associated with the particular type of buildings are checked with a
set of appropriate checklist from FEMA 310, "Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of
Buildings". The basic vulnerability factors related to Building system, Lateral force resisting
system, Connections, Diaphragms are evaluated based on visual inspection and field visit. The
checklists used for checking different vulnerability factors of the assessed building are given in
Annex III of this report.
3.6.3 Influence of Different Vulnerability Factors to the Seismic
Performance of the Building
Different structural parameters such as deterioration of material, vertical and horizontal
configuration of building, type of floor etc affect the level of vulnerability of the building to
different extents. Table 4.5 shows the influence of different vulnerability factors to the buildings
in qualitative terms. These are based on visual observation, field explorations and short
calculations (Annex IV) of the building. However, no mathematical calculations are carried for
the building in Biratnagar as the overall building system is complex and distribution of lateral
load bearing elements is not uniform though the building is reinforced concrete frame structure.
3.6.4 Vulnerability of Individual Building vs. a Group of Buildings
In actual practice, the performance of similar buildings in the same site could be considerably
different. It is due to the random differences in the level of workmanship, material strength, and
condition of each structure, amount of imposed load present at the time of earthquake, influence
of non-structural elements, and the response of foundation soil. The meaning is that buildings of
any type say 'A' in a given intensity area will collectively show a degree of damage (say collapse)
as qualified by the terms Few, Many or Most, although each one may have the same vulnerability
of collapse individually. While looking at each of the buildings from the point of view of potential
damage (or “damageability”), the vulnerability of an individual building will be more relevant
than a large group of similar buildings in the same intensity areas. However, the vulnerability
functions used here have been developed for group of buildings.
4. Survey Findings and Analysis Result
4.1 Description of building

Altogether six important blood bank buildings are surveyed in different parts of Nepal. These
include buildings in Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi and Birgunj. These
buildings come under the category of critical facilities of the nation. From the survey, it is
gathered that all the buildings were constructed between 2035 BS and 2045 BS. However some
extensions and addition of storey is observed in the past few years. No structural drawings are
available and architectural drawings are also not available in most of the cases which is the
general trend in the contemporary period. It is found that all the buildings were built as per the
construction practice in the region and no due consideration is given for seismic safety. Out of the
six buildings studied, three buildings in Kathmandu , Nepalgunj and Birgunj are of load bearing
brick masonry structure in cement mortar, the building in Dhangadi is built of traditional material
with brick in mud load bearing strcuture, the buildings in Biratnagar and Pokhara are weak frame
structures with masonry infill. Floor and roof slabs of all the buildings are rigid with reinforced
concrete cement material. However, configuration is not much of a problem in most of the
buildings except the one in Dhangadi which is U shaped. Building details are given in Annex V.
4.2 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

Based on the study, it can be concluded that none of the buildings surveyed incorporated aseismic
design or detailing. Some parts of buildings designed and constructed within the past 2-3 years
were also not constructed for seismic resilience. However, this is a qualitative and subjective
conclusion as structural drawings of most of the modern buildings are not available to the study

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team. From the available data and field exploration, it shows that the buildings have not been
constructed adopting ductile detailing, a key for survival of building against earthquake.
4.3 Weaknesses in Buildings

4.3.1 Material weakness
Since material testing has not been conducted, only qualitative judgment is made based on past
experience on investigation as follows:
Brick masonry in mud/lime mortar has very low compressive, tensile and shearing strengths and
can easily disintegrate if proper maintenance is not given. Further, it is inherently a brittle
material.
Brick in cement mortar is relatively a better material. However, it is inherently weak, especially in
tension and shear and brittle material unless it is reinforced.
Reinforced concrete is a good material in terms of strength as well as ductility if properly
constructed and ductile detailing implemented. These considerations are taken into account,
together with other relevant factors for assessing the conditions of each building which has been
assessed.
4.3.2 Lack of Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Structural
Components
From the visual and field observations of different structural components of the buildings, it is
observed that neither earthquake resistant features nor integrity improvement measures are
introduced in all the six blood bank buildings that are assessed.
4.3.3 Typical Weaknesses in the assessed buildings
The weaknesses and typical deficiencies of the buildings are briefly described below.
4.3.3.1 Blood Bank Building-Kathmandu

1) Building is irregular in plan and in elevation with only a central portion extended up
to first floor while large area is covered in ground floor.
2) Exterior bearing walls in first floor is supported on cantilever beam projecting from
main wall inside
3) Reinforced concrete slab floor level varies at different portion of the building
4) Staircase cover is sloped with truss roof structure without roof and gable band
resulting in free standing walls without lateral support
5) The building lacks earthquake resistant features such as vertical reinforcement at
corners and wall junctions and at jambs of opening, sill, lintel and roof bands, corner
stitches etc.
6) Cracks as well as deterioration of concrete are observed in many locations of the
building.
7) Ventilator is provided immediately below floor slab without any floor band
8) Non structural elements are not given due consideration to restrain against lateral
movement of earthquakes.
4.3.3.2 Blood Bank Building-Biratnagar

1) The building is comprised of four blocks built at different time but all attached together at
first floor level with columns adjacent to each other without any seismic gap.

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2) Overall building system is not regular.

3) Block 1 at North West side is reinforced concrete frame without floor beam at ground
floor along the periphery of the building creating a complexity in the overall building
system.
4) No proper distribution of walls along both directions. Usually the front faces of the blocks
are open in ground floor for commercial purposes.
5) Wall cracks exist at few places and also at the junction of individual blocks.
6) Ductile detailing is not enforced at site which is a key factor to survive the building at
large earthquakes.
7) No integrity between frame and wall elements.
8) Non-structural elements are not restraint against lateral movement.
4.3.3.3 Blood Bank Building-Pokhara

1) The building is attached with another building of one storey height which is liable to
pounding during large earthquakes
2) Lintel is not provided throughout from column to column but only a piece lintel is
provided over door and window opening.
3) The building lacks ductile detailing. Though column size is 230 X 300 mm,
reinforcement is very lean and stirrup is provided with a wide gap of about 250 mm
centre to centre throughout the column.
4) There is no connector between frame and infill masonry to tie them together.
5) Ground floor is open at front face for shops.
6) Cracks are observed at number of places originating specially from door/window
openings.
7) Non-structural elements are not restraint against lateral movement.
4.3.3.4 Blood Bank Building-Nepalgunj

1) Load path is not proper in staircase portion and 230mm thick wall is supported on floor
slab in a blood storage room at south west side.
2) Staircase and medical shop extension portion is weak without proper load path, open
ground floor and weak columns with lean columns in terms of size and reinforcement.
3) Ductile detailing, to prevent the building from failing during large earthquakes, is not
enforced during the construction of the building. No reinforcement is provided at corners,
junctions and jambs of opening, no floor band in both the floors and only a piece lintel
over door and windows is provided in first floor.
4) Walls have cracks at number of places showing weak connection between different
structural elements.
5) Non structural elements are not given due consideration from preventing damage during
earthquake shaking.
4.3.3.5 Blood Bank Building-Dhangadi

1) The building is U-shaped with large wings as compared to the main body of the building.
Wing in east side is comparatively larger than the wing on west side.

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2) The building is constructed without any consideration of earthquake shaking, hence lacks
ductile detailing.
3) The building is attached with another building in east side.
4) Cracks are propagated at number of places in wall and at junctions of wall and slab.
5) Front face of the building is open for commercial purpose.
6) No ring beam is provided at floor level.
7) Non structural mitigation is not implemented.
4.3.3.6 Blood Bank Building-Birgunj

1) Though the overall building shape is quite regular, the building lacks proportionate
distribution of walls and cross walls.
2) Integrity between walls is not adequate to sustain moderate to large earthquake.
3) Earthquake resisting elements are not provided during construction of the building.
4) Staircase landing is cantilever projecting from beam supported on walls.
5) No ring beam is provided at floor level and only a piece lintel provided over door/window
opening.
6) Heavy weight of reinforced concrete overhead water tank is supported on staircase cover
which does not have proper load path.
7) Non structural elements are not considered for earthquake safety.
8) Cracks are observed at few places and even deterioration of concrete and plaster due to
water leakage through pipelines.
4.4 Identification of Non Structural Components

Investigation of nonstructural components is carried merely by visual inspection. Concealed items
are not verified for seismic safety. The immediately visible components or piece of equipment are
checked whether these are braced or anchored. Components such as connections and framing are
often concealed and are not opened to conduct evaluation. These critical components are verified
from interview with technicians or contractors whosoever involved during the construction phase
and from prevalent practice of building construction in that area. From the field observation it is
found that no attention is given for seismic safety of nonstructural components in all the six blood
bank buildings that are assessed. Hence, these pose significant hazards to life safety. The
following different types of deficiencies are identified.
1) Building contents such as freeze, cupboards, racks, tables, computers and other
equipments are not anchored to the floor slab or adjacent walls.
2) All water piping has rigid couplings.
3) Parapet walls are not tied properly.
4) Contents of cabinet/rack are not properly secured using straps and tie strings. Fragile
glass items are found to be simply placed with no due consideration to prevent from
dislodging. These items can easily fall and are likely to cause injury even at low
intensities of earthquake. Likewise heavy load is placed at the top of these cupboards
which is liable to cause injury at the time of earthquake disaster.
5) Water tanks are not braced adequately to the floor.
6) Wall hangings are not properly hooked.

9
However, further evaluation and judgment is required to ascertain the extent of the deficiency and
the consequences of failure. Some simple calculations of weights, dimensional ratios, forces and
detail analysis is required to justify the ability to withstand forces and drifts and achievement of
the desired performance level.
4.5 Influence of Different Vulnerability Factors to the Seismic Performance of

the Building
The Table 4.5 shows the influence of different vulnerability factors to the building in terms of low
(L), medium (M) and high (H) on the basis of visual inspection, field investigation and short
analysis of the building.

10
Table 4.5: Influence of Different Vulnerability Factors to the Building
Increasing Vulnerability of the Building by Different

Vulnerability Factors
Vulnerability Factors
Blood Bank-
Blood Bank-
Blood Bank-
Blood Bank-
Blood Bank-
Blood Bank-
Kathmandu
Biratnagar
Nepalgunj
Dhangadi
Pokhara
Birgunj
Load Path H M L H L M
Weak Story L NK L L NA L
Soft Story L NK L L NA L
Geometry H L L L L L
Vertical
H L L H L L
Discontinuity
General Mass L L L L L L
Torsion L L H L H L
Deterioration of
M L L L M M
Material
Cracks in Wall M M H H H M
Cantilever H L L L L H
Openings L L H L H L
Redundancy L L L L L L
Lateral Force Shear Stress Criteria H NK H H H H
Resisting
System Proportions M M M M H H
Masonry lay up L L L L L L
Connectivity
Connection between different H H H H H H
structural elements
Diaphragm
H M L L L L
Continuity/ Stiffness
Plan Irregularities M M L L H M
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Reinforcement at L L L L L NK
Openings
Pounding Effect NA H H M H NA
Others Nonstructural
H H H H H H
Elements
Note: NA-Not Applicable; NK-Not Known

11
4.6 Reinterpretation of the Building Fragility Based on Observed Vulnerability

Factors
The probable performance of buildings to different earthquake intensity is given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Reinterpreted Fragility of the Building
S.N. Buildings MMI VII MMI VIII MMI IX
1 Blood Bank-Kathmandu DG3 DG4 DG5
2 Blood Bank-Biratnagar DG2 DG3 DG4
3 Blood Bank-Pokhara DG2 DG2-DG3 DG3-DG4
4 Blood Bank-Nepalgunj DG3 DG3-DG4 DG4-DG5
5 Blood Bank-Dhangadi DG3 DG4 DG5
6 Blood Bank-Birgunj DG3 DG4 DG4-DG5
4.7 Probable Performance of the Building at Different Intensities

The performance of the buildings in terms of structural and non-structural vulnerability is given in
Table 4.7 as per the qualitative assessment done above.
Table 4.7: Probable Performance of the Building
Blood-Bank Performance of the Building

Item
MMI = VII MMI =VIII MMI = IX
Structural
Moderate Heavy Very Heavy
Blood Bank- Damage
Kathmandu Nonstructural
Damage
Structural
Slight Moderate Heavy
Blood Bank- Damage
Biratnagar Nonstructural
Damage
Structural
Slight Slight to Moderate Moderate to Heavy
Blood Bank- Damage
Pokhara Nonstructural
Damage
Structural Heavy to Very

Moderate Moderate to Heavy
Blood Bank- Damage Heavy
Nepalgunj Nonstructural
Damage

12
Structural
Blood Bank- Damage
Dhangadi
Nonstructural
Damage
Structural Heavy to Very

Moderate Moderate to Heavy
Blood Bank- Damage Heavy
Birgunj Nonstructural
Damage

13
5. Intervention options for better Seismic Performance
This chapter identifies possible intervention options for improved seismic protection of buildings.
The intervention options are based on past experience on similar building typology and study of
available literature. The proposed interventions have been identified based on technical and
financial feasibility of implementing in the present context of Nepal. A detailed technical design
should be done before implementation of retrofitting work.
Different options for intervention have been considered. Intervention in an existing building to
improve their seismic resistance involves four main issues: First is the engineering method
employed and considerations of technicalities of code requirements, design approach, and
materials and construction techniques. Second is the cost of the program, such as cost of design
and testing, construction, and the cost of permits and approvals. Third is the indirect cost of
retrofitting such as relocation cost. Fourth is the question of the effectiveness of the strengthening
in reducing the likely damage.
The fourth issue raises the acceptability of a certain level of risk. With increasing level of
intervention for retrofitting the safety would increase but at the same time capital cost will also
increase which might make the option unfeasible.
In few of the buildings, particularly the traditional ones, a part of it is severely suffering from
cracking, and wall deterioration. These parts are proposed to demolish and reconstruct as repair
and retrofitting of these parts would not be that economically feasible even if rest of the building
is retrofitted.
5.1 Lessons from Past Earthquakes

5.1.1 Load Bearing Unreinforced Masonry Buildings
The following appear to be the major types of likely problems to be faced during earthquake
excitation in the different types of masonry buildings and their components:
• Non-integrity of wall, floor and roof structures and their components could be
one of the major problems.
• Upper parts of the wall of the flexible roof buildings suffer more threat of out-of-
plane collapse due to lack of anchoring elements.
• Cracking at wall junctions.
• Buildings with rigid floor and roof (RC/ RB floor, roof) suffer diagonal cracking
of piers in lower story.
• Collapse of gable wall is common because it behaves as a free cantilever.
• These buildings are brittle in nature so these cracks disintegrate very rapidly
leading to collapse.
• Due to high vertical acceleration and frequency, the mud walls may just crumble
as it happened during Bam Earthquake in Bam (Langenbach, 2004). The
buildings could suffer large-scale compression failure.
The blood bank buildings in Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and Birgunj which are built in brick in
cement and the building in Dhangadi built in brick in mud load bearing unreinforced masonry
buildings and is liable to suffer any of these damages in strong ground shaking.
5.1.2 RC Frame Buildings
The RC framed buildings of blood banks in Biratnagar and Pokhara do not appear to follow any
ductile detailing. These buildings may suffer very brittle failure. The following structural
problems may arise during earthquake excitation as seen in past earthquakes.

14
• The infill masonry walls are not tied-up with the structure. These walls may
topple even in small to medium event causing human and property loss and
throwing building out of function even though the building may survive.
• Out-of-plane collapse, diagonal cracking or bed-joint sliding, dislodging of
walling units could be the most common behavior of unanchored and
unreinforced masonry infill walls.
• The structural walls and column, beams, beam-column joint may suffer severe
shear failure because of lack of ductile detailing.
• The failure of column may lead to a partial- to- total collapse of the buildings.
• A common problem in the framed building is to artificially “shorten” a column
by adding partial-height nonstructural walls that restrict the deformation of the
column. The resulting short columns are stiff and attract much higher shear forces
than they were designed to carry and then fail in shear failure
• The problem of shear strength and confinement are commonly more severe in
corner columns especially if the building is torsionally active because of very
high bi-axial displacement demand. It has been one of the common phenomena in
past earthquakes.
5.2 Seismic Retrofitting of Buildings

5.2.1 Philosophy and Approach
Various alternatives have been developed for retrofitting of the buildings. These alternatives
would provide different level of seismic safety and will require different level of intervention and
obviously the capital investment. Philosophy adopted for development of retrofitting alternatives
are: i) Meet codal provisions if possible, ii) achieving fail-safe damage: delayed collapse allowing
occupants to escape during an earthquake for traditional buildings where it is not possible to bring
them up to the codal requirements, and ii) achieving reduction in the likely damage allowing post-
earthquake repair and re-strengthening at nominal costs. Additional requirements as follows are
also considered:
• Compatibility of the solution with the functional requirements of the structure
• Feasibility of the construction, including availability of materials, construction
equipment and personnel
• Aesthetics
• Importance of the building
5.2.2 Development of Retrofitting Methodology

The building stock has been classified into two major groups according to the vertical load
bearing system and walling material. These are load bearing masonry building structures and
infilled masonry frame building structures.
Various methodologies are available for analysis and retrofitting of both these building types. The
proposed retrofitting schemes are based on predicted behavior of these buildings which is based
on observed behavior in the past earthquakes. However, these buildings could be brought to
seismic safety level recommended by various Building Codes within economic limits. The
economically viable option with less intervention would be more desirable though various
intervention options are available in the literatures.

15
5.3 Retrofitting Methods

5.3.1 General Improvement
The response of the building structures can well be improved by simple and general improvement
in plan and elevation shape, load path, rescheduling door window openings, well distribution of
shear walls etc.
5.3.1.1 Plan Shape
The plan shape of the buildings can be improved from earthquake point of view by separating
wings and dividing into more regular, uniform and symmetrical shapes.
5.3.1.2 Elevation Improvement
The buildings that have storey to storey variation in lateral force resisting system can be corrected
for uniform distribution of rigidity in respective floors along both directions.
5.3.1.3 Rescheduling of openings
Large opening in walls of a building which tend to weaken the walls can be reduced to control the
damage the building suffers during an earthquake. Irregular openings can be avoided by removing
and adding opening to ensure uniform distribution of rigidity so that the building does not twist in
large earthquakes. If it is necessary to have large openings through a building, or if an open first
floor is desired, then special provisions should be made to ensure structural integrity.
5.3.1.4 Load Path
The buildings that suffer from the problem of discontinuous load path need more intervention and
solution may require re-planning of space to create new and more direct load paths.
5.3.1.5 Inserting New Walls
To improve effectiveness of existing walls to mitigate torsional problem due to non-symmetry in
walls, in plan and to improve shear resistance of the buildings, or to provide return walls to
existing walls, new walls are proposed to be added by closing existing openings. Exact location of
these walls will be determined during detailed study.
5.4 Retrofitting Techniques

Following alternatives have been identified for retrofitting of load bearing masonry building
structures and infill frame building structures. Out of the various available methods, the following
alternatives have been identified as practically feasible and economically viable methods in our
context for retrofitting of buildings.
Here it is pertinent to note that there does not exist as yet, any established methodology for
analysis and retrofitting for mud buildings. The proposed retrofitting schemes are based on
predicted behavior of this class of buildings which is based on observed behavior in the past
earthquakes. The mud houses are very sensitive to vertical acceleration and high frequency.
Because of extremely low compressive and tensile strength these walls just crumble leading to
destruction during an earthquake loading. Further, it would be extremely difficult to bring these
buildings to code level safety with limited input, and increasing input for high seismic safety will
make the retrofitting economically unviable option.
5.4.1 Masonry Buildings in Cement Sand Mortar

5.4.1.1 Jacketing
One alternative would be to improve integrity and deformability employing jacketing of the
building structure. The following items will be included:
a) Walls: To improve strength, deformability and reduce risk of disintegration,
delamination of walls resulting in total collapse of the building jacketing of all the

16
walls with reinforced concrete could be a good option. In this alternative two steel
meshes (welded wire fabric mesh) will be placed on the two sides of the wall, and
they will be connected by passing steel (each at spacing of 600 mm). A 40 to 50
mm thick cement mortar or micro-concrete layer is then applied on the two
networks thus giving rise to two interconnected vertical plates.
b) Floor: It is proposed to brace the floor with the walls to improve stiffness of the
floor system and integrity between walls and floor.
c) Steel Roof structure: Tie up of truss roof structure with eaves level band and
ceiling joists are proposed to improve integrity. Further, bracing of roof structure
with steel angle sections is also proposed to improve its stiffness.
Figure 5.4-A: General scheme of jacketing

5.4.1.2 Splint and Bandage
The Splint and bandage system can be considered as an economic version of
shotcrete jacketing where reinforcing bars are provided at most critical locations
(Figure 5.4-B); i.e. wherever tensile stress can develop. Splints are vertical
elements provided along the wall junction. The bandages are horizontal
elements running around all the walls and building to integrate various walls
together. In addition, openings are also surrounded by splints and bandages to

17
prevent initiation and widening of cracks from their corners. Splints are
provided in the external face only. The bandages could be provided on both the
faces of the walls just above the lintel levels and eaves level. This method is
inferior to jacketing. In addition to split and bandage, the strengthening and
stiffening of the floor and roof is proposed to be enhanced as discussed above
under Jacketing.
1 - Wire mesh with width ≥ 400 mm
Figure 5.4-B: Splint and Bandage System

(IAEE, 1984)
5.4.2 RC Frame Building Structure

Reinforced concrete frame buildings under study severely lack both strength and ductility and
exhibits configuration problem. These buildings need improvement in both strength and ductility.
Following is the technique for strengthening of existing building:
5.4.2.1 Addition of Structural walls
Addition of new shear walls by infilling appropriate bays with in-situ reinforced concrete shear
walls with proper anchorage to the existing frame and strengthening of existing one have been
proposed. It is because the RC frames are strong enough to carry normal loads (i.e. dead load and
imposed load) but lack strength and ductility for lateral load. This solution is more promising as it
will require less time, less resources and will create least disturbance in normal activity in the
building. Adding wall along the periphery is often easier as it least upsets the normal operation
and also improves torsional resistance of building.
5.4.2.2 Jacketing of infill walls
It is proposed to improve seismic resistance of the buildings by jacketing of walls and well tied up
with the floor/ roof and frame structure.
5.4.2.3 Binding Infill walls to frame
The infill walls are quite potential to collapse during a shaking unless these are tied up with the
frame. These walls are proposed to be braced-up with the structure.
6. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation

6.1 Summary
This study is guided by the principal objective to investigate the seismic vulnerability of the blood
bank buildings in six district centers of Nepal.
The study covers from traditional buildings constructed of brick in mud to modern buildings
constructed of reinforced concrete frames. It covers altogether six buildings of blood bank in

18
Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi and Birgunj. Out of these, the one in
Dhangadi is traditional brick in mud building, three buildings in Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and
Birgunj are masonry with cement sand mortar, two buildings in Pokhara and Biratnagar are
ordinary reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill. These buildings were constructed
between 2035 BS and 2045 BS. Few alterations such as extension and addition of storey have
been conducted within the past 2-3 years in some of the buildings.
Architectural as well as structural drawings of the buildings are not available. Hence the study
team is forced to make many assumptions regarding material properties and structural details.
6.2 Conclusions
• Based on the qualitative assessment done above on the basis of the available information
of the building and the structural information obtained from field visit, it is concluded that
all the assessed buildings do not meet the earthquake resistant building criteria. This is a
non-compliance situation with respect to the requirement of critical facilities like blood
banks which should remain functional even after large earthquakes
• Buildings in Kathmandu and Dhangadi face very high seismic risk due to its typical
deficiencies as compared to other buildings and may require high level of intervention.
The retrofitting of these buildings would be challenging and may not be cost effective.
• The buildings in Nepalgunj and Birgunj also pose high seismic risk. The risk can be
significantly reduced by seismic strengthening of these buildings.
• The buildings in Biratnagar and Pokhara are found relatively better than other buildings
because of material strength and structural system. But their performance may not be
good because of lack of ductile detailing, inappropriate load path and irregular
distribution of infill walls in particular direction. These buildings also need strengthening
to improve their response in large earthquakes.
• A lot of non-structural risk was observed in all the six buildings originated from untied
partition walls, freezes, cupboards, wall hangings, computers and other equipments. Even
during small shaking these could topple and cause severe injury and throw the system out
of function.
6.3 Recommendations
To reduce the disastrous effect of earthquakes on buildings, following recommendations are made
based on the study:
● Present study is Tier # 1 based on procedure outlined by FEMA 310. The buildings are
found deficient and do not meet the codal requirements, hence, concluded “deficient”.
However, before carrying any retrofitting measure, a further study of Tier # 2 (More
rigorous evaluation) is recommended for detail study of materials, structural analysis, and
retrofitting design of the building.
● A time-bound program should be implemented to retrofit these buildings with
incorporation of seismic resistant measures.
● Partition walls are recommended to be braced with reinforced concrete mess or any other
means to prevent non-structural damage during large intensity earthquakes
● Non-structural window pans are recommended to be laminated with plastic sheets. This
prevents shattering of broken glasses during an earthquake.
● Non-structural elements (partitions, furniture, equipment and other building contents and
furnishing) should be fixed properly to eliminate the possibility of overturning, sliding
and impacting during an earthquake. Simple straps/tie strings can be used to restrict
movement of books and files. Cabinet drawers shall have latches to keep them closed

19
during earthquake. Breakable containers shall be restraint from falling by shelf lips,
latched doors, wires or other methods.
● Fluid, gas piping shall have flexible couplings.

20
Annex I: European Macro seismic Scale (EMS 98)
Classifications used in the European Macro seismic Scale (EMS)
Differentiation of structures (buildings) into vulnerability classes
(Vulnerability Table)
The masonry types of structures are to be read as, e.g., simple stone masonry, whereas the
reinforced concrete (RC) structure types are to be read as, e.g., RC frame or RC wall.

21
Classification of damage
Note: the way in which a building deforms under earthquake loading depends on the building
type. As a broad categorization one can group together types of masonry buildings as well as
buildings of reinforced concrete.
Classification of damage to masonry buildings
Grade 1: Negligible to slight damage

(no structural damage,
slight non-structural damage)
Hair-line cracks in very few walls.
Fall of small pieces of plaster only.
Fall of loose stones from upper parts of buildings in
very few cases.
Grade 2: Moderate damage

(slight structural damage, moderate
non-structural damage)
Cracks in many walls.
Fall of fairly large pieces of plaster.
Partial collapse of chimneys.
Grade 3: Substantial to heavy damage

(moderate structural damage,
heavy non-structural damage)
Large and extensive cracks in most walls.
Roof tiles detach. Chimneys fracture at the roof line;
failure of individual non-structural elements (partitions,
gable walls).
Grade 4: Very heavy damage

(heavy structural damage,
very heavy non-structural damage)
Serious failure of walls; partial structural failure of
roofs and floors.
Grade 5: Destruction
(very heavy structural damage)
Total or near total collapse.

22
Classification of damage to buildings of reinforced concrete
Grade 1: Negligible to slight damage

(no structural damage,
slight non-structural damage)
Fine cracks in plaster over frame members or in walls at
the base.
Fine cracks in partitions and infills.
Grade 2: Moderate damage

(slight structural damage,
moderate non-structural damage)
Cracks in columns and beams of frames and in structural
walls.
Cracks in partition and infill walls; fall of brittle cladding
and plaster. Falling mortar from the joints of wall panels.
Grade 3: Substantial to heavy damage

(moderate structural damage,
heavy non-structural damage)
Cracks in columns and beam column joints of frames at
the base and at joints of coupled walls. Spalling of conrete
cover, buckling of reinforced rods.
Large cracks in partition and infill walls, failure of
individual infill panels.
Grade 4: Very heavy damage
(heavy structural damage,
very heavy non-structural damage)
Large cracks in structural elements with compression
failure of concrete and fracture of rebars; bond failure of
beam reinforced bars; tilting of columns. Collapse of a
few columns or of a single upper floor.
Grade 5: Destruction
(very heavy structural damage)
Collapse of ground floor or parts (e. g. wings) of
buildings.
Definitions of quantity

23
Definitions of intensity degrees
Arrangement of the scale:

a) Effects on humans
b) Effects on objects and on nature
(effects on ground and ground failure are dealt with especially in Section 7)
c) Damage to buildings
Introductory remark:
The single intensity degrees can include the effects of shaking of the respective lower intensity
degree(s) also, when these effects are not mentioned explicitly.
I. Not felt
a) Not felt, even under the most favorable circumstances.

b) No effect.
c) No damage.
II. Scarcely felt
a) The tremor is felt only at isolated instances (<1%) of individuals at rest and in
a specially receptive position indoors.
b) No effect.
c) No damage.
III. Weak
a) The earthquake is felt indoors by a few. People at rest feel a swaying or light trembling.
b) Hanging objects swing slightly.
c) No damage.
IV. Largely observed
a) The earthquake is felt indoors by many and felt outdoors only by very few. A few people are
awakened. The level of vibration is not frightening. The vibration is moderate. Observers feel a
slight trembling or swaying of the building, room or bed, chair etc.
b) China, glasses, windows and doors rattle. Hanging objects swing. Light furniture shakes visibly
in a few cases. Woodwork creaks in a few cases.
c) No damage.
V. Strong
a) The earthquake is felt indoors by most, outdoors by few. A few people are frightened and run
outdoors. Many sleeping people awake. Observers feel a strong shaking or rocking of the whole
building, room or furniture.
b) Hanging objects swing considerably. China and glasses clatter together. Small, top-heavy
and/or precariously supported objects may be shifted or fall down. Doors and windows swing
open or shut. In few cases window panes break. Liquids oscillate and may spill from well-filled
containers. Animals indoors may become uneasy.
c) Damage of grade 1 to a few buildings of vulnerability class A and B.

24
VI. Slightly damaging
a) Felt by most indoors and by many outdoors. A few persons lose their balance. Many people are
frightened and run outdoors.
b) Small objects of ordinary stability may fall and furniture may be shifted. In few instances
dishes and glassware may break. Farm animals (even outdoors) may be frightened.
c) Damage of grade 1 is sustained by many buildings of vulnerability class A and B; a few of
class A and B suffer damage of grade 2; a few of class C suffer damage of grade 1.
VII. Damaging
a) Most people are frightened and try to run outdoors. Many find it difficult to stand, especially on
upper floors.
b) Furniture is shifted and top-heavy furniture may be overturned. Objects fall from shelves in
large numbers. Water splashes from containers, tanks and pools.
c) Many buildings of vulnerability class A suffer damage of grade 3; a few of grade 4.
Many buildings of vulnerability class B suffer damage of grade 2; a few of grade 3.
A few buildings of vulnerability class C sustain damage of grade 2.
A few buildings of vulnerability class D sustain damage of grade 1.
VIII. Heavily damaging
a) Many people find it difficult to stand, even outdoors.

b) Furniture may be overturned. Objects like TV sets, typewriters etc. fall to the ground.
Tombstones may occasionally be displaced, twisted or overturned. Waves may be seen on very
soft ground.
c) Many buildings of vulnerability class A suffer damage of grade 4; a few of grade 5.
Many buildings of vulnerability class C suffer damage of grade 2; a few of grade 3.
A few buildings of vulnerability class D sustain damage of grade 2.
IX. Destructive
a) General panic. People may be forcibly thrown to the ground.

b) Many monuments and columns fall or are twisted. Waves are seen on soft ground.
c) Many buildings of vulnerability class A sustain damage of grade 5.
Many buildings of vulnerability class D suffer damage of grade 2; a few of grade 3.
A few buildings of vulnerability class E sustain damage of grade 2.
X. Very destructive
a) Most buildings of vulnerability class A sustain damage of grade 5.

Many buildings of vulnerability class B sustain damage of grade 5.
Many buildings of vulnerability class E suffer damage of grade 2; a few of grade 3.
A few buildings of vulnerability class F sustain damage of grade 2.
XI. Devastating
a) Most buildings of vulnerability class B sustain damage of grade 5.

Most buildings of vulnerability class C suffer damage of grade 4; many of grade 5.

25

Many buildings of vulnerability class E suffer damage of grade 3; a few of grade 4.
Many buildings of vulnerability class F suffer damage of grade 2; a few of grade 3.
XII. Completely devastating
a) All buildings of vulnerability class A, B and practically all of vulnerability class C are
destroyed. Most buildings of vulnerability class D, E and F are destroyed. The earthquake effects
have reached the maximum conceivable effects.

26
Annex 2: MODIFIED MERCALLY INTENSITY SCALE (MMI Scale)
Intensity Description of Effect

Very Weak Intensity
I • Can only be noticed or felt by people who are in the right situation and
circumstance
• Furniture's or things which are not correctly positioned may move or be slightly
displaced
• Slight shaking or vibrations will form on water or liquid surfaces in containers
Slightly Weak Intensity
II • Can be noticed or felt by people who are resting inside homes
• Things that are hanged on walls would slightly sway, shake or vibrate
• The shaking or vibrations on water or liquid surfaces in containers would be
highly noticeable
Weak Intensity
III • Can be noticed and felt by more people inside homes or buildings especially
those situated at high levels. Some may even feel dizzy. The quake at this stage
can be described as though a small truck had passed nearby.
• Things that are hanged on walls would sway, shake or vibrate a little more
strongly.
more vigorous and stronger
Slightly Strong Intensity
IV • Can be noticed and felt by most people inside homes and even those outside.
Those who are lightly asleep may be awakened. The quake at this stage can be
described as though a heavy truck had passed nearby.
• Things that are hanged on walls would sway, shake or vibrate strongly. Plates
and glasses would also vibrate and shake, as well as doors and windows. Floors
and walls of wooden houses or structures would slightly squeak. Stationary
vehicles would slightly shake.
very strong. It is possible to hear a slight reverberating sound from the
environment
Strong Intensity
V • Can be felt and noticed by almost all people whether they are inside or outside
structures. Many will be awakened from sleep and be surprised. Some may
even rush out of their homes or buildings in fear. The vibrations and shaking
that can be felt inside or outside structures will be very strong.
• Things that are hanged on walls would sway, shake or vibrate much more
strongly and intensely. Plates and glasses would also vibrate and shake much
strongly and some may even break. Small or lightly weighted objects and
furniture would rock and fall off. Stationary vehicles would shake more
vigorously.
very strong which will cause the liquid to spill over. Plant or tree stem,
branches and leaves would shake or vibrate slightly.
Very Strong Intensity
VI • Many will be afraid of the very strong shaking and vibrations that they will
feel, causing them to lose their sense of balance, and most people to run out of
homes or building structures. Those who are in moving vehicles will feel as
though they are having a flat tire.
• Heavy objects or furniture would be displaced from original positions. Small
hanging bells would shake and ring. Outer surfaces of concrete walls may
crack. Old or fragile houses, buildings or structures would be slightly damaged.
• Weak to strong landslides may occur. The shaking and vibrations of plant or

27
tree stem, branches and leaves would be strong and highly noticeable.
Damaging Intensity
VII • Almost all people will be afraid of the very strong shaking and vibrations that
they will feel. Those who are situated at high levels of buildings will find it
very hard to keep standing.
• Heavy objects or furniture would fall and topple over. Large hanging bells will
sound vigorously. Old or fragile houses, buildings or structures would most
definitely be destroyed, while strong or new structures would be damaged.
Dikes, dams, fishponds, concrete roads and walls may crack and be damaged.
• Liquefaction (formation of quicksand), lateral spreading (spreading of soil
surface creating deep cracks on land) and landslides will occur. Trees and
plants will vigorously shake and vibrate.
Highly Damaging Intensity
VIII • Will cause confusion and chaos among the people. It makes standing upright
difficult even outside homes / structures.
• Many big buildings will be extremely damaged. Landslides or lateral spreading
will cause many bridges to fall and dikes to be highly damaged. It will also
cause train rail tracks to bend or be displaced. Tombs will be damaged or be
out of place. Posts, towers and monuments may bend or completely be
destroyed. Water and canal/drainage pipes may be damaged, bend, or break.
• Liquefaction and lateral spreading causes structures to sink, bend or be
completely destroyed, especially those situated on hills and mountains. For
places near or situated at the earthquake epicenter, large stone boulders may be
thrown out of position. Cracking, splitting, fault rupture of land may be seen.
Tsunami-like waves will be formed from water surfaces whether from rivers,
ponds or dams/dikes. Trees and plant life will very vigorously move and sway
in all directions.
Destructive Intensity
IX • People would be forcibly thrown/fall down. Chaos, fear and confusion will be
extreme.
• Most building structures would be destroyed and intensely damaged. Bridges
and high structures would fall and be destroyed. Posts, towers and monuments
may bend or completely be destroyed. Water and canal/drainage pipes may be
damaged, bend, or break.
• Landslides, liquefaction, lateral spreading with sand boil (rise of underground
mixture of sand and mud) will occur in many places, causing the land
deformity. Plant and trees would be damaged or uprooted due to the vigorous
shaking and swaying. Large stone boulders may be thrown out of position and
be forcibly darted to all directions. Very-very strong tsunami-like waves will
be formed from water surfaces whether from rivers, ponds or dams/dikes.
Extremely Destructive Intensity
X • Overall extreme destruction and damage of all man-made structures
• Widespread landslides, liquefaction, intense lateral spreading and breaking of
land surfaces will occur. Very strong and intense tsunami-like waves formed
will be destructive. There will be tremendous change in the flow of water on
rivers, springs, and other water-forms. All plant life will be destroyed and
uprooted.
Devastative Intensity
XI • Severe damage even to well built buildings, bridges, water dams and railway
lines; highways become useless; underground pipes destroyed.
Extremely Destructive Intensity (Landscape changes)
XII
• Practically all structures above and below ground are greatly damaged or
destroyed.

28
Annex III-1(Blood Bank-Kathmandu): Checking Different Vulnerability

Factors of the Building
(Note: C = Compliance to the statement; NC = Not Compliance to the statement; N/A = Not
Applicable and/or Not Available) NK = Not Known
The evaluation of different statements is made and is noted by Underlined Bold letter.
Building System
C NC N/A NK LOAD PATH: The structure shall contain one complete load path for Life Safety
and Immediate Occupancy for seismic force effects from any horizontal direction
that serves to transfer the inertial forces from the mass to the foundation.
Outer bearing walls in first floor supported in cantilever beams
C NC N/A NK PROPORTION IN PLAN: The breadth to length ratio of the building shall be
within 1:3. The breadth to length ratio of any room or area enclosed by load
bearing walls inside the building shall be also within 1:3. The building height
shall be not more than three times the width of the building.
C NC N/A NK WEAK STORY: The strength of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story
shall not be less than 80% of the strength in an adjacent story above.
C NC N/A NK SOFT STORY: The stiffness of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story
shall not be less than 70% of the stiffness in an adjacent story above or below or
less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above or below.
C NC N/A NK GEOMETRY: There shall be no changes in horizontal dimension of the lateral-
force-resisting system of more than 30% in a story relative to adjacent stories.
Setback in first storey is more than 30% of the plan in ground floor on all sides
C NC N/A NK VERTICAL DISCONTINUITIES: All vertical elements in the lateral-force-
resisting system shall be continuous to the foundation.
Outer bearing walls in first floor supported in cantilever beams
C NC N/A NK MASS: There shall be no change in effective mass more than 50% from one story
to the next.
Refer Annex IV-1 A.1
C NC N/A NK TORSION: The distance between the story center of mass and the story center of
rigidity shall be less than 20% of the building width in either plan dimension.
Refer Annex IV-1 B
C NC N/A NK DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE: There shall be no visible deterioration of
concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical-or lateral-force-resisting
elements.
Deterioration of concrete is clearly visible at number of places
C NC N/A NK DETERIORATION OF WOOD: There shall be no signs of decay, shrinkage,
splitting, fire damage, or sagging in any of the wood members and none of the
metal accessories shall be deteriorated, broken, or loose.
C NC N/A NK MASONRY UNITS: There shall be no visible deterioration of masonry units.
C NC N/A NK MASONRY JOINTS: The mortar shall not be easily scraped away from the joints
by hand with a metal tool, and there shall be no areas of eroded mortar.

29
C NC N/A NK UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALL CRACKS: There shall be no existing

diagonal cracks in wall elements greater than 1/16" or out-of-plane offsets in the
bed joint greater than 1/16".
Some cracks are observed
C NC N/A NK UNSUPPORTED WALL LENGTH: The maximum length of unsupported wall
shall not be more than 12 times its thickness. If the length of unsupported wall is
more than 12 times its thickness, buttressing shall be provided.
Does not meet the criteria at all places
C NC N/A NK PROPORTIONS: The height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each story
shall be less than the following for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy:
Top story of multi-story building: 9
First story of multi-story building: 15
All other conditions: 13
Does not satisfy for all wall thicknesses
C NC N/A NK MASONRY LAY-UP: Filled collar joints of multiwythe masonry walls shall
have negligible voids.
C NC N/A NK VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT: There shall be vertical reinforcement at all
corners and T-junctions of masonry walls and it shall be started from foundation
and continuous to roof.
No vertical reinforcement is detected
C NC N/A NK HORIZONTAL BANDS: There shall be steel or wooden bands located at the
plinth, sill and lintel levels of the building in each floor.
A piece lintel is available but does not continue throughout the length of wall and
no band is available at sill and plinth level
C NC N/A NK CORNER STITCH: There shall be reinforced concrete or wooden elements
connecting two orthogonal walls at a vertical distance of at least 0.5m to 0.7m.
Not available
C NC N/A NK GABLE BAND: If the roof is slopped roof, gable band shall be provided to the
building.
Gable band is not provided
Lateral Force Resisting System
C NC N/A NK REDUNDANCY: The number of lines of shear walls in each principal direction
shall be greater than or equal to 2.
C NC N/A NK SHEAR STRESS CHECK: The shear stress in the unreinforced masonry shear
walls shall be less than 15 psi for clay units and 30 psi for concrete units.
Diaphragms
C NC N/A NK OPENINGS AT SHEAR WALLS: Diaphragm openings immediately adjacent to
the shear walls shall be less than 15% of the wall length.
C NC N/A NK OPENINGS AT EXTERIOR MASONRY SHEAR WALLS: Diaphragm
openings immediately adjacent to exterior masonry shear walls shall not be
greater than 4 ft. long.

30
C NC N/A NK PLAN IRREGULARITIES: There shall be tensile capacity to develop the

strength of the diaphragm at re-entrant corners or other locations of plan
irregularities
Such details are not observed
C NC N/A NK DIAPHRAGM REINFORCEMENT AT OPENINGS: There shall be reinforcing
around all diaphragms openings larger than 50% of the building width in either
major plan dimension.
Slab detail is not available
C NC N/A NK DIAGONAL BRACING: If there is flexible diaphragms such as joists and rafters
shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a joist/rafter and a brace shall be
properly fixed.
Floor diaphragm is rigid
C NC N/A NK LATERAL RESTRAINERS: For flexible roof and floor, each joists and rafters
shall be restrained by timber keys in both sides of wall.
Floor is of reinforced concrete slab rigid diaphragm
Connections
C NC N/A NK TRANSFER TO SHEAR WALLS: Diaphragms shall be reinforced and
connected for transfer of loads to the shear walls and the connections shall be
able to develop the shear strength of the walls.
No floor beam is provided to transfer the loads.

31
Annex III-2 (Blood Bank- Biratnagar): Checking Different Vulnerability

Building System
C NC N/A NK LOAD PATH: The structure shall contain one complete load path for seismic
force effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer the inertial
forces from the mass to the foundation.
Though it is a complete frame structure, in first floor at the rear side of the
building, there is no beam at the exterior walls which tie the columns along each
direction in the old ground floor structure. Hence the distribution of load from
slab to column through beam criteria does not meet.
C NC N/A NK MEZZANINES: Interior mezzanine levels shall be braced independently from the
main structure, or shall be anchored to the lateral –force-resisting elements of the
main structure.
shall not be less than 80% of the strength in an adjacent story above or below.
Ground storey is open with the use of shutter for business point of view at front
elevation and also at some locations along the building line as compared to first
storey which may cause soft storey effect but detail analysis of the building has to
be carried to further substantiate this point.
to the next.
concrete or reinforcing steel in any of the vertical- or lateral-force-resisting
elements.
Not visible
C NC N/A NK CRACKS IN INFILL WALLS: There shall be no existing diagonal cracks in
infill walls that extend throughout a panel, are greater than 1/16”, or have out-of-
plane offsets in the bed joint greater than 1/16”.
Crack are observed at some places of the walls

32
C NC N/A NK CRACKS IN BOUNDARY COLUMNS: There shall be no existing diagonal

cracks wider than 1/16” in concrete columns that encase masonry infills.
Not visible
6.4 Lateral Force Resisting System

C NC N/A NK WALL CONNECTIONS: All infill walls shall have a positive connection to the
frame to resist out-of-plane forces and the connection shall be able to develop the
out-of-plane strength of the wall.
Infills walls are not tied to the frame elements
C NC N/A NK DEFLECTION COMPATIBILITY: Secondary components shall have the shear
capacity to develop the flexural strength of the elements and shall have ductile
detailing.
C NC N/A NK REINFORCING AT OPENINGS: All wall openings that interrupt rebar shall
have trim reinforcing on all sides.
C NC N/A NK PROPORTIONS: The height-to-thickness ratio of the infill walls at each story
shall be less than 9 for life safety in regions of high seismicity, 13 for Immediate
Occupancy in regions of moderate seismicity, and 8 for Immediate Occupancy in
regions of high seismicity.
Height to thickness ratio is more than 8 in many walls and the building
requirement is for immediate occupancy
C NC N/A NK SOLID WALLS: The infill walls shall not be of cavity construction.
C NC N/A NK INFILL WALLS: The infill walls shall be continuous to the soffits of the frame
beams.
Beam is cast with some gap between beam soffit and infill wall
6.5 Diaphragms
C NC N/A NK DIAPHRAGM CONTINUITY: The diaphragms shall not be composed of split-
level floors.
Floor slab is not at the same level throughout the building
irregularities.
No such details observed
6.6 Connections
No floor beam provided along the periphery of rear side of building (old part) in
ground floor

33
C NC N/A NK CONCRETE COLUMNS: All concrete columns shall be doweled into the
foundation and the dowels shall be able to develop the tensile capacity of the
column.
As the building is not constructed in one go and many columns are attached to
the existing columns and foundation details are not known

34
Annex III-3 (Blood Bank- Pokhara): Checking Different Vulnerability Factors

of the Building
Building System
C NC N/A NK MEZZANINES: Interior mezzanine levels shall be braced independently from the
main structure, or shall be anchored to the lateral-force-resisting elements of the
main structure.
Mezzanine floor is not available
C NC N/A NK ADJACENT BUILDINGS: An adjacent building shall not be located next to the
structure being evaluated closer than 4% of the height for Life Safety and
Immediate Occupancy.
Building is attached to another one storey building without seismic gap
shall not be less than 80% of the strength in an adjacent story above or below for
Life-Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
C NC N/ANK SOFT STORY: The stiffness of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story
less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above or below for Life-
Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
force-resisting system of more than 30% in a story relative to adjacent stories for
Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy, excluding one-story penthouses.
C NC N/ANK MASS: There shall be no change in effective mass more than 50% from one story
to the next for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
rigidity shall be less than 20% of the building width in either plan dimension for
Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
Refer Annex IV-3 B
elements.
No deterioration of material found
No deterioration noted

35
Mortar cannot be easily scraped away from the joints
C NC N/A NK CRACKS IN INFILL WALLS: There shall be no existing diagonal cracks in
infill walls that extend throughout a panel, are greater than 1/8’’ for Life Safety
and 1/16’’ for Immediate Occupancy.
Diagonal cracks have found propagated from door/window openings
C NC N/A NK CRACKS IN BOUNDARY COLUMNS: There shall be no existing diagonal
cracks wider than 1/8’’ for Life Safety and 1/16’’ for Immediate Occupancy in
concrete columns that encase masonry infills.
shall be greater than or equal to 2 for Life-Safety and Immediate Occupancy. The
number of bays of moment frames in each line shall be greater than or equal to 2
for Life Safety and 3 for Immediate Occupancy.
C NC N/A NK INTERFERING WALLS: All infill walls placed in moment frames shall be
isolated from structural elements.
There exists no gap between structural elements and infill brick masonry panels.
C NC N/A NK SHEAR STRESS CHECK: The shear stress in the concrete columns, calculated
using the Quick Check procedure of Section 3.5.3.2, shall be less than 100 psi
for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
Refer Annex IV-3.A.4:
C NC N/A NK AXIAL STRESS CHECK: The axial stress due to gravity loads in columns
subjected to overturning forces shall be less than 0.10f' c for Life Safety and
Immediate Occupancy. Alternatively, the axial stresses due to overturning forces
alone, calculated using the Quick Check Procedure of Section 3.5.3.6, shall be
less than 0.30f' c for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
Refer Annex IV-3.C
C NC N/A NK FLAT SLAB FRAMES: The lateral-force-resisting system shall not be a frame
consisting of columns and a flat slab/plate without beams.
All rigid slabs are supported on beams
C NC N/A NK SHORT CAPTIVE COLUMNS: There shall be no columns at a level with
height/depth ratios less than 50% of the nominal height/depth ratio of the typical
columns at that level for Life Safety and 75% for Immediate Occupancy.
0.5*nominal height/depth ratios = 0.5*8.84'/1' = 4.42
Height/depth ratios of column at the side of window of 5ft height
= (8.84'-5')/1' =3.84 < 4.42
C NC N/A NK NO SHEAR FAILURE: The shear capacity of frame members shall be able to
develop the moment capacity at the top and bottom of the columns
C NC N/A NK STRONG COLUMN / WEAK BEAM: The sum of the moment capacity of the
columns shall be 20% greater than that of the beams at frame joints.
Structural drawing of the building is not available
C NC N/A NK BEAM BARS: At least two longitudinal top and two longitudinal bottom bars
shall extend continuously throughout the length of each frame beam. At least
25% of the longitudinal bars provided at the joints for either positive or negative

36
moment shall be continuous throughout the length of the members for Life Safety
and Immediate Occupancy.
C NC N/A NK COLUMN-BAR SPLICES: All columns bar lap splice lengths shall be greater
than 35 d b for Life Safety and 50 d b for Immediate Occupancy and shall be
enclosed by ties spaced at or less than 8 d b for Life Safety and Immediate
Occupancy.
C NC N/A NK BEAM-BAR SPLICES: The lap splices for longitudinal beam reinforcing shall
not be located within l b /4 of the joints and shall not be located within the
vicinity of potential plastic hinge locations.
C NC N/A NK COLUMN-TIE SPACING: Frame columns shall have ties spaced at or less than
d/4 for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy throughout their length and at or
less than 8 d b for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy at all potential plastic
hinge locations but not less than 75mm.
Column ties are provided @200 to 250mm c/c
C NC N/A NK STIRRUP SPACING: All beams shall have stirrups spaced at or less than d/2 for
Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy throughout their length. At potential
plastic hinge locations stirrups shall be spaced at or less than the minimum of 8 d
b or d/4 for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
C NC N/A NK JOINT REINFORCING: Beam-column joints shall have ties spaced at or less
than 8d b for Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy.
Stirrups not provided at joint
C NC N/A NK JOINT ECCENTRICITY: There shall be no eccentricities larger than 20% of the
smallest column plan dimension between girder and column centerlines. This
statement shall apply to the Immediate Occupancy Performance Level only.
Maximum joint eccentricity is 15%
C NC N/A NK STIRRUP AND TIE HOOKS: The beam stirrups and column ties shall be
anchored into the member cores with hooks of 135° or more. This statement shall
apply to the Immediate Occupancy Performance Level only.
C NC N/A NK WALL CONNECTIONS: All infill walls shall have a positive connection to the
frame to resist out-of-plane forces for Life Safety and the connection shall be able
to develop the out-of-plane strength of the wall for Immediate Occupancy.
Infill block walls are not tied with the frame
Diaphragms
C NC N/A NK DIAPHRAGM CONTINUITY: The diaphragms shall not be composed of split-
level floors. In wood buildings, the diaphragms shall not have expansion joints.
irregularities. This statement shall apply to the Immediate Occupancy
Performance Level only.
major plan dimension. This statement shall apply to the Immediate Occupancy
Performance Level only.

37
Connections
C NC N/A NK CONCRETE COLUMNS: All concrete columns shall be doweled into the
foundation for Life Safety and the dowels shall be able to develop the tensile
capacity of the column for Immediate Occupancy.
Foundation detail is not known

38
Annex III-4 (Blood Bank- Nepalgunj): Checking Different Vulnerability

Building System
Staircase and shop extension is a frame structure where beam is provided only
along east-west direction in ground floor and staircase landing slab is supported
on 4 1/2 inch thick brick masonry wall
9 inch wall for partition of cold room in first floor is resting on floor slab.
9 inch wall for partition of cold room in first floor is resting on floor slab without
any beam or wall below.
Staircase and shop extension is a frame structure where beam is provided only
along east-west direction in ground floor and staircase landing slab is supported
on 4 1/2 inch thick brick masonry wall
to the next.
Refer Annex IV-4 B
elements.
No visible deterioration of concrete
No deterioration noted

39
Mortar cannot be easily scraped away from the joints
Cracks are observed at number of places
Does not meet the criteria at all places
The height to thickness ratio of shear walls at each storey is 10’/0.75’ = 13.33
No horizontal band at sill and floor level
Not available
building.
The number of shear wall in east west direction is 4
The number of shear wall in north south direction is 3
Diaphragms

40

irregularities
There is no large diaphragm opening
properly fixed.
Connections

41
Annex III-5 (Blood Bank- Dhangadi): Checking Different Vulnerability

(Note: C = Compliance to the statement: NC = Not Compliance to the statement: N/A = Not
Applicable and/ or Not Available) NK = Not Known
The evaluation of different statements is made and is noted by Underline Bold Letter.
Building System
C NC N/A NK SHAPE: The building shall be symmetrical in plan and regular in elevation.
Building is U shaped in plan with longer wing in east side and comparatively
shorter wing in west side
C NC N/A NK STOREY HEIGHT: The floor to floor height of the building shall be in between
2-3 m.
The Ground floor height of the building is 3.35m (11ft)
C NC N/A NK NUMBER OF STOREYS: The building shall be up to two storeys only.
C NC N/A NK FOUNDATION: The foundation width and depth shall be at least 75cm. Masonry
unit shall be of flat-bedded stones or regular-sized well-burnt bricks. Mortar
joints shall not be exceeding 20mm in any case. There shall be no mud-packing
in the core of the foundation.
Foundation details are not available
C NC N/A NK SLOPING GROUND: The slope of the ground where the building lies shall not
be more than 20o (1:3, vertical: horizontal)
The building is situated in levelled ground
C NC N/A NK PLUMBLINE: Walls of the foundation and superstructure shall be true to plumb
line and the width of the wall shall be uniform.
C NC N/A NK WALL CORE: There shall be no mortar packing in the core of the wall.
C NC N/A NK WALL THICKNESS: The minimum wall thickness for different storey heights
shall not be less than
No of Storey
Masonry Type
One Two
Brick 230 350
Load bearing walls are 14 inch thick
The maximum length of unsupported wall is 18’. This is at the west side of
building.
C NC N/A NK HEIGHT OF WALLS: The thickness to height ratio of a wall shall not be more
than 1:12 for brick building.
The thickness to height ratio of a wall is 1:9.43 (14”:11*12”)

42
C NC N/A NK OPENINGS IN WALL: The maximum combined width of the openings on a wall
between two consecutive cross-walls shall not be more than 35% of the total wall
length for one-storey building and not more than 25% of the total wall length in
two-storey building.
Most of the outer wall of room has the combined width of the openings on a wall
between two consecutive cross-walls is more than 35% of the total wall length
C NC N/A NK POSITION OF OPENINGS: Openings shall not be located at corners or junctions
of a wall. Openings shall not be placed closer to an internal corner of a wall than
half the opening height or 1.5 times the wall thickness, whichever is greater. The
width of pier between two openings shall not be less than half of the opening
height or 1.5 times the wall thickness, whichever is greater. The vertical distance
between two openings shall not be less than 0.6m or half the width of the smaller
opening, whichever is greater.
Two windows and all doors are located at corners or junctions of a wall.
to the next.
The building is one story
Refer Annex IV-5 B
C NC N/A NK WALL CRACKS: There shall be no existing diagonal cracks in wall elements
greater than 1/16" or out-of-plane offsets in the bed joint greater than 1/16".
Wall cracks are visible at number of places in wall
No vertical reinforcement observed
Does not meet the criteria at number of places
Does not exist
building.
Gable band is not provided at staircase cover

43

C NC N/A NK REDUNDANCY: The number of lines of walls in each principal direction shall
be greater than or equal to 2.
Diaphragms
C NC N/A NK DIAGONAL BRACING: All flexible structural elements of diaphragms such as
joists and rafters shall be diagonally braced and each crossing of a joist/rafter and
a brace shall be properly fixed.
Floor is rigid with RCC slab
C NC N/A NK LATERAL RESTRAINERS: Each joists and rafters shall be restrained by timber
keys in both sides of wall.
Floor is rigid with RCC slab

44
Annex III-6(Blood Bank- Birgunj): Checking Different Vulnerability Factors

of the Building
Building System
Breadth to length ratio of area enclosed by load bearing walls is more than 1:3
to the next.
Refer Annex IV-6 B
elements.
Deterioration of concrete is observed at few areas.
Deterioration of masonry units not observed

45
Some cracks are observed

Does not meet the criteria
Height to thickness ratio of wall is 9.6’/0.75’ = 12.8
A piece lintel is available but does not continue throughout the length of wall and
no band is available at sill , plinth and floor level
Not available
building.
Gable band is not provided at slope roof in top storey of the building next to
staircase cover
Diaphragms
irregularities

46

Slab reinforcement details are not known
properly fixed.
Connections

47
Annex IV-1 (Blood Bank Building-Kathmandu): Sample Calculations

The following is a sample of quick check calculations based on FEMA 310 for the seismic
evaluation of building under consideration.
Assumptions:
Unit weight of RCC = 25kN/m3; Unit weight of brick = 19 kN/m3
Live load = 2.5 kN/m2; Wt.of plaster and floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
A Calculation for Shear Stress check

A.1. Load calculation
Dead Load Live Load 25% Live Load Seismic weight
Level
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
2 1326.5 302.8 75.7 1402.2
1 3898.2 1065.4 266.3 4164.6
5566.8
A.2 Calculation of base shear (Using NBC105: 1994)

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear is given by
Vb = Cd W
Where,
Cd = the design horizontal seismic force coefficient = C Z I K
C = basic seismic coefficient for the fundamental translations period in the direction
under consideration = 0.08
Z = Seismic zoning factor = 1.0
I = Importance factor = 1.5
K = Structural performance factor = 4.0 for unreinforced masonry structure
Hence
Vb = 2672 KN
A.3 Calculation of Average Shear Stress as per FEMA 310

The average shear stress in shear walls, Vavg, shall be calculated in accordance with equation
Vavg = 1/m (Vj / Aw)
Where,
m = component modification factor = 1 for immediate occupancy level
Vj = Story shear at level j
Aw = Summation of the horizontal cross sectional area of all shear walls in the direction
of loading. Openings shall be taken into consideration when computing Aw.
Average shear stress in ground floor
Direction of Shear force (Vj) Area of wall(Aw) Shear stresses (Vavg)

earthquake force KN m2 N/mm2
East -West 2672 26.42 0.101
North - South 2672 21.00 0.127
Permissible value of shear stress = 15 psi (0.104 N /mm2)

Hence not safe when loaded along North-South direction

48
B Check for torsion

Checking eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of stiffness at ground floor
Location of centre of stiffness at ground floor CS (Kx, Ky) = (12.75 m, 7.01m)
Location of effective mass center at ground floor (Wx, Wy) = (11.38 m, 6.29 m)
Calculated eccentricity along X direction ex = │12.75 – 11.38│ = 1.37 m
Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey = │7.01 -6.29│ = 0.72 m
Permissible eccentricity along X direction ex (20% of 24.35 m length along X-dir) = 4.87 m
Permissible eccentricity along Y direction, ey (20% of 19.8 m length along X-dir) = 3.96 m
Hence safe

49
Annex IV-3 (Blood Bank Building-Pokhara): Sample Calculations

Assumptions:
Unit weight of RCC = 25kN/m3; Unit weight block concrete = 21 kN/m3
Live load = 2.5 kN/m2; Wt.of plaster and floor finish = 1 KN / m2
A. Calculation for Shear Stress check

A.1 Load calculation at ground floor level
Level
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
2 901.5 338.3 84.6 986.1
1 1002.5 259.2 64.8 1067.3
2053.4

Vb = Cd W
Where,
Cd = The design horizontal seismic force coefficient = C Z I K
Z = Seismic zoning factor = 1
K = Structural performance factor = 2.0 for ordinary moment resisting frame
Hence
Vb = 492.8 KN
A.3 Distribution of base shear and calculation of storey shear

The design base shear (Vb) is distributed along the height of the building as per the following
expression (NBC 105-1994):
Qi = Vb (Wi hi / ∑ Wi hi)
Where
Fi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
hi = Height of seismic mass floor i measured from base
Level (Wi) (kN) hi (m) wi*hi Fi (kN) Storey shear, Vj (kN)

2 956.1 6 5916.70 319.77 319.77
1 1067.3 3 3201.84 173.04 492.82
9118.54

50
A.4 Calculation of Average Shear Stresses in the concrete columns.

Storey shears Ac Shear Stress Shear Stress
Level nc nf1 nf1 nc-nf1 nc-nf2
Vi (KN) Vi(lb) (in2) V1avg (psi) V2avg (psi)
2 319.77 70349.52 1620 15 2 4 13 11 35.54 45.55
1 492.82 108419.3 1620 15 2 4 13 11 59.40 70.20
where,
Ac= Summation of the cross sectional area of all columns in the storey under
consideration
nc = Total no. of columns
nf = Total no. of frames in the direction of loading
nf1 = Total no. of frames in transverse direction
nf1 = Total no. of frames in longitudinal direction
Vavg = Average shear stress (psi) in the columns of concrete frames
= (1/m) (nc / nc-nf) (VJ / Ac)
m = component modification factor = 1.3 for buildings being evaluated to the immediate
occupancy performance level
fc’= specified compressive strength of concrete = 15 N/mm2
The average induced shear stresses are less than the permissible value of 100psi or 2√fc’
(93.17psi)
Hence safe
B. Check for torsion
: Considering the stiffness of the concrete columns only.

Location of centre of stiffness at ground floor CS (Kx, KY) = (5.25m, 4.29m)
Location of effective mass center at ground floor (Wx, Wy) = (5.71m, 4.50m)
Calculated eccentricity along X direction ex = │5.25 –5.71│ = 0.46 m
Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey =│4.29 -4.50│ = 0.21 m
Permissible eccentricity along Y direction, ey (20% of 9.07 m length along X-dir) = 1.81m
Hence safe
: Considering stiffnesses of both concrete block masonry walls and concrete

columns.
Location of centre of stiffness at ground floor CS (Kx, KY) = (5.45m, 7.90m)
Location of effective mass center at ground floor (Wx, Wy) = (5.71m, 4.50m)
Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey =│7.90 -4.50│ =3.4 m
Hence not safe when loaded along East – West direction

51
C. Axial Stress check

C.1 The Axial stress due to gravity loads as per FEMA 310
Permissible axial stress = 0.1 fc’ = 1.5 N/mm2
The axial stress due to gravity loads in column subjected to overturning forces
= 3.55 N/mm2 > 1.5 N/mm2
Hence not safe
C.2 Axial stresses due to overturning forces as per FEMA 310
Permissible shear = 868 psi (0.3 fc’)
The axial stress of columns subjected to overturning forces pot is given by
Pot = (1/m) (2/3) (V hn / L nf )( 1/ Ac )
Where,
nf = Total no. of frames in the longitudinal direction of loading = 2
V= Base shear =492.82 KN = 108419.34 lb
hn = height ( in feet ) above the base to the roof level = 20 ft
L = Total length of the frame (in feet) = 29.75 ft.
m = component modification factor = 1.3 for immediate occupany
Ac = Summation of the cross sectional area of all columns in the storey under
consideration = 1620 in2
Pot = 11.54 psi << 868 psi
Hence Safe
D. Check for out-of-plane stability of concrete block masonry walls

Actual Height/
Wall Recommended Height/
Wall Type Thickness ratio in Comments
Thickness Thickness ratio
Building
Wall in first storey, 230 mm 18 2700/230=11.74 Pass
115 mm 18 2700/115 = 23.48 Fail
230 mm 16 2700/230=11.74 Pass

All other walls
115mm 16 2700/115 = 23.48 Fail

52
Annex IV-4 (Blood Bank Building-Nepalgunj): Sample Calculations

Assumptions:

Level
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
2 1020.9 314.5 78.6 1099.5
1 1282.1 316.1 79.0 1361.2
2460.7

Vb = Cd W
Where,
Hence
Vb = 1075 KN

Vavg = 1/m (Vj / Aw)
Where,
Aw = Summation of the horizontal cross sectional area of all shear walls in the direction of
loading. Openings shall be taken into consideration when computing Aw. For
masonry walls, the net area shall be used rather than the area.
Direction of Shear force(Vj) Area of wall(Aw) Shear stresses(Vavg)

earthquake force KN Sq.m N/mm2
East -West 1075 6.0 0.18
North - South 1075 4.4 0.24
Permissible value of shear stress = 15 psi (0.104 N /mm2)

Hence not safe

53

Location of centre of stiffness at ground floor CS (Kx, KY) = (6.01 m, 5.69m)
Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey = │5.01 -5.69│ = 0.68 m
Permissible eccentricity along Y direction, ey (20% of 11.07 m length along X-dir) = 2.21 m
Hence safe

54
Annex IV-5 (Blood Bank Building-Dhangadi): Sample Calculations

Assumptions:

Level
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
2 339.0 90.9 22.7 361.8
1 2115.8 536.9 134.2 2250.1
2611.8

Vb = Cd W
Where,
Hence
Vb = 1128 KN

Vavg = 1/m ( Vj / Aw)
Where,
Direction of Shear force(Vj) Area of wall(Aw) Shear stresses (Vavg)

East -West 1128 10.0 0.11
North - South 1128 17.5 0.06
Permissible value of shear stress = 0.025N /mm2

Hence not safe

55

Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey = │10.00 -8.09│ =1.91 m
Hence not safe when loaded along East – West direction

56
Annex IV-6 (Blood Bank Building-Birgunj): Sample Calculations

Assumptions:

Level
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
2 1297.9 292.7 73.2 1371.1
1 1269.3 292.7 73.2 1342.4
2713.5

Vb = Cd W
Where,
Hence
Vb = 1107 KN

Vavg = 1/m ( Vj / Aw)
Where,
Direction of Shear force (Vj) Area of wall(Aw) Shear stresses (Vavg)

East -West 1107 5.7 0.19
North - South 1107 4.8 0.23
Permissible value of shear stress =15 psi (0.104 N /mm2)

Hence not safe

57

Location of effective mass center at ground floor (Wx, Wy) = (7.15 m, 5.31m)
Calculated eccentricity along Y direction, ey = │5.70 -5.31│ =0.39 m
Hence safe

58
Annex V-1: Building Description (Blood Bank-Kathmandu)
Blood Bank-Pradarshai Marg,

Kathmandu
• Two storey house
• Constructed in 2035-2036 BS
• Outcome of Australian project
• Rigid floor of RCC structure
• Staircase cover is sloped with truss
structure and without roof and
gable band
• Building is load bearing brick
masonry structure in cement
mortar
• Building is irregular in plan and in
elevation with larger area covered
Front View
in ground floor but only a central
portion is extended upto first floor
• Few cracks in wall as well as
deterioration of concrete is
observed in the building
• Most of the load bearing walls are
230mm thick while few walls at
centre which extend to first floor
are 350mm thick
• Exterior walls in first floor is
supported on cantilever beam
projecting from main wall inside
• Floor beam is not provided
East Elevation

59
Annex V-2: Building Description (Blood Bank-Biratnagar)

Blood Bank-Biratnagar
• Constructed under a supervision of
technical volunteer Mr. Binod Ojha
• The entire building complex is
composed of four different blocks
attached together with columns
adjacent to each other( refer drawing)
i.e.
Block I: North west
Block II: North east
Block III: South east
Block IV: South west South-West view of the building
• Block III two storey building and
Block I one storey building was
constructed in BS 2044 and remaining
all parts of the building was completed
construction one year back. All the
buildings are attached as a single unit
in first floor level.
• The overall building system is
reinforced concrete frame with brick
masonry infill. All the columns are
10X 10 inches size.
• Block 1 also comprised of reinforced
concrete frame but is not tied with Front view
floor beam along the periphery of the
building
• Front face of the Blocks II, III and IV
is open in ground floor from business
point of view
• Few cracks in wall as well as
deterioration of concrete are observed
in the building. A well defined crack is
visible at the junction of Block II and
III
• Infill walls are 250mm thick while few
partition walls are 125mm thick
• Non structural elements are not given
due consideration against impending
large earthquake Central open area with sky light above
• No horizontal stirrups are provided in
beam column joint and stirrup in
column is provided @ 7’’ c/c
throughout the column irrespective to
position

60
Annex V-3: Building Description (Blood Bank-Pokhara)

Blood Bank-Pokhara
• Constructed in BS 2045
• The building is regular with
rectangle in plan shape
• Designed and supervised by
Engineer Deepak Bhattarai, then
hospital incharge
• The overall building system is
reinforced concrete frame with
block masonry infill. All the
columns are 9X 12 inches size with
larger dimension oriented along Front elevation of the building
north south direction. Each column
is reinforced with 4 nos 12 mm dia.
bar and stirrup of 7mm dia. @ 9-10
inch c/c spacing.
• Overall slab thickness is 4 inch and
beam of size 9 X 9 inch
• Floor height of the building is 10
feet in both the floors
• Front face of the building is open in
ground floor from business point of
view
• Extensive wall cracks are observed
in first floor while as very less
crack is observed in ground floor View from building entrance (North West)
• Infill walls are 9 inch and 4 ½ inch
thick of solid block in ground floor
and 6and 4 ½ inch thick hollow
block in first floor
• All window frames are made of
metal
• Lintel is provided just over window
and is not tied with the frame
• Infill walls are not tied with frame
elements
• The building is attached with new
construction of one storey building
without seismic gap and floor level
of the two buildings also vary to Two adjoining buildings of two storey and one
some extend some extend. storey
• Non structural elements are not
restrained against lateral movement
of earthquake

61
Annex V-4: Building Description (Blood Bank-Nepalgunj)

Blood Bank-Nepalgunj
• Building is load bearing brick masonry
structure in cement mortar
• Ground storey constructed in 2034 BS
• First storey was constructed 3-4 years back
with supervision from municipality
engineer
• All load bearing walls are 9 inch thick
• The building is constructed as per
contemporary construction practice of
Nepalgunj without any consideration of Front View
earthquake shaking
• Rigid floor of RCC slab
• Front portion of staircase and medicine
shop is an extension of existing building
with reinforced concrete column of 9X 9
inch size
• Building is quite regular in plan and in
elevation with the same area of coverage in
ground and first floor
• Building is not totally isolated but is
attached with small portion of wing from
other building
• Cracks in wall is observed at number of
places showing weak connection between View South West
different structural elements
• Ventilator is provided just below floor slab
in first floor
• Field exploration have found that no
vertical reinforcement is provided at
junction of walls and at sides of
door/window opening
• Ring beam is provided throughout the
walls at lintel level and no ring beam is
provided at floor level in ground floor
• Only a piece lintel is provided at first floor
and no ring beam is provided at floor level
in first floor
• Column in extension portion of staircase View West North
and medical shop is very lean with stirrup
spacing of 14-16 inches wide and 4
numbers 12 mm diameter vertical bars
• Non structural elements are not given due
consideration to restrain lateral movement

62
Annex V-5: Building Description (Blood Bank-Dhangadi)

Blood Bank-Dhangadi
• One storey house
• The portion is extended to second storey in
east wing with 9 inch brick masonry wall
and cement mortar
• Building is load bearing brick masonry
structure in mud mortar
• Constructed in 2044 BS
• Designed and supervised by Mr. Raman
Chandra Shrestha
• The building is U-shaped with one wing in
east side and the other in west. West wing
is comparatively shorter than east wing as Rear view (North West)
shown in drawing.
• The building was constructed with
supervision by an overseer.
• All load bearing walls are 14 inch thick
• The building was constructed as per
contemporary construction practice in
Dhangadi without any consideration of
earthquake shaking
• Rigid floor of RCC slab
• Building is attached with another building
in east side.
• Cracks are observed at number of places in
wall and at junction of wall and slab
showing weak connection between Side view of the building (West side)
different structural elements
• Field exploration have shown that no
vertical reinforcement is provided at
junction of walls and at sides of
door/window opening
• Lintel is provided just above door/window
opening and no ring beam is provided at
floor level.
• Front face of the building is used for
commercial purpose
• Non structural elements are not given due
consideration to restrain lateral movement
• Naked electric cables very close to the
building pose high threat to life safety of
human being.
View from road side

63
Annex V-6: Building Description (Blood Bank-Birgunj)

Blood Bank-Birgunj
• Constructed in BS 2046
• The building is quite regular in plan
and elevation
• Load bearing walls are long
without lateral support and the
connectivity between different
structural walls lacks proper
integrity.
• Designed and supervised by an
overseer from sugar mill Front elevation of the building (West Elevation)
• The building is load bearing brick
in cement mortar.
• All load bearing walls are 9 inch
thick and internal partition walls
are half brick (4 ½ inch) thick
• Overall slab thickness is 4 inch and
secondar beam to support floor
slabs are of size 6 X 6 inch below
slab level.
• Staircase landing is cantilever
projecting from beam which is
provided for staircase support.
• Floor height of the building is 10
feet in both the floors
South elevation
• Front face of the building is open in
ground floor for shops and is the
income generation for blood bank.
• Cracks are observed at number of
places in walls, door/window lintel
and floor slab.
• Deterioration of concrete is also
observed at some places.
• A piece lintel is provided just over
door/ window opening and is not
extended throughout the wall.
• No ring beam is provided at floor
level.
• No vertical reinforcement provided
at corners, junctions of walls and at
jambs of openings.
• No provision is made for
earthquake resistance during
construction of the building.
North elevation of the Building

64
• Heavy weight of reinforced

concrete overhead water tank is
provided above staircase cover
slab.
• Non structural elements are not
given due consideration for
earthquake safety.

65
Annex VI-1: Photographs (Blood Bank-Kathmandu)
Photo 1: Load bearing walls in

cantilever beam in first floor
Photo 2: Lean brick column in ground floor
Photo 3: Variation of floor height in

different portion of the building

66
Photo 4: Use of Ferroscan detector for

verification of reinforcement details
Photo 5: Use of Ferroscan

detector for verification of
reinforcement details
Photo 6: Field test with drilling of

wall

67
Photo 7: Crack in wall supporting

slope roof
Photo 8: Ventilator just below floor slab

with the absence of floor beam
Photo 9: Deterioration of
concrete due to ageing

68
Photo 10: Staircase cover with steel truss

without roof band
Photo 11: Unused items stored in narrow passageway

and are not restraint back
Photo12: Blood stored in racks with

potential risk of falling

69
Photo 13: Water tanks simply

supported in brick masonry walls
Photo 14: Non-Structural

items are not placed with proper
anchorage and are likely to overturn and
spill contents in large shaking
Photo 15: Materials stacked in top

floor of the building

70
Annex VI-2: Photographs (Blood Bank-Biratnagar)
Photo 1: Beam along the edge of

column
Photo 2: Steel reinforcement for further extension
Photo 3: Truss roof at top floor

without roof and gable band

71
Photo 4: Reinforced concrete slab at different level at

the entrance
Photo 5: Secondary beam supporting

on beam creating a point load
Photo 6: Column constructed in two shifts

with a clear demarcation of cold joint at the middle of
the column

72
Photo 7: Ventilator opening immediately

below the slab
Photo 8: No beam along a

direction transverse to the existing beam
Photo 9: Opening at ground floor for

commercial purpose

73
Photo 10: Spiral stairways in one part of the building
Photo 11: Crack at the junction of

two buildings
Photo 12: Open area at the central portion of the entire

building complex

74
Photo 13: Crack in wall at the front

face of the building
Photo 14: Field test using

Ferroscan detector for verification
of reinforcement bars
Photo 15: Field test with drilling of wall

75
Photo 16: Overhead water tank with no

proper bracing
Photo 17: Freeze for storage of blood simply resting

on stand with roller slide
Photo 18: Office equipment liable to

tip at large earthquake

76
Annex VI-3: Photographs (Blood Bank-Pokhara)
Photo 1: A distinct view of piece

lintel above window opening
Photo 2: A crack propagating from door

opening
Photo 3: Cantilever over main

entrance of the building

77
Photo 4: The building is attached with one

storey building without expansion joint
Photo 5: Wide crack in the wall
Photo 6: Ground floor of the building

is open for shops

78
Photo 7: Verification of reinforcement detail with

the use of Ferroscan detector
Photo 8: Detail showing lap of

vertical reinforcement at beam
column joint
Photo 9: Drilling in wall for verification of wall

details

79
Photo 10: Window attached to frame

element
Photo 11: Freeze placed very close to the

door obstructing the movement of people
Photo 12: Rigid joints of water pipes

80
Photo 13: Photo frame kept over window

lintel without any anchorage
Photo 14: Water tank simply supported over

concrete block
Photo 15: Equipments with no restraint

against lateral movement

81
Annex VI-4: Photographs (Blood Bank-Nepalgunj)
Photo 1: Beam resting on brick wall which

is further supported on beam
Photo 2: Ventilator just below the

floor slab
Photo 3: Window attached to wall

junction

82
Photo 4: Drilling in wall for verification of structural

details
Photo 5: Hole in wall due to drilling and

scrapping of plaster for observation
Photo 6: Observation of lintel using PS 200 Hilti

Ferroscan detector

83
Photo 7: Staircase cover without roof

band
Photo 8: Tall slender wall at staircase
Photo 9: Wide crack in wall at

staircase extension

84
Photo 10: Connecting wall between two buildings
Photo 11: Crack in wall slab junction in first

floor
Photo 12: Items stored in racks without lateral

support

85
Photo 13: Rigid joints in water pipes
Photo 14: Water tank simply supported on floor

without proper anchorage
Photo 15: Photo frames need proper

anchorage to the wall

86
Annex VI-5: Photographs (Blood Bank-Dhangadi)
Photo 1: Load bearing wall with large

door/window opening
Photo 2: Door attached to wall junction
Photo 3: Opening for shop at road side

87
Photo 4: Verifying existence of lintel

using Hilti PS Ferroscan detector
Photo 5: Verifying floor beam using PS 200 Hilti

Ferroscan detector
Photo 6: Drill hole for exploration

of wall material

88
Photo 7: Crack along the wall immediately

below the slab
Photo 8: Wide vertical crack in wall at staircase

portion
Photo 9: Scrapping of plaster showing mud

mortar in load bearing wall

89
Photo 10: L-shaped building with

different wing length
Photo 11: Long unsupported length of wall at

staircase
Photo 12: Photo frames without

proper anchorage which can easily
topple in small shaking

90
Photo 13: Blood storage freeze without

lateral support
Photo 14: High tension line close to building

boundary which can cause serious human
injury
Photo 15: Storage of equipments

with no proper care against
horizontal movement in earthquake

91
Annex VI-6: Photographs ( Blood Bank-Birgunj)
Photo 1: Deterioration of concrete
Photo 2: Doors attached to wall

junction
Photo 3: Secondary beam supporting

floor slab

92
Photo 4: Lean beam supporting

staircase slab
Photo 5: Slender wall of 4 ½ inch at the extreme end of the

cantilever landing slab
Photo 6: Crack in lintel above window

opening

93
Photo 7: Cantilever above main

entrance
Photo 8: Verification of reinforcement using Hilti PS

200 Ferroscan detector
Photo 9: Ventilator immediately

below floor slab

94
Photo 10: Crack in wall
Photo 11: rigid pipings
Photo 12: Open ground floor being

used for shops

95
Photo 13: Freeze storing blood without

tie to floor or wall
Photo 14: Vulnerable steel rack with

no anchorage to adjacent structural
wall
Photo 15: Reinforced concrete overhead

water tank supporting on walls at
staircase cover

96
National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal (NSET)
N 81'-2"
20'-7" 40'-3" 20'-4"
1'-2" 5' 1'-2"2'-6" 3' 3' 9" 4' 9" 10'-9" 9" 15'-9" 9" 10'-9" 9" 2'-10" 5' 4' 5' 2'-10"9"
2'
4'-7"
Architectural Drawings (Blood Bank-Kathmandu)

13'-1"
9"
6'
38' - 9'' X 9'-7''
15' - 1'' X 5'-2'' 9"
5'
2'-6"
1'-6"
3'
9"
9"
5' - 7'' wide passage
8'-4"
15' - 1'' X 7'-8'' 1'-2"

19' - 7'' X 14'-4''
10'
1'-2"
6'
7' - 9'' X
5'-11'' 6' - 7'' X
5'-11'' 26' - 5'' X 12'-11'' 1'-2" 10' - 4'' X 19'
3'-3"
3'
Annex VII-1:
4'
6'
14' - 10'' X 6'-11''
41'-3"
6'
4' wide passage
69'-2"
UP
4'
2'-4"
2'-11"
97
9"
4' wide passage
7'-1"
10' X 12' 7'-5" X 12' 14' - 10'' X 6'-4''
7' - 6'' X 12'
6'
5' -
9"
6'
10'' X 6'-4'' 8'-6"

10'-4" X 6'-6"
2'-4"
1'-7"
6' - 10''
6'
7'-8"
6'
X 9'-2''
15'-1" 5' - 7'' wide passage LV = ± 0'- 0 '
7' - 8''
X 5'-7''
2'-4"
2'-10"1'-7"
6'-10"
3'
10' - 9'' X 14'-1" 15' - 9'' X 12'-3"
14'-6"
3'
6'-6"
3'
3'
1'-6"
2'-3" 3' 1'-7" 3' 1'-6" 3' 2'-3" 4' 12'-3" 16'-6" 10'-9" 9" 4' 2'-6" 3' 5'-4" 3' 2'-6"
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
N 81'-2"
16'-7" 4' 40'-3" 20'-4"
LV = + 8'- 0
5'-2"
'
11'-1"
SLOPE ROOF
LV = + 11'- 0 '
LV = + 11'- 0
LV = +8'- 0 '
LV =+ 8'- 0
SLOPE ROOF
5'-3" 3' 2'-2" 3' 2'-3" 3' 7'-6" 3' 2'-3" 3' 5'-7"
3'-7"
8'
4'-4"
7' - 8'' X 4'-9'' 2'-8"

9' - 10'' X 9'-5''
3'
'
'
10' - 7'' X 9'-5''
2'
4' - 4''
13'-9"
X 4'-1''
3'
SLOPE ROOF
10' - 8'' X 13'-9''
47'-2"
4'-9" 4' wide

passage 5'-8" 10'-8"
41'-3"
7'-9"
3'-10"
UP
72'-2"
98
3'
'
LV = + 11'- 0
3'-8"
7' - 8'' X 13'-1''
'
9' - 10'' X 13'-1'' 19' - 4'' X 13'-1''
LV = + 8'- 0
SLOPE ROOF
2'
LV = + 8'- 0
LV = + 11'- 0
3'
3'
10"
1'-7"
3'-4"
3'
5'-3" 3' 2'-2" 3' 2'-3" 3' 2'-3" 3' 2'-3" 3' 2'-3" 3' 5'-7"
'
'
LV = + 8'- 0 '
LV = + 11'- 0 '
5'
5'
SLOPE ROOF
14'-10"
5' 5'
19'-10"
LV = + 8'- 0 '
5'
16'-7" 4' 28' 12'-3" 4' 16'-4"
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
' LV = + 8'- 0
SLOPE ROOF
' LV = + 11'- 0
'
'
'
'
'
'
SLOPE ROOF
SLOPE ROOF
'
LV = + 20'- 6
LV = + 8'- 0
LV = + 11'- 0
LV = + 11'- 0
LV = + 8'- 0
LV = +8'- 0
LV = + 8'- 0
TOP FLOOR PLAN
LV = + 11'- 0 ' LV = + 11'- 0 '

SLOPE ROOF SLOPE ROOF
SLOPE ROOF
LV =+ 8'- 0 ' LV = + 8'- 0 '
N
99
NORTH ELEVATION
100
SOUTH ELEVATION
101
EAST ELEVATION
102
WEST ELEVATION
103
Annex VII-2:
Architectural Drawings (Blood Bank-Biratnagar)
72'-10"
5'-3" 12'-7" 5'-10" 6'-4" 5'-4" 13' 11'-10" 11'-10"
10" 4'-5" 10" 3'-2" 5'-6" 3'-2" 10" 5' 10" 5'-6" 10" 4'-6" 10" 12'-2" 10" 11' 10" 2'-6" 6' 2'-6" 10"
10"
3' 10"
1'-6"
W1
5'-10"
11' - 0'' X 5'-0''
9'-10"
3'-10" 10" 2'
V2
6'
11' - 0'' X 9'-0'' W1
W2 W3
1'-7" 1'-6"
10"
10' - 0'' X 13'-2''
5'-6"
14'
V2 W2 11' - 9'' X 13'-3'' W2 V2 13' - 0'' X 14'-0''
10'
6'
W1
10" 3'-10"
1'-7"
10"
2'
4' -5'' X 8'-2''
8'-2"
9'
10' - 0'' X 8'-2''
6'
W1 W1
3'-6" 10"
1'-10" 2'
21'-4"
10"
10' - 0'' X 12'-2''
5'-6"
13'
V2 W2 W2 V2 22' - 10'' X 47'-6''
6'
W1 W1
11' - 9'' X 34'-6''
1'-10"
2' 10" 3'-2"
82'-6"
82'-6"
5'-6"
5'-6"
V2 W2 W2
10' - 0'' X 12'-6''
13'-4"
16'-2"
W2 V2
6'
W1
5'
W2 W2
4'-8"
2'-6"10"
V2 V2
10"
UP
10"
10"
LV = ± 0'- 0"
8'-10"
10" 2'-6" 3'
W4
LV = ± 0'- 0"
UP
4' - 8'' X 8'-5''

UP
8'-5"
9'-3"
10"
10"
2'-6"
10"
4'
V1
16'-10"
9' - 3'' X 18'-0'' 8' - 8'' X 18'-0'' 9' - 3'' X 18'-0''

3'
13'-5"
14'-3"
11' - 6'' X 14'-8'' 10' - 0'' X 18'-0''
UP
4'
V1
10"2'-6"
10"
10" 10"
10" 5' 10" 9'-3" 10" 8'-8" 10" 8'-10" 1'-2" 11'-6" 1'-2" 11'-6" 10" 9'-8" 10"
5'-10" 10'-1" 9'-6" 9'-8" 1' 12'-8" 1' 12'-4" 10'-6"
73'
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

104
67'-7"
5'-3" 12'-7" 5'-10" 10'-10" 10" 13' 11'-10" 11'-10"
10" 10" 10" 10"3'-1" 10" 10" 10"
1' 2'-6" 1' 2'-11" 6' 2'-11" 5'-10" 5'-6" 5" 4'-6" 6' 3'-1" 2'-6" 6' 2'-6" 2'-6" 6' 2'-6"
5"
10"
1'-3" 3' 1'-3"
1'-6"
W1 W1 W1
5'-10"
W7
9'-10"
6'
W1
10"
W5 W6
3'-7"
1'-7" 1'-6"
10"
14'
12' - 2'' X 14'-0'' 16' - 3'' X 14'-0'' 13' - 0'' X 19'-5''

6'
W5
10'
6'
W1
10" 3'-7"
1'-7"
W7
10"
2'
4' -10'' X 8'-7''
8'-2"
9'
6'
W1
9'
2'-2" 3'-7" 10"
1'-10" 2'
21'-4"
10"
5"
W7
13'
22' - 10'' X 57'-4''
6'
W1
6'
W5
1'-10"
82'-6"
82'-6"
10"
35'-4"
3'-3" 10"
11' - 6'' X 25'-11''
4'-8"
13'-4"
10' - 0'' X 12'-6''
16'-2"
LV = ± 11'- 0"
6'
W5
6'
W1
3'-3"
D1
4'-8"
10"
1'
10"
UP
10"
10"
8'-10"
LV = ± 10'- 6"
6'
W5 W5
LV = ± 11'- 0"
UP
W7
UP
8'-5"
9'-3"
10" 1'
10"
10"
10"
21' - 2'' X 7'-11''

6'-8"
4'
5"
16'-10"
1'-6"
13' - 6'' X 17'-3'' 9' - 7'' X 17'-3''

14'-3"
22' - 0'' X 13'-10''

5'-6"
W2
25' - 0'' X 8'-11''

6'
W5
4'
1'-6"
W5 W9 W5 W8 W2 W2
10"
10"
10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10"

5' 1'-8" 6' 1'-8" 5'-8" 3' 1'-5" 6' 1'-5" 10" 3' 10" 4'-6" 10" 3' 10" 1'-6" 5'-6" 1'-6" 3' 2'-1" 5'-6" 2'-1"
5'-10" 10'-1" 9'-6" 9'-8" 10" 13' 10" 12'-4" 10'-6"

73'-5"
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

105
5'-3" 24'-9" 42'-10"

5'-10"
14'
13'-10"
8'-3"
TERRACE
33'-10"
86'-6"
21'-6"
LV = ± 21'- 6"
5'-10"
LV = ± 21'- 0"
LV = ± 21'- 6"
31'-4"
73'-5"
TOP FLOOR PLAN

106
NORTH ELEVATION

107
SOUTH ELEVATION

108
EAST ELEVATION

109
WEST ELEVATION

110
Annex VII-3:
Architectural Drawings (Blood Bank-Pokhara)
N
36'-3"
7'-9" 9' 9'-3" 9'-6"
9" 3'-9" 3'-3" 9" 3'-3" 5' 9" 6'-6" 2' 9" 3'-3" 5'-6" 9"
1'
W2 W2 W1 W2
4'
6'-6"
LV = ± 0'- 0"
DUTY ROOM
3'-3"
W2
WAITING ROOM
15'-3"
15'-3"
16' - 0'' X 14'-6'' D2
2'-6" 9"
D1
7'-9"
D1
3'-9"
TOILET
29'-9"
29'-9"
UP
6' - 6'' X 3'-6''
2'-6" 1'-7" 1'
1'
D1
2'-2"
8' - 8'' X 14'-0'' 8' - 11'' X 14'-0'' 8' - 9'' X 14'-0''

13'-6"
12'-6"
13'-6"
2'-6"
D1
6'-9"
1'
2'
9" 7' 9" 8'-3" 9" 8'-6" 9" 8'-9" 9"

7'-9" 9' 9'-3" 9'-6"
36'-3"
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
36'-3"
7'-9" 9' 9'-3" 9'-6"
3' 9" 3'-9" 3'-3" 9" 3'-3" 5' 9" 6'-6" 2' 9" 3'-3" 5'-6" 9"
1'
1'
3'-6"
WAITING ROOM
6'-6"
16' - 0'' X 14'-6''

4" 3'-3"
D1
ROOM ROOM
15'-3"
15'-3"
12' - 3'' X 14'-9'' 13' - 0'' X 14'-9''

3'-11"
LAB STORE
7'-9"
9' - 6'' X 7'-9''

D2
3'-3"
29'-9"
29'-9"
LV = ± 10'- 0"
1'
1'
D2 D2 D1
UP
3'
D1
DOCTOR ROOM LABORATORY

13'-6"
12'-6"
13'-6"
6'-6"
13' - 6'' X 13'-6'' 13' - 9'' X 13'-0''

3'
1'
1'
D1 D1
3'
9" 9"
9" 7' 9" 11" 6'-6" 11" 11" 2'-6" 1'-10" 2'-6" 9" 1'-2" 6'-6" 1'-2" 9"
7'-9" 9' 9'-3" 9'-6"
36'-3"
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

111
WEST ELEVATION
EAST ELEVATION

112
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION

113
Annex VII-4:
Architectural Drawings (Blood Bank-Nepalgunj)
11' 26'
3'-6" 7'-6" 10'-3" 12'-6" 2'-11"

9"
9" 2'-9" 9" 6'-9" 1'-3" 3' 2'-3" 2' 5'-8" 4' 3'-11" 9" 2'-6"
1'-9"
9"
9"
2'-6"
6'
MAIN
8'-3"
9'
9'
8'-3" x 9'-6"
10'-9"
ENTRANCE 10'-0" x 11'-9"
4'
9"
9"
5'-6"
4'-9"
5'-6"
LV = ± 0'- 0"
3'
2'-5" 9"
1'-7"
13'-6" x 10'-3"
12'-3"
2'
11'-6" x 11'-9"
36'-4"
8'-6"
2'-1"
3'
2'
UP
9" 2'-5"
1'-7"
21'-10"
3'-11"
5'-6"
11'-10"
12'-7"
12'-7"
11'-10" x 8'-9"
4'
11'-10" x 10'-9"
11'-10" x 12'-10"
3'-11"
9"
9"
9"
9" 10'-3" 9" 6' 1'-2" 5' 2'-9" 4' 2'-5" 9" 2'-6" 3'
11' 13'-6" 9'-4" 2'-10"

40'
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

114
N
3'-6" 7'-6" 10'-3" 12'-6" 5'-11"
9"
9" 3'-6" 6'-9" 1'-9" 6' 5'-6" 6' 2'-9" 9" 4'-9" 9"
1'-6"
9"
9"
4'
8'-3"
9'
8'-3" x 9'-6"
6'
10'-2"
9"
9"
4'-9"
5'-6"
22'-3" x 11'-9"
2'-6"
3'-1"
LV = ± 10'- 0"
2'-5" 9"
2'-10" 9"
13'-6" x 10'-3"
7'-8" x 4'-9"
36'-4"
36'-4"
8'-6"
8'-6"
3'
2'
9" 2'-10"
UP
9" 2'-5"
5'-6"
6'-4"
7'-1"
6'-8" x 10'-9"
11'-10"
12'-7"
11'-10" x 22'-0"
0"
3'-9"
5'-6"
4'-9" x 10'-9"
9" 1'-9"
9"
9" 3' 3' 7'-6" 6' 5' 6' 2'-6" 9" 2'-6"
11' 10'-3" 12'-6" 5'-6"
40'
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
2' 9' 28' 3'

16'-6"
16'-7"
TERRACE
8'-6"
LV = ± 20'- 0"
15'-4"
14'-7"
39' 3'
TOP FLOOR PLAN

115
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION

116
EAST ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION

117
Annex VII-5:
Architectural Drawing (Blood Bank-Dhangadi)
N
5'-9" 6'-11"
3'-9" 3'-9" 2' 2'-7" 3' 2'-7" 2'
2'
2'
2'-8"
4'-8"
TOILET
7'-2"
5'-9'' X 6'-0''
3'
2'-6"
2'-8"
7'-1"
6'
9'-2" ROOM
13'-11"
11'-6'' X 12'-9''
4'
3'-2" 4' 3'-2"
1'-9"
3'-6"
8'-1"
6'-5"
1'-2"
4'
11'-3"
13'-5"
3'-6"
LAB
10'-2"
1'-6"
4'
11'-6'' X 9'-0''
3'-6"
4'-10"
1'-2"
6'-5"
UP
68'-3"
3'-6"
LV = ± 0'- 0"
7'-10"
6'-6"
LAB
3'-6" 7' 2'-2" 3'-6" 1' 6' 1'
3'
4'-7"
11'-8"
1'-2" 11'-6'' X 10'-6''
5'-3"
50'-5"
6'-11"
ROOM OFFICE ROOM

4'
11'-6'' X 12'-10'' 11'-6'' X 12'-10''

14'
STORE
10'-2"
11'-6'' X 9'-0''
4'
17'-8"
22'-11"
SHOP SHOP SHOP

11'-6'' X 12'-10'' 11'-6'' X 12'-10'' 11'-6'' X 12'-10''
14'
14'
1'-2"
1'-2"
3'
3'
3' 2'-6" 8'-11" 3'-9" 8'-11" 3'-9" 8'-11"
12'-8" 12'-8" 12'-8"
39'-2"
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

118
3'-9" 3'-9" 2' 2'-7" 3' 2'-7" 2'
2'
2'
2'-8"
4'-8"
TOILET
5'-9'' X 6'-0''
3'
2'-6"
2'-8"
7'-1"
6'
10'-4" ROOM
11'-6'' X 12'-9''
4'
3'-2" 4' 3'-2"
2'-2"
41'-1"
5'-7"
3'-6"
9"
11'-3" 13'-10"
21'-3"
DOWN
3'
LV = ± 11'- 0"
2'
TERRACE
32'-2"
32'-2"
42'-2"
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

119
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION

120
EAST ELEVATION

121
WEST ELEVATION

122
51'-2"
N
8'-8" 8' 4' 4' 8' 4' 14'-6"
D1
9"
1'-9"
Brick Partition wall (8' height )
3'-3"
W2 W2 W2
Architectural Drawings (Blood Bank-Birgunj)

V1 D3
TOILET
3'-6'' X 4'-0''
2'-5"
SHOP
OFFICE LV = ± 0'- 0"
8'
11'-9"
10'-0'' X 13'-0''
1'-6"
V1 D3
TOILET 11'-0'' X 20'-0''
3'-6'' X 4'-0''
2'-3"

2
1
1'-6"
V1 UP
2'-6"
D1 D1
24'-3"
9"
Annex VII-6:
5'-1"
W2
D3
SHOP
32'-1"
8'
10'-0'' X 13'-0''
123
LAB STORE
11'-9"
4'
W2
11'-0'' X 12'-6'' 11'-0'' X 14'-3''
2'-6"
4'-3"
W2 W2 W2
9"
D1
1'-6"
9"
2'-7"
Cantilever Landing
3'-6" X 8'-0"
SHOP
5'
8'
10'-0'' X 13'-0''
8'-3"
8'-3"
9"
5'-8"
1'-4"
9"
9"
5' 4' 6'-8" 4' 2'-3" 4' 2'-4" 1'-8" 2' 1'-6" 2' 1'-3" 14'-6" 2'
27'-11" 8'-9" 13'-9"
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
8'-8" 8' 4' 4' 8' 4' 14'-6"

N
9"
2'-9"
W2 W2 W2 W3
D2
TOILET D3
3'-6'' X 4'-0''
LV = +10'- 0"
ROOM
6'
11'-9"
W3
D3 11'-0'' X 23'-6'' 10'-0'' X 13'-0''
W1
16'
TOILET
7'-0'' X 4'-0''

4'-6"
D2 D2 D3
24'-3"
9"
UP
D2
W2
32'-6"
6'
W3
ROOM ROOM
11'-9"
11'-0'' X 12'-6'' 11'-0'' X 14'-3''

4'
W2
124
MEETING ROOM
4'-6"
20'-6'' X 13'-0''
4'-3"
W2 W2 W2
9"
1'-6"
9" Cantilever Landing
3'-5"
3'-6" X 8'-0"
5'
6'
W3
8'-3"
8'-3"
9"
W1
4'-10"
2'-9"
W3
9"
9"
5' 4' 6'-8" 4' 2'-3" 4' 2'-4" 1'-8" 2' 1'-6" 2' 1'-3" 14'-6" 2'
27'-11" 8'-9" 13'-9"
36'-8" 14'-6"
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
TANK
WATER
NORTH ELEVATION
125
TANK
WATER
SOUTH ELEVATION
126
EAST ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION
127

Seismic Evaluation of Blood Banks in Nepal

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Seismic Evaluation of Blood Banks in Nepal

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ability Assessment of Blood Bank Buildings in Nepal

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

4.6 REINTERPRETATION OF THE BUILDING FRAGILITY BASED ON OBSERVED

ANNEX I: EUROPEAN MACRO SEISMIC SCALE (EMS 98)........................................................... 21

ANNEX III-4 (BLOOD BANK- NEPALGUNJ): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS

ANNEX III-5 (BLOOD BANK- DHANGADI): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS

ANNEX III-6(BLOOD BANK- BIRGUNJ): CHECKING DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY FACTORS OF

ANNEX IV-1 (BLOOD BANK BUILDING-KATHMANDU): SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ................... 48

1.1 Scope of Work

1.2 Overall Methodology

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

i Identification of strengths and deficiencies

2. Seismic Hazard and Design Ground Motion

2.1 Seismic Hazard

2.2 Design Basis Earthquake

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

C = Response acceleration coefficient obtained from the Design Response Spectrum

3. Data Collection and Assessment Methodology

3.1 Survey Methodology

3.2 Location of Buildings in Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal

Fig 3: Proposed Value for Seismic Zoning Factor, Z

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

3.4 Field Exploration

3.5 Classification of Building Typology

No. Building Types in Description

1 Adobe, stone in Adobe Buildings: These are buildings constructed in sun-dried

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

without earthquake load or with old codes or designed for small

3.6 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology

MMI VI VII VIII IX

Weak DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5

Average DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4

Good - DG1 DG2 DG3

Table 3.6-B: Fragility of Reinforced Concrete Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame

MMI VI VII VIII IX

Weak DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4

Average - DG1 DG2 DG3

Good - - DG1 DG2

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

3.6.2 Identification of Vulnerability Factors

4. Survey Findings and Analysis Result

4.1 Description of building

4.2 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

4.3 Weaknesses in Buildings

4.3.3.1 Blood Bank Building-Kathmandu

4.3.3.2 Blood Bank Building-Biratnagar

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

2) Overall building system is not regular.

4.3.3.3 Blood Bank Building-Pokhara

4.3.3.4 Blood Bank Building-Nepalgunj

4.3.3.5 Blood Bank Building-Dhangadi

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

4.3.3.6 Blood Bank Building-Birgunj

4.4 Identification of Non Structural Components

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

4.5 Influence of Different Vulnerability Factors to the Seismic Performance of

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

Table 4.5: Influence of Different Vulnerability Factors to the Building

Increasing Vulnerability of the Building by Different

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

4.6 Reinterpretation of the Building Fragility Based on Observed Vulnerability

S.N. Buildings MMI VII MMI VIII MMI IX