GRAMMAR SUMMARY

1. TENSES

Present

- Present simple
- Present continuous
- State verbs

Past

- Past simple
- Past continuous
- Used to/Would
- Be used to/get used to

Perfect tenses

- Present simple vs Present perfect

- Present perfect vs Present perfect continuous
- Past perfect vs Past Perfect continuous

Future

- Present simple
- Present continuous
- Will
- Future continuous
- Going to
- Future in the past (was/were going to)
- Future perfect simple and continuous

More future forms

- Be about to/be on the point of/be on the verge of

- Be due to/be to
- Be not to

2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives

- Comparative adjectives
- Superlative adjectives
- Comparative structures (more than/less than/as … as/
- Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing
- Order of adjectives
Adverbs

- Easily confused adjectives and adverbs

- Comparative adverbs
- Superlative adverbs
- Modifying adverbs
- Position of adverbs

3. QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

Questions

- Questions about the subject/Questions about the object

- Prepositions in questions
- Question words (who, which, what, whose, how much, how many, how, why, when, how far, how
long, how often)
- Question tags

Answers

- Short answers
- Short answers with so and not
- Expressing agreement (So, neither)
- Echo questions

4. CONDITIONALS
- Real (Zero and First)
- Unreal (Second, Third, Mixed

5. TIME and CONDITION CLAUSES WITH FUTURE REFERENCE

- Time: After, before, as soon as, by the time, until, when, whenever, while
- Condition: If, supposing, as long as, in case, provided, unless, whether

6. AFTERWARDS, AS FAR AS…

7. WISH, IF ONLY
- Wish + Past simple/cont.
- Wish + Would
- Wish + Past Perfect
- If only

8. LIKING and DISLIKING EXPRESSIONS

- Want, wish, hope
- Expect, (can’t) wait, look forward to
- Like, love, be fond of, be keen on
- Can’t stand, can’t bear
 9. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PREFERENCE
- It’s time
- Would rather/would sooner
- Would prefer

10. THE PASSIVE

- Forms
- Passive with think, suggest, know, report, suppose
- Passives from actives with two objects
- Agent

11. THE CAUSATIVE

- Have/get something done
- Have somebody do something/Get somebody to do something
- Get + past participle

12. REPORTED SPEECH

Direct speech

Reported statements

- Changing words (here, this, now…)

- Reported commands and requests
- Reporting verbs

Reported questions

- Yes/No questions
- Wh- questions

13. ING/INFINITIVE FORMS AFTER VERBS

- Verbs + ing forms
- Verbs + ing forms/that clause
- Verb + bare infinitive
- Verb + ing/to infinitive with no change in meaning
- Verb + ing/to infinitive with change in meaning

14. COMPARISONS
- As…as/not as…as
- As many, much, little, few as
- Less than, fewer than
- The same as
- Like vs as
- Repeating comparatives (harder and harder, the older the wiser…)
 15. SO, SUCH, ENOUGH, TOO, VERY

So, Such

- So + adjective/adverb (that)
- So many/much/little/few (that)
- Such + adjective + plural/uncountable (that)
- Such a + adjective + singular noun (that)

Too, Enough, Very

- Enough + noun (to do sth)

- Not + adjective/adverb + enough
- Not + adjective/adverb + enough (+ for sb) + to do sth
- Too + adjective/adverb
- Too + adjective/adverb (+ for sb) + to do sth

16. QUIET, RATHER

17. VERB + ADJECTIVE/CLAUSE (LINKING VERBS)

- Linking verb + adjective
- Linking verb + to be + adjective
- Linking verb + to + infinitive

18. RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining

- Subject
- Object
- Possession (whose)
- Omitting the relative pronoun
- Place of prepositions
- Whom

Non-defining

- Subject
- Object
- Possession

Relative adverbs (When, where, why)

Coordinating relative clauses

Whatever, whichever, whoever, whenever, wherever

19. LINKING WORDS
- Reason and purpose
-

20. PREPOSITIONS AFTER VERBS, Noun AND ADJECTIVES

- Verb + preposition (Apologize for)
- Noun + preposition (Interest in)
- Adjective + preposition (Proud of)