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Understanding Type 2 Diabetes
Understanding Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment
Medications
Diet
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Complications
In children
Statistics
In type 2 diabetes, your body’s cells aren’t able to respond to insulin as well
as they should. In later stages of the disease, your body may also not
produce enough insulin.
Type 2 diabetes can develop slowly. The symptoms may be mild and easy
to dismiss at first. The early symptoms may include:
constant hunger
a lack of energy
fatigue
weight loss
excessive thirst
frequent urination
dry mouth
itchy skin
blurry vision
As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more severe and
potentially dangerous.
If your blood glucose levels have been high for a long time, the symptoms
can include:
yeast infections
slow-healing cuts or sores
dark patches on your skin, a condition known as acanthosis nigricans
foot pain
feelings of numbness in your extremities, or neuropathy
If you have two or more of these symptoms, you should see your doctor.
Without treatment, diabetes can become life-threatening. Discover other
symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
If you don’t produce enough insulin or if your body doesn’t use it efficiently,
glucose builds up in your bloodstream. This leaves your body’s cells
starved for energy. Doctors don’t know exactly what triggers this series of
events.
It may have to do with cell dysfunction in the pancreas or with cell signaling
and regulation. In some people, the liver produces too much glucose. There
may be a genetic predisposition to developing type 2 diabetes.
Most likely, it’s a combination of factors that increases the risk of type 2
diabetes. Find out more about the causes of diabetes.
Your doctor will explain how to recognize the early symptoms of blood
sugar that’s too high or too low and what to do in each situation. They’ll also
help you learn which foods are healthy and which foods aren’t.
Not everyone with type 2 diabetes needs to use insulin. If you do, it’s
because your pancreas isn’t making enough insulin on its own. It’s crucial
that you take insulin as directed. There are other prescription medications
that may help as well.
metformin, which can lower your blood glucose levels and improve
how your body responds to insulin — it’s the preferred treatment for
most people with type 2 diabetes
sulfonylureas, which are oral medications that help your body make
more insulin
meglitinides, which are fast-acting, short-duration medications that
stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin
thiazolidinediones, which make your body more sensitive to insulin
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, which are milder medications that
help reduce blood glucose levels
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, which slow
digestion and improve blood glucose levels
sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which help
prevent the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose into the blood and
sending it out in your urine
Each of these medications can cause side effects. It may take some time to
find the best medication or combination of medications to treat your
diabetes.
If your blood pressure or cholesterol levels are a problem, you may need
medications to address those needs as well.
If your body can’t make enough insulin, you may need insulin therapy. You
may only need a long-acting injection you can take at night, or you may
need to take insulin several times per day. Learn about other medications
that can help you manage diabetes.
The diet recommended for people with type 2 diabetes is the same diet just
about everyone should follow. It boils down to a few key actions:
Eat meals and snacks on schedule.
Choose a variety of foods that are high in nutrients and low in empty
calories.
Be careful not to overeat.
Read food labels closely.
There are certain foods and beverages that you should limit or avoid
entirely. These include:
Foods to choose
whole fruits
non-starchy vegetables
legumes, such as beans
whole grains such as oats or quinoa
sweet potatoes
tuna
sardines
salmon
mackerel
halibut
cod
flax seeds
You can get healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats from a
number of foods, including:
Although these options for healthy fats are good for you, they’re also high in
calories. Moderation is key. Opting for low-fat dairy products will also keep
your fat intake under control. Discover more diabetes-friendly foods, from
cinnamon to shirataki noodles.
Talk to your doctor about your personal nutrition and calorie goals.
Together, you can come up with a diet plan that tastes great and suits your
lifestyle needs. Explore carb counting and the Mediterranean diet, along
with other approaches, here.
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Being overweight means that you have more fatty tissue, which
makes your cells more resistant to insulin. Extra fat in the
abdomen increases your risk more than extra fat in the hips and
thighs.
Your risk increases if you have a sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise
uses up glucose and helps your cells respond better to insulin.
Eating a lot of junk foods or eating too much wreaks havoc on your
blood glucose levels.
If you have diabetes, your doctor will provide you with information about
how to manage the disease, including:
However, a few lifestyle tweaks can help delay or even prevent the onset of
type 2 diabetes, whether or not you have diabetes risk factors such as
prediabetes.
Diet
Your diet should limit sugar and refined carbohydrates and replace them
with low glycemic whole grains, carbohydrates, and fiber. Lean meat,
poultry, or fish provide protein. You also need heart-healthy omega-3 fatty
acids from certain kinds of fish, monounsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated
fats. Dairy products should be low in fat.
It’s not only what you eat, but also how much you eat that matters. You
should be careful about portion sizes and try to eat meals at about the
same time every day.
Exercise
Weight management
Hypoglycemia can occur when your blood sugar is low. The symptoms can
include shakiness, dizziness, and difficulty speaking. You can usually
remedy this by having a “quick-fix” food or beverage, such as fruit juice, a
soft drink, or a hard candy.
Hyperglycemia
If you have diabetes while you’re pregnant, you’ll need to monitor your
condition carefully. Diabetes that’s poorly controlled can:
It can also increase your baby’s risk of developing diabetes during their
lifetime.
The reasons for this are complex, but risk factors for type 2 diabetes
include:
If your child is diagnosed with diabetes, then their doctor will need to
determine if it’s type 1 or type 2 before suggesting a specific treatment.
You can help lower your child’s risk by encouraging them to eat well and
to be physically active every day. Get more information on type 2 diabetes,
its effect on children, and how it’s becoming so common in this group that
it’s no longer known as adult-onset diabetes.
In 2017, diabetes cost the United States $327 billion in direct medical
costs and reduced productivity.
The average medical expenses for people with diabetes are about 2.3
times higher than they would be in the absence of diabetes.
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States,
either as the underlying cause of death or as a contributing cause of
death.
The 2014 global prevalence of diabetes was 8.5 percent for adults.
In 1980, only 4.7 percent of adults worldwide had diabetes.
Diabetes directly caused about 1.6 million deaths worldwide in 2016.
Diabetes nearly triples the risk of heart attack and stroke in adults.
Diabetes is also a leading cause of kidney failure.