Gayatri Mantra

The Gāyatrī Mantra, also known as the Sāvitri Mantra, is a highly

revered mantra from the Rig Veda (Mandala 3.62.10),[1] dedicated to
Savitr also known as Vedmata.[1][2] Gāyatrī is the name of the
Goddess of the Vedic Mantra in which the verse is composed.[3] Its
recitation is traditionally preceded by oṃ and the formula bhūr
bhuvaḥ svaḥ, known as the mahāvyāhṛti, or "great (mystical)
utterance". Maharshi Vishvamitra had created the Gayatri mantra. The
Gayatri mantra is cited widely in Vedic and post-Vedic texts, such as
the mantra listings of the Śrauta liturgy, and classical Hindu texts such Gayatri Mantra in Devanagari script
as the Bhagavad Gita,[4][5] Harivamsa,[6] and Manusmṛti.[7] The
mantra and its associated metric form was known by the Buddha, and
in one sutra the Buddha is described as "expressing their
appreciation" for the mantra.[8] The mantra is an important part of the 0:00 / 0:00
upanayana ceremony for young males in Hinduism, and has long
been recited by dvija men as part of their daily rituals. Modern Hindu
Recitation of the Gayatri mantra.
reform movements spread the practice of the mantra to include
Duration: 19 seconds.
women and all castes and its use is now very widespread.[9][10] It is
considered as one of the most important and powerful Vedic
mantras.[11]

Contents
Text
Dedication
Translations
Meaning and significance
24 Letters of Gayatri mantra
Textual appearances
Vedic and Vedantic literature
Buddhist corpus
Usage
Upanayana ceremony
Mantra-recitation
Brahmo Samaj Gayatri mantra personified as a
Hindu revivalism goddess.
Indonesian Hinduism
Popular culture
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading

Text
The main mantra appears in the hymn RV 3.62.10. During its recitation, the hymn is preceded by oṃ (ॐ) and
the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ (भूर् भुवः वः). This prefixing of the mantra is properly described in the Taittiriya
Aranyaka (2.11.1-8), which states that it should be chanted with the syllable oṃ, followed by the three
Vyahrtis and the Gayatri verse.[12] Whereas in principle the gāyatrī mantra specifies three pādas of eight
syllables each, the text of the verse as preserved in the Samhita is one short, seven instead of eight. Metrical
restoration would emend the attested tri-syllabic vareṇyaṃ with a tetra-syllabic vareṇiyaṃ.[13]

The Gayatri mantra is,[12] in Devanagari:

ॐ भूभुवः वः त स वतुवरे यं भग दे व य धीम ह धयो यो नः चोदयात् ॥

In IAST:

oṃ bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ

tat savitur vareṇyaṃ
bhargo devasya dhīmahi
dhiyo yo naḥ pracodayāt
– Rigveda 3.62.10[14]

Dedication
The Gāyatrī mantra is dedicated to Savitṛ, a Vedic Sun deity. However many monotheistic sects of Hinduism
such as Arya Samaj hold that the Gayatri mantra is in praise of One Supreme Creator known by the name
AUM (ओउ्म् ) as mentioned in the Yajur Veda, 40:17.[15][16]

Translations
The Gayatri mantra has been translated in many ways.[note 1] Quite literal translations include:

Swami Vivekananda: "We meditate on the glory of that Being who has produced this universe;
may She enlighten our minds."[17]
Monier Monier-Williams (1882): "Let us meditate on that excellent glory of the divine vivifying
Sun, May he enlighten our understandings."[18][19]
Ralph T.H. Griffith (1896): "May we attain that excellent glory of Savitar the god: So may He
stimulate our prayers."[20]
S. Radhakrishnan:

(1947): "We meditate on the effulgent glory of the divine Light; may he inspire our
understanding."[21]
(1953): "We meditate on the adorable glory of the radiant sun; may She inspire our
intelligence."[22]

Sri Aurobindo: "We choose the Supreme Light of the divine Sun; we aspire that it may impel
our minds."[23] Sri Aurobindo further elaborates: "The Sun is the symbol of divine Light that is
 coming down and Gayatri gives expression to the aspiration asking that divine Light to come
down and give impulsion to all the activities of the mind." [23]
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton: "Might we make our own that desirable effulgence
of god Savitar, who will rouse forth our insights."[24]

More interpretative translations include:

Shriram Sharma : Om, the Brahm, the Universal Divine Energy, vital spiritual energy (Pran), the
essence of our life existence, Positivity, destroyer of sufferings, the happiness, that is bright,
luminous like the Sun, best, destroyer of evil thoughts, the divinity who grants happiness may
imbibe its Divinity and Brilliance within us which may purify us and guide our righteous wisdom
on the right path.[25]
Sir William Jones (1807): "Let us adore the supremacy of that divine sun, the god-head who
illuminates all, who recreates all, from whom all proceed, to whom all must return, whom we
invoke to direct our understandings right in our progress toward his holy seat."[26]
William Quan Judge (1893): "Unveil, O Thou who givest sustenance to the Universe, from
whom all proceed, to whom all must return, that face of the True Sun now hidden by a vase of
golden light, that we may see the truth and do our whole duty on our journey to thy sacred
seat."[27]
Sivanath Sastri (Brahmo Samaj) (1911): "We meditate on the worshipable power and glory of
Him who has created the earth, the nether world and the heavens (i.e. the universe), and who
directs our understanding."[28][note 2]
Swami Sivananda: "Let us meditate on Isvara and His Glory who has created the Universe,
who is fit to be worshipped, who is the remover of all sins and ignorance. May he enlighten our
intellect."

(Om - Para Brahman (entire universe); Bhur - Bhuloka (Physical Plane); Bhuvah - Antariksha (space); Svah -
Svarga Loka (Heaven); Tat - Paramatma (Supreme Soul); Savitur - Isvara (Surya) (Sun god); Varenyam - Fit to
be worshipped; Bhargo - Remover of sins and ignorance; Devasya - Glory (Jnana Svaroopa ie
Feminine/Female); Dheemahi - We meditate; Dhiyo - Buddhi (Intellect); Yo - Which; Nah - Our; Prachodayat
- Enlighten.)

Maharshi Dayananda Saraswati (founder of Arya Samaj): "Oh God! Thou art the Giver of Life,
Remover of pain and sorrow, The Bestower of happiness. Oh! Creator of the Universe, May we
receive thy supreme sin-destroying light, May Thou guide our intellect in the right direction."[29]
Kirpal Singh: "Muttering the sacred syllable 'Aum' rise above the three regions, And turn thy
attention to the All-Absorbing Sun within. Accepting its influence be thou absorbed in the Sun,
And it shall in its own likeness make thee All-Luminous."[30]

Meaning and significance

Gayatri mantra recommends meditating upon causation across the multiple translations to believe in the
purifying direction of Divine insight, direction of the senses, inspire understanding and intellect, progress,
journey to the sacred seat, choosing the right path for us, visualize the sun within ourselves because as above it
exists below. Gayatri mantra suggests Bhoor, this implies existence, and signifies Prana, life, or life breath. The
mantra suggests tat, meaning "that", offer of praise to the Him is to expect that no such praise or personal
benefits are offered in return or expectation of gain. This word tat and prayer indicates a selfless belief and
practice, the mantra as well as the holy word "Om", is given to God with pure direction. Savitur indicates
God's existence as a fountain, which springs forth all life and all things, which we go from and go back to.
Bhargo is the purifying of the intellect, as ore is refined in the flames, we too are purified by the words,
destroying all sins and afflictions, we are cleansed by His grace and are in unity and oneness with Him.
Oneness with Him is free from impurities in thought.

24 Letters of Gayatri mantra

Gayatri mantra has 24 letters. They are 1.tat, 2.sa, 3.vi, 4.tur, 5.va, 6.re, 7.ṇi, 8.yaṃ, 9.bhar, 10,go, 11.de,
12.va, 13.sya, 14.dhī, 15.ma, 16.hi, 17.dhi, 18.yo, 19.yo, 20.naḥ, 21.pra, 22.cho 23.da and 24.yāt.

When counting the letters, the word vareṇyam is treated as vareṇiyam which is the original form of the mantra
in the Vedic language before the forced ex-post application of sandhi rules in the much more rigid Classical
Sanskrit language.

Textual appearances

Vedic and Vedantic literature

The Gayatri mantra is cited widely in Vedic and post-Vedic texts, such as the mantra listings of the Śrauta
liturgy,[note 3][note 4] and cited several times in the Brahmanas and the Srauta-sutras.[note 5][note 6] It is also
cited in a number of grhyasutras, mostly in connection with the upanayana ceremony[33] in which it has a
significant role.

The Gayatri mantra is the subject of esoteric treatment and explanation in some major Upanishads, including
Mukhya Upanishads such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad,[note 7] the Shvetashvatara Upanishad[note 8] and
the Maitrayaniya Upanishad;[note 9] as well as other well-known works such as the Jaiminiya Upanishad
Brahmana.[note 10] The text also appears in minor Upanishads, such as the Surya Upanishad.

The Gayatri mantra is the apparent inspiration for derivative "gāyatrī" stanzas dedicated to other deities. Those
derivations are patterned on the formula vidmahe - dhīmahi - pracodayāt",[34] and have been interpolated[35]
into some recensions of the Shatarudriya litany.[note 11] Gāyatrīs of this form are also found in the
Mahanarayana Upanishad.[note 12]

The Gayatri mantra is also repeated and cited widely in classical Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita,[4][5]
Harivamsa,[6] and Manusmṛti. [7]

Buddhist corpus

In Majjhima Nikaya 92, the Buddha refers to the Sāvitri (Pali: sāvittī) mantra as the foremost meter, in the same
sense as the king is foremost among humans, or the sun is foremost among lights:

aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham; Rājā mukhaṃ manussānaṃ, nadīnaṃ

sāgaro mukhaṃ. Nakkhattānaṃ mukhaṃ cando, ādicco tapataṃ mukhaṃ; Puññaṃ
ākaṅkhamānānaṃ, saṅgho ve yajataṃ mukhan.

The foremost of sacrifices is offering to the sacred flame; the Sāvittī is the foremost of poetic
meters; of humans, the king is the foremost; the ocean’s the foremost of rivers; the foremost of
stars is the moon; the sun is the foremost of lights; for those who sacrifice seeking merit,

the Saṅgha is the foremost.[36]

In Sutta Nipata 3.4, the Buddha uses the Sāvitri mantra as a paradigmatic indicator of Brahmanic knowledge:

Brāhmaṇo hi ce tvaṃ brūsi, Mañca brūsi abrāhmaṇaṃ; Taṃ taṃ sāvittiṃ pucchāmi,
Tipadaṃ catuvīsatakkharaṃ

If you say you brahmin are, but call me none, then of you I ask the chant of Sāvitrī, consisting of
three lines

in four and twenty syllables.[37]

Usage

Upanayana ceremony

Imparting the Gayatri mantra to young Hindu men is an important part

of the traditional upanayana ceremony, which marks the beginning of
study of the Vedas. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan described this as the
essence of the ceremony,[21] which is sometimes called "Gayatri
diksha", i.e. initiation into the Gayatri mantra.[38] However,
traditionally, the stanza RV.3.62.10 is imparted only to Brahmin boys.
Other Gayatri verses are used in the upanayana ceremony for non-
Brahmins: RV.1.35.2, in the tristubh meter, for a kshatriya and either
RV.1.35.9 or RV.4.40.5 in the jagati meter for a Vaishya.[39]

Gayatri Japa. 1851 painting

Mantra-recitation

Gayatri japa is used as a method of prāyaścitta (atonement). It is

believed by practitioners that reciting the mantra bestows wisdom and
enlightenment, through the vehicle of the Sun (Savitr), who represents
the source and inspiration of the universe.[21]

Brahmo Samaj

In 1827 Ram Mohan Roy published a dissertation on the Gayatri A statue representing the Beatles
mantra[40] that analysed it in the context of various Upanishads. Roy was unveiled in Liverpool in 2015.
prescribed a Brahmin to always pronounce om at the beginning and Each of them features a symbol
end of the Gayatri mantra.[41] From 1830, the Gayatri mantra was expressing a milestone in their
used for private devotion of Brahmos. In 1843, the First Covenant of respective lives. On the back of
Brahmo Samaj required Gayatri mantra for Divine Worship. From George Harrison's belt is engraved
1848-1850 with the rejection of Vedas, the Adi Dharma Brahmins use the Gayatri Mantra written in
the Gayatri mantra in their private devotions.[42] Sanskrit.

Hindu revivalism
In the later 19th century, Hindu reform movements spread the
chanting of the Gayatri mantra. In 1898 for example, Swami
Vivekananda claimed that, according to the Vedas and the Bhagavad
Gita, a person became Brahmin through learning from his Guru, and
not because of birth. He administered the sacred thread ceremony and
the Gayatri mantra to non-Brahmins in Ramakrishna Mission.[43] This
Hindu mantra has been popularized to the masses, outside of
Brahminic culture through pendants, audio recordings and mock
scrolls.[44] Various Gayatri yajñas organised by All World Gayatri
Pariwar at small and large scales in late twentieth century also helped
spread Gayatri mantra to the mass.[45]

Indonesian Hinduism

The Gayatri Mantra forms the first of seven sections of the Trisandhyā
Puja (Sanskrit for "three divisions"), a prayer used by the Balinese Cher, performing the song titled
Hindus and many Hindus in Indonesia. It is uttered three times each Gayatri mantra, at the concert
day: 6 am at morning, noon, and 6 pm at evening.[46][47] Classic Cher, Oxon Hill, Maryland on
19-03- 2017. Dressed in the Indian
style, she is riding a mechanical
Popular culture elephant.

George Harrison (The Beatles): on the life-size statue

representing him, unveiled in 2015 in Liverpool, the Gayatri mantra engraved on the belt, to
symbolize a landmark event in his life (see picture).
A version of the Gayatri mantra is featured in the opening theme song of the TV series
Battlestar Galactica (2004).[48]
A variation on the William Quan Judge translation is also used as the introduction to Kate
Bush's song "Lily" on her 1993 album, The Red Shoes.
Cher, the singer/actress, in her Living Proof: The Farewell Tour, in 2002-2005, sang Gayatri
mantra while riding a mechanical elephant. She later reprised the performance during her
Classic Cher tour in 2017 (see picture).
The Swiss avantgarde black metal band Schammasch adapted the mantra as the outro in their
song "The Empyrean" on their last album "Triangle" as a Gregorian chant.[49]

Notes
1. A literal translation of

tát savitúr váreṇ(i)yaṃ

bhárgo devásya dhīmahi
dhíyo yó naḥ pracodayāt

is as follows:

tat - that
savitur - from savitr̥, 'that which gives birth', 'the power inside the Sun' or the Sun itself
vareṇiyaṁ - to choose, to select; the most choosable, the best
bhargoḥ- to be luminous, the self-luminous one
 devasya - luminous/ radiant, the divine.

tatsavitur devasya - "of that divine entity called Savitṛ"

dhīmahi - who's wisdom and knowledge flow, like waters

dhiyoḥ - intellect, a faculty of the spirit inside the body, life activity
yoḥ - which
naḥ - our, of us
pracodayāt - to move in a specific direction.

cod - to move (something/somebody) in a specific direction.

pra - the prefix "forth, forward."
pracud - "to move (something/somebody) forward"
prachodayāt - "may it move (something/somebody) forward"; inspires

2. The word Savitr in the original Sanskrit may be interpreted in two ways, first as the sun,
secondly as the "originator or creator". Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Maharshi Debendranath
Tagore used that word in the second sense. Interpreted in their way the whole formula may be
thus rendered.
3. Sama Veda: 2.812; Vajasenayi Samhita (M): 3.35, 22.9, 30.2, 36.3; Taittiriya Samhita: 1.5.6.4,
1.5.8.4, 4.1.11.1; Maitrayani Samhita: 4.10.3; Taittiriya Aranyaka: 1.11.2
4. Where it is used without any special distinction, typically as one among several stanzas
dedicated to Savitar at appropriate points in the various rituals.
5. Aitareya Brahmana: 4.32.2, 5.5.6, 5.13.8, 5.19.8; Kausitaki Brahmana: 23.3, 26.10; Asvalayana
Srautasutra: 7.6.6, 8.1.18; Shankhayana Srautasutra: 2.10.2, 2.12.7, 5.5.2, 10.6.17, 10.9.16;
Apastambha Srautasutra: 6.18.1
6. In this corpus, there is only one instance of the stanza being prefixed with the three
mahavyahrtis.[31] This is in a late supplementary chapter of the Shukla Yajurveda samhita,
listing the mantras used in the preliminaries to the pravargya ceremony. However, none of the
parallel texts of the pravargya rite in other samhitas have the stanza at all. A form of the mantra
with all seven vyahrtis prefixed is found in the last book of the Taittiriya Aranyaka, better known
as the Mahanarayana Upanishad.[32] It is as follows:
ओम् भूः ओम् भुवः ओम् सुवः ओम् महः ओम् जनः ओम् तपः ओम् स॒ यम्। ओम् त स॑ व॒तुवरे ॑ य॒म् भगा ॑ दे ॒व य॑ धीम ह।
धयो॒ यो नः॑ चो॒दया॑त्।
ओमापो॒ योती॒ रसो॒ऽमृतं॒ ॒ भूभुव॒ सुव॒रोम्।
7. 6.3.6 in the well-known Kanva recension, numbered 6.3.11-13 in the Madhyamdina recension.
8. 4.18
9. 6.7, 6.34, albeit in a section known to be of late origin.
10. 4.28.1
11. Maitrayani Samhita: 2.9.1; Kathaka Samhita: 17.11
12. Taittiriya Aranyaka: 10.1.5-7

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letter Om is commanded by the sacred passage cited by Goonu-Vishnoo 'A Brahman shall in
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Further reading
L.A. Ravi Varma, "Rituals of worship", The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. 4, The Ramakrishna
Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta, 1956, pp. 445–463
Jan Gonda, "The Indian mantra" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580265), Oriens, Vol. 16, (31
December 1963), pp. 244–297
A.B. Keith, The Veda of the Black Yajus School entitled Taittiriya Sanhita, Harvard Oriental
Series Vols 18-19, Harvard, 1914
Gaurab Saha https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/gayatri-mantra-detailed-word-by-word-
meaning

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