PINES CITY COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

Course Number: PH CHEM 101 Lecture 8:30-10:30 Thurs

Course Title: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (With Qualitative Analysis)
Instructor: Prof. Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

Modular Learning Activity # 8

Topic: Major Intracellular and Extracellular Ions

Expected Time of Completion: 2 hours (December 9, 2020, not later than 6:00 pm)

A. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Determine the major intracellular and extracellular ions
2. Demonstrate understanding on intracellular and extracellular ions
3. Demonstrate the importance of ions in pharmaceutical preparations.
4. Demonstrate understanding on fluids and electrolyte imbalance

B. LEARNING CONTENT

MAJOR INTRA AND EXTRACELLULAR ELECTROLYTES

 Body – contains several ions = electrolytes (both inorganic and organic)

 These ions must be present in the body which exist in equilibrium with body fluids = Homeostasis
 Maintenance of their concentrations in the body/body fluids = Homeostasis – constant environment
 ↑ or ↓ of ion concentration - deregulation – imbalance – after cellular mechanisms/physiological
activities of cells – especially metabolic activities
 osmosis, diffusion, Brownian movement

3 COMPARTMENTS:
1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
 Comprises 45-50% body weight
2. Interstitial fluid
 Comprises 12-15% of body weight
3. Plasma or vascular fluid } EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
 Comprises 4-5% of body weight

MAJOR PHYSIOLOGICAL IONS

1. CHLORIDE – is the major ECF anion

USES:
1. For maintaining proper hydration
2. For maintaining osmotic pressure
3. For maintaining normal cation/anion balance in the ECF

 Osmotic pressure – pressure exerted by solvent molecules to move from 1 conc. to another
 Osmosis – transfer of solvent molecules from a region of higher conc. to a lower solvent conc. through a
semi-permeable membrane or from lower solute conc. to a higher solute conc.

ABNORMALITIES OR DISEASES:
I. HYPOCHLOREMIA – lack of chlorine
 Decrease in Cl- concentration

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

CAUSES:
a. Salt-losing nephritis associated with chronic pyelonephritis
 Nephritis – inflammation of nephron
- Lack of tubular reabsorption of chloride = chloride is wasted or excreted
b. Metabolic acidosis in DM & renal failure
 Reacted with systematic antacid e.g. NaHCO3
DM – metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia = ↑ sugar in blood
- no energy is available
- compensatory mechanism – use of fats metabolized into ketoacids = accumulated in
the body
- Cl- are lost and are replaced by ACETOACETATE & PHOSPHATE
c. Prolonged vomiting with loss of chloride as gastric HCl

II. HYPERCHLOREMIA– excess chlorine

 Increase in chloride concentration

CAUSES:
a. Dehydration – loss of H2O = ion is conc.
b. Decreased renal blood flow in CHF
c. Several renal damage
d. Excessive chloride intake

2. PHOSPHATE – principal anion of ICF in the form of (HPO4-2)

- Its biochemistry is summarized as follows:
a. Hexoses are metabolized as phosphate esters
b. The phosphoric acid anhydride linkage is the body’s means of storing potential
chemical energy as ATP
c. The HPO4-2 / H2PO4- is an important buffer system
d. Phosphorous is essential for proper calcium metabolism
e. Phosphorous is essential for normal bone and teeth development since it is a
component of Hydroxyapatite, the main calcium salt found in bones and teeth

ABNORMALITIES/DISEASES:
A. HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA – excess phosphate
CAUSES:
a. Hypervitaminosis D (which increase intestinal phosphate absorption along with calcium)
b. Renal failure
c. Hypothyroidism
 Basic aluminum carbonate , Al(OH)CO3 (BasaljelR) – used to remove dietary phosphate by
excreting it in the feces as slightly soluble aluminum phosphate

B. HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA – lack of phosphate

May be seen in:
 Vitamin D deficiency (rickets) caused by decreased intestinal calcium absorption,
hyperparathyroidism, which increased levels of parathyroid hormone further inhibit renal tubular
phosphate reabsorption resulting in increased urinary phosphate excretion.

3. BICARBONATE (HCO3-) – is the second most prevalent anion in the ECF

- with H2CO3 (carbonic acid), HCO3 functions as the body’s most important buffer
system HCO3- / H2CO3- - buffer pair
ABNORMALITIES:
 metabolic acidosis – lack of bicarbonate
 metabolic alkalosis – excess of bicarbonate
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

4. SODIUM – principal cation in the extracellular fluid compartments

USES:
 For maintaining normal hydration
 For maintaining normal osmotic pressure
 Na content (NaCl) = hypertension
 ↑ Na content – water retention to maintain osmotic balance = edema = swelling
 Renin – a proteolytic enzyme released by the kidney, cleaves a linear protein and form
angiotensin I
 Angiotensin I is then cleaved to form the octa peptide
 Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase its secretion of aldosterone, and effective
in increasing the reabsorption of sodium
 Prostaglandin – the hormonal control of tubular reabsorption of sodium

ABNORMALITIES:
A. HYPONATREMIA – low serum sodium level
CAUSES:
 Extreme urine loss, such as diabetes insipidus (a disease of pituitary) origin as contrasted with diabetes
mellitus, which is caused by deficient insulin secretion by the B-cells of the islets of langerhans in the
pancreas
 Metabolic acidosis in which sodium is excreted
 Addison’s disease with decreased excretion of the antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone
 Diarrhea and vomiting
 Kidney damage

B. HYPERNATREMIA – increased serum sodium level

CAUSES:
 Hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s syndrome) with increased aldosterone production
 Severe dehydration
 Certain types of brain injury
 Excess treatment with sodium salts

5. POTASSIUM
 Major intracellular cation
 Present in the ICF 23x higher than in the ECF
 Concentration is maintained by an ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISM
 Involved in the transmission of nerve impulses

ABNORMALITIES:
A. HYPOPOTASSEMIA (HYPOKALEMIA)
CAUSES:
 Changes in myocardial function, flaccid and feeble muscles, and low blood pressure
 It occurs from vomiting, diarrhea, burns, hemorrhages, diabetic coma, intravenous infusion of solution
lacking in potassium (a dilution effect) over use of thiazide diuretics and alkalosis

B. HYPERPOTASSEMIA (HYPERKALEMIA)
CAUSES:
 Less common and usually occurs during certain types of kidney disease
 In certain acidotic conditions, interference with the sodium and potassium proton exchange can result in
potassium retention

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

6. CALCIUM
 99% of body calcium is found in the bones remaining 1% in the ECF
 Largely found in the extracellular fluid compartments
 Its actual absorption across the intestinal membrane is controlled by the parathyroid hormone and a
metabolite of Vitamin D (D3-Cholecalciferol)

FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM (1%):

1. Complex hormonal control
 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) – this hormone controls the blood calcium and phosphate levels by
acting on both kidney and bone
 Its removal causes severe tetany due to a sharp drop in serum calcium level and a rise in P
level
 Decrease urinary excretion of Ca & P
 Administration of PTH
 ↑ blood Ca, ↓ P and increases urinary elimination of both
 Action of PTH on Bone:
 Increases activity of osteolast cells to breakdown bone tissue & release Ca
Therefore:
 ↑ blood Ca = ↓PTH
 ↓ blood Ca = ↑PTH

 CALCITONIN & THYROCALCITONIN:

 Acts directly on bone and indirectly on kidney
 Calcitonin – this hormone is secreted by the perifollicular C cells of the mammalian thyroid gland

2. Blood Clotting
 Calcium is involved in blood clotting
3. Muscle contraction

ABNORMALITIES:
A. HYPERCALCEMIA
CAUSES:
 Hyperparathyroidism
 Hypervitaminosis D
 Some bone neoplastic disease
SYMPTOMS:
 Fatigue
 Muscle weakness
 Constipation
 Anorexia (loss of appetite)
 Cardiac irregularities
 Cellulose phosphate – is effective in reducing intestinal calcium hyperabsorption

B. HYPOCALCEMIA
CAUSES:
 Hypoparathyroidism
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Osteoblastic metastasis (spreading bone cancer)
 Steatorrhea (fatty stool)
 Cushing’s syndrome- the condition resulting from excess amount of corticosteroid hormones in the body
Symptoms:
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

 Weight gain
 Reddening of the face and neck
 Excess growth of body and facial hair
 Raised of blood pressure
 Loss of minerals from the bone (osteoporosis)
 Raised blood glucose levels
 Sometimes mental disturbances
 Acute pancreatitis or hyperphosphatemia

 Bone-is a dynamic tissue involving constant exchange of calcium and phosphate ions with the body
fluids. In addition of providing structural support, is also a storage tissue for calcium

OTHER DISEASES:
 OSTEOPOROSIS – a serious condition of bone degeneration commonly associated with aging
which is reduced volume of bone tissue per unit volume of anatomical bone as the condition
progresses the bones become weaker and more fragile.
 Broken hips due to the bones inability to support body weight are commonly seen in the elderly with
this disease:
 There have been several hypothesis put forth as to probable:
1. Decreased calcium absorption due to diet
2. Vitamin D deficiency and/or inability to hydroxylate Vitamin D thus reducing the levels of the
active metabolite, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol
3. Increased sensitivity to parathyroid hormone, particularly in post menopausal women
4. Bone dissolution as a possible mechanism to buffer the fixed acid load from diet of any protein
Treatment:
 Increased calcium and vitamin D intake
 PAGET’S DISEASE – characterized by an initial phase of decalcification and softening of the
bone followed by calcium deposition with resultant thickening and deformity.
- Estimated that 2% of all adults over age 40 are affected of this disease

7. MAGNESIUM
 It is the second most plentiful cation in the intracellular fluid compartment and the 4th most abundant
cation in the body.
 It is an essentialcomponent of many of the enzymes involving phosphate metabolism which also require
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Apparently indispensable for proteinosynthesis and for the smooth functioning of the neuromuscular
system
 Symptoms of Magnesium deficiency (Hypomagnesemia)
 Personality changes after depletion of 3-4 months duration
 Failure to gain weight properly
 Cardiac disturbances
 Phamacological Action:
 Mg salts when injected IM or IV have a powerful anesthetic action which resembles that being
produced by chloroform
 Most of its absorption takes place in the acid medium of the duodenum. Due to its slow
absorption, saline laxative action is produced.

ELECTROLYTE USED FOR REPLACEMENT THERAPY

SODIUM CHLORIDE (0.9% W/V)- NaCl
USES:
a. Wet dressing
b. Irrigating body cavities or tissue
c. Injections when fluids and electrolytes have been dropped
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

FORMS OF NaCl:
1. NaCl injection
2. Bacteriostatic NaCl injection
3. NaCl solution
4. NaCl tablets
5. Dextrose + NaCl solution – D5NSS injection
6. NaCl & Dextrose tablets
7. Mannitol & NaCl injection – it tends to crystallize
8. Fructose & NaCl injection
9. Ringers injection
10. Lactated Ringer’s injection

POTASSIUM REPLACEMENT
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE – irritating in GIT, therefore it should be well diluted
Tablet KCl – causes gastric irritation
- It should be enteric coated
- Drug of choice for Oral Replacement of K
FORMS OF KCl:
1. KCl injection
2. KCl tablets
3. Ringer’s injection
4. Lactated Ringer’s injection
5. Lactated Potassic Saline injection
6. Potassium gluconate – elixir and tablet

CALCIUM REPLACEMENT
1. Calcium chloride
- irrigating to the veins, thus it should be injected slowly
- contraindication: hypocalcemia associated with renal insufficiency
2. Calcium gluconate
- Non-irritaing
- Given orally and IV
- Available as injection or tablet
3. Calcium lactate
- Tablet

PARENTERAL MAGNESIUM ADMINISTRATION

1. Magnesium sulfate
- Used as a central nervous system depressant in the treatment of eclampsia (convulsion and coma)
- Category: anticonvulsant; cathartic
- Usual Dose: anticonvulsant – intramuscular, 1g in a 25%-50% solution
- intravenous -4g in a 10% solution
- cathartic – oral, 15g
Occurrence: Mg(SO)4

PHYSIOLOGIC ACID-BASE BALANCE

 most metabolic reactions occur in pH range of 7.38 – 7.42; acids are continuously produced

3 BUFFER SYSTEM IN THE BODY:

a. HCO3 / H2CO3
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

 Plasma & kidney

 Most important buffer system
b. HPO4 / H2PO4
 Cells and kidneys
c. Hgb in RBCs
 Most effective buffer system which is the most effective single system for buffering the H2CO3

LUNGS – reversal of the above process due t large amount of O2 present

O2 + protonated deoxy Hgb → protons combine with HCO3 → H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O → exhaled

DEVIATIONS FROM THE NORMAL VALUES

Result from:
a. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis
b. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

 Respiratory acidosis - ↓ ventilation in cardiac output

 Respiratory alkalosis - ↑ ventilation like anxiety
 Metabolic acidosis – starvation
 Metabolic alkalosis – cushing’s disease; reaction of HCO3

Cushing’s disease – malignant tumor in the lungs or elsewhere

Cushing’s syndrome – the condition resulting from excess amounts of corticosteroid in the body

COMPENSATORY MECHANISM:
 Kidneys retain HCO3 in respiratory acidosis
 Kidneys excrete HCO3 in respiratory alkalosis

ELECTROLYTES USED IN ACID-BASE TREATMENT:

1. Metabolic acidosis
 Treatment: Na salts of HCO3 (acetate, citrate)
2. Metabolic alkalosis
 Treatment: NH4 salts acting on the kidney

SIGNIFICANCE:
1. Acid-Base balance in the body is maintained by:
a. Buffers of body fluids & RBC
b. Pulmonary excretion of CO2
c. Renal excretion of either acid or base whichever is in excess
2. Used in medicine principally for its acid-neutralizing properties
CO2 – constantly being formed during metabolic processes
It will either:
a. Diffuse a plasma
b. Combine with H20 to form H2CO3 (buffered by plasma proteins)

When the CO2 enters in the RBC:

a. It will combine with H2O to form H2CO3 thru the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
b. The H2CO3 will combine with Hgb to form carboxy Hgb

RESULT: H2CO3 in the plasma + HCO3 from RBC (diffuse out) forms a BUFFER PAIR

IN THE LUNGS……..

OTHER ORGANS IN THE BODY THAT MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE:

1. Lungs – eliminate CO2 during gaseous exchange
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

2. Kidneys – inhibit the release of H+ & HCO3

ACID – BASE IMBALANCE IN THE BODY:

1. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS – results from the retention of CO2
 e.g. hypoventilation
 ABGs reveal the ffg: ↓ pH, ↓ CO2 (dissolved CO2), HCO3 ion

2. RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS – results from excretion of excess CO2

 E.g. hyperventilation
 ABGs reveal the ffg: ↑ pH, ↓pCO2, bicarbonate
ABG – Arterial Blood Gases

3. Metabolic Acidosis – occur to the addition of the acid or excessive loss of HCO3 ion
 ABGs reveal the ffg: ↓ pH, ↓ HCO3, ↓pCO2

4. Metabolic alkalosis – due to loss of protons and occurrence of excessive HCO3 ingestion
 ABGs reveal the ffg: ↑ pH, ↑HCO3

COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS IN:

1. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
 ↑ respiratory activity to remove excessive CO2 to restore normal pH
 Compensated RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

2. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
 Compensated using the kidney
 Retains H+ & HCO3
 Compensated METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

ELECTROLYTES USED IN ACID-BASE BALANCE TREATMENT:

A. FOR METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
1. Na salts of Acetate, Lactate & Citrate
 When metabolized, will form CO2 & H2O as metabolic products. CO2 will combine with
water to form carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase
E.g. Na acetate, K acetate

2. Na salts of bicarbonate e.g. NaHCO3

 during HCO3 deficit, addition of NaHCO3 will increase the HCO3/H2CO3 ratio
 ↑ acid – neutralized by NaHCO3
 ↑ alkaline in the body – NaHCO3 + H2CO3 →HCO3→more Na2CO3; HCO3 → CO2 + H2O

OTHER USES OF NAHCO3:

a. ANTACID
SE: causes rebound hyperacidity
 To cause its effect, it should be given in large doses. When metabolized, the gastric cells
secrete more acids greater than the amount previously neutralized by NaHCO3
 Excessive NaHCO3 intake will lead to HYPERNATREMIA upon prolonged use
b. TO TREAT SYSTEMIC ACIDOSIS BY INCREASING ALKALI RESERVES
 Administer orally or IV
 Since methanol is metabolized to formic acid causing systemic acidosis, NaHCO3 will
increase HCO3 to neutralize the formic acid
 Methanol → formic acid → systemic acidosis

c. MISCELLANEOUS
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

 Used in the treatment of burns and insect bites

 Used as dentifrice /dental abrasions
3. KHCO3
 Used as electrolyte replenisher

4. SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE
 Saline cathartic
 Based on osmosis
 Na+ is retained → ↑irritation → ↑peristalsis
 PO4 will efflux

5. SODIUM CITRATE
 Anticoagulant for whole blood
 Used in chronic acidosis to restore HCO3 ion conc.
 Has a diuretic effect

6. POTASSIUM CITRATE
 Used as alkalinizer

7. SODIUM LACTATE
 Used as fluid electrolyte replenisher in metabolic acidosis

B. FOR METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

1. NH4Cl

3 PHARMACOLOGIC CATEGORIES:
a. Maintains the Acid-Base equilibrium of the body
 The kidney excretes NH3 in the form of NH4 ion & consequently saves bases for the body,
therefore A-B is maintained
b. Diuretic Effect
 When NH4 is converted to urea with the corresponding release of protons and a Cl- ion
 The proton will react with the HCO3 ion in the body and release CO2
 END RESULT: Displacement of HCO3 ion by the Cl- ion
↑ in Cl- ion promotes DIURETIC ACTION
c. Expectorant action
 Due to local irritation, thinning out of mucus and increasing the quantity of secretions
 Classified as systemic acidifier according to USP 23

C. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
After reading and understanding the course content, it is your turn to do some activities. You use the
given activity sheet provided. Make sure to give your answers completely and concisely. If questions need to be
answered in essay form, stick to the point.

1. For me to assure that you read your notes, read the learning contents 3x aloud. Make an AUDIO
RECORDING on your 3rd reading of the notes. Submit a clear and complete recording.

D. RESOURCES
The following materials are worthy references for you to understand the course better:

Remington (2013). Essential of Pharmaceutics edited by Linda Felton. UK: Pharmaceutical Press
Petrucci, Ralph H., et al. General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications. (8th ed.) Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2002. 1346p.

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

E. ASSESSMENT
This part will elaborate your understanding about the activity. Use Long bond paper for your output and
submission date is on Dec. 10, 2020.

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the best answer. USE CAPITAL LETTER. (30 points)
1. The major extracellular anion in the body.
A. Phosphate C. Bicarbonate
B. Chloride D. Potassium
2. The major intracellular cation in the body.
A. Phosphate C. Bicarbonate
B. Chloride D. Potassium
3. The principal anion in the intracellular fluid.
A. Chloride C. Phosphate
B. Bicarbonate D. Magnesium
4. The second most prevalent anion of the extracellular fluid.
A. Bicarbonate C. Phosphate
B. Chloride D. Magnesium
5. It accounts for more than 90% of the solute in the extracellular fluid compartment.
A. Potassium C. Magnesium
B. Sodium D. Calcium
6. A hormone that impairs the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium.
A. Aldosterone C. testosterone E. A & B
B. ADH D. A & C
7. The fourth most abundant cation in the body.
A. Magnesium C. Potassium
B. Calcium D. Sodium
8. The basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal.
A. Volume contraction C. Replacement therpay
B. Acid-base balance D. AOTA
9. The body’s means of storing potential chemical energy as ATP.
A. Alkalosis C. Acid base balance
B. Acidosis D. Phosphoric acid anhydride linkage
10. It is important for blood clotting and contraction of various smooth muscles.
A. Potassium C. Sodium
B. Calcium D. Magnesium
11. It is termed as The Protonic Concept of Acid Base Reactions
A. Arrhenius Theory C. Lewis Acid Base Concept
B. Bronsted-Lowry Theory D. NOTA
12. When boric acid is added to glycerin it forms a suppository base
A. Borosilicate C. Pyroboric acid
B. Metaboric acid D. Boroglycerin glycerate
13. The water with a characteristic ferruginous taste.
A. Chalybeate water C. Carbonated water
B. Chlorinated water D. Alkaline water
14. The following are components of alkaline water EXCEPT:
A. Sodium bicarbonate C. Magnesium sulfate
B. Sodium sulfate D. Sodium carbonate
15. It helps determine the value of water for domestic and commercial purposes.
A. Distillation C. Hardness
B. Ion exchange D. Softness
16. Hardness of water is caused by the following salts EXCEPT:
A. Magnesium C. Iron
B. Sodium D. Calcium
17. It can cause gasping syndrome in infants.
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

A. Benzyl alcohol C. Ethyl alcohol

B. Benzoyl alcohol D. Isopropyl alcohol
18. The official water that should pass the pyrogen test.
A. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
B. Sterile Water for Injection
C. Water, USP
D. Water for Injection
19. The water that is not intended for parenteral use.
A. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection
B. Sterile Water for Injection
C. Water for Injection
D. Purified Water
20. It screens out ultraviolet radiation very effectively that is why it is the recommended
container for protection from light.
A. Green C. Amber
B. Blue D. Colorless
21. What type is Soda-Lima glass?
A. Type I C. Type III
B. Type II D. Type IV
22. What type is treated soda-lime glass?
A. Type I C. Type III
B. Type II D. Type IV
23. The following are tested using Powdered glass EXCEPT:
A. General purpose soda lime glass
B. Treated soda-lime glass
C. Highly resistant borosilicate glass
D. Soda-Lime glass
24. An antioxidant in injectable preparations.
A. Sodium nitrite C. Sulfur dioxide
B. Sodium metabisulfite D. Emperial air
25. It prevents the rancidification of fixed oils.
A. Sodium thiosulfate C. Sodium bisulfite
B. Sodium metabisulfite D. Nitrogen
26. The technical grade of HCl
A. Muriatic Acid C. Orthophosphoric acid
B. Glacial Phosphoric acid D. Sodium carbonate
27. An antioxidant that serves as an anti-rust agent.
A. Sulfur dioxide C. Sodium bisulfite
B. Hypophosphoric acid D. Sodium Nitrite
28. It promotes better absorption of iron.
A. Calcium C. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin C D. Vitamin A
29. It is the rate at which a substance will dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
A. Dilution C. Solubility
B. Molarity D. Normality
30. They resist drastic change in Ph.
A. Salts C. Weak Base
B. Weak Acid D. Buffer

II. MORSE TYPE. Analyze the statements carefully. (20 POINTS)

Write A if statements A and C are correct and B and D are wrong

B if statements A and C are wrong and B and D are correct
C if statements A and B are correct and C and D are wrong
D if statements A and B are wrong and C and D are correct
E if all statements are correct
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

F if all statements are wrong

1. A. CO2 is significant because of the narrow changes that it must be maintained in order
to be compatible with living systems.
B. When there is a large amount of oxygen in the body, bicarbonate ion diffuses in ad
chloride ion diffuses out.
C. When CO2 and H+ ions are increased, the respiratory rate decreases.
D. When CO2 and H+ ions are decreased, the respiratory rate increases.
2. A. The Bicarbonate Buffer System is the most powerful buffer system in the body.
B. The Kidneys retains bicarbonate ions and retains hydrogen ions in response to acidosis.
C. The Protein Buffer System is the most important in the ECF.
D. The Bicarbonate Buffer System is the most important in the ICF.
3. A. The Phosphate buffer system regulates pH within the urine.
B. Hyperventilation will cause Respiratory acidosis
C. During Respiratory alkalosis the 20:1 ratio is increased.
D. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hypoventilation.
4. A. Excessive use of antacids can cause metabolic alkalosis.
B. During Metabolic alkalosis, there is an increase in pH and increase in 20:1 ratio.
C. During Metabolic acidosis, there is a decrease in pH and decrease in 20:1 ratio.
D. Starvation can cause metabolic acidosis.
5. A. Cushing’s syndrome which results from increased aldosterone will cause Hyponatremia.
B. Addison’s disease which results from decreased aldosterone will cause hypernatremia.
C. Vitamin D deficiency will cause hypocalcemia.
D. Slow absorption of Magnesium will cause a saline laxative effect.
6. A. Magnesium is the second most plentiful cation in the ECF.
B. Chloride is the major extracellular anion in the ICF.
C. Bicarbonate is the second most prevalent anion in the ICF.
D. Potassium is the major extracellular cation.
7. A. Higher concentrations in potassium will cause cardiac arrhythmias.
B. Decrease in potassium will cause Bradycardia.
C. Excessive administration of Naproxen will cause Hyponatremia.
D. Over use of Furosemide will cause hypernatremia.
8. A. During metabolic acidosis, there is an increase in blood pH and bicarbonate level.
B. During metabolic alkalosis, there is a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate level.
C. During metabolic acidosis, there is a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate level.
D. During metabolic alkalosis, there is an increase in blood pH and bicarbonate level
9. A. When CO2 and H+ is increased the respiratory system will respond through
hypoventilation.
B. When CO2 and H+ is decreased the respiratory system will respond through
hyperventilation
C. The kidneys in response to acidosis will eliminate bicarbonate ions and retain hydrogen
ions.
D. The kidneys in response to alkalosis will retain bicarbonate ions and retain hydrogen
ions.
10. A. CO2 is significant because of the narrow changes that it must be maintained in order
to be compatible with living systems.
B. When there is a large amount of oxygen in the body, bicarbonate ion diffuses in ad
chloride ion diffuses out.
C. When CO2 and H+ ions are increased, the respiratory rate decreases.
D. When CO2 and H+ ions are decreased, the respiratory rate increases.

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

Activity / Assessment Rubrics:

ELEMENTS EXAMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING POOR
REPORT 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
1. Language and The text is written The text is written Spelling, Errors in
construction with no errors in with little or no punctuation, and spelling,
grammar, editing required for grammar errors capitalization,
capitalization, grammar, impair readability punctuation,
punctuation, and punctuation, and usage and
spelling spelling. grammar need
major editing
2. Format Report is well Minor errors in Considerable Did not follow
prepared format errors in format the prescribed
format
3. Neatness Report is in an Report is in an Report is in a Report is
orderly packet orderly packet and packet with disorderly, with
and is incredibly is neat, with a few several smudges many smudges
neat, with no smudges
smudges

4. Completion All of the work is Most of the work is Some of the work Student did not
complete complete is complete turn in report

5. Time Management Report was Work was 1 day late Work was 2 days Work was 3 or
received on the late more days late
due date
TOTAL: 20 points

F. REFRENCES:
Chang, Raymond. General Chemistry, 11th Edition, McGraw Hill 2012.
Strohfeldt, K.A. Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry : For students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Medicinal Chemistry.2015.

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

Name: Score:
Course No: PHCHEM 101 Lecture
Section/Schedule:

Modular Learning Output #8

MAJOR INTRA AND EXTRACELLULAR IONS

Date/Time of Submission: December 10, 2020 (not later than 6:00 pm)

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

1. For me to assure that you read your notes, read the learning contents 3x aloud. Make an AUDIO
RECORDING on your 3rd reading of the notes. Submit a clear and complete recording.

ASSESSMENT:

(QUIZ 1 FE)
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the best answer. USE CAPITAL LETTER. (30 points)

1. 11. 21.
2. 12. 22.
3. 13. 23.
4. 14. 24.
5. 15. 25.

6. 16. 26.
7. 17. 27.
8. 18. 28.
9. 19. 29.
10. 20. 30.

II. Morse Type (20 points)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy