Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Engr. Leonard D. Agana

Topic: Integrals yielding Inverse Trigonometric and Inverse Hyperbolic Function

Introduction

Not all algebraic functions takes the integral forms, ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 or ∫ 𝑑𝑢/𝑢. Examples of these are,

𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ) ∫
𝑥2 +1

𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 ) ∫
√1 − 𝑥 2

The example (a) cannot be solved using the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢/𝑢 because it does not take that form. If we’re going
to use that integral form, it follows that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 with its corresponding 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥. Since the numerator
in the example does not contain the essential variable 𝑥𝑑𝑥, it does not conform to the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢/𝑢. Note,
𝑥𝑑𝑥
however, that if the example is ∫ 𝑥2 +1, it is Integrable by the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢/𝑢 only that the given should be
1
multiplied by 2/2. For example (b), it can be rewritten as, ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥. However, we cannot also use
the integral of the form, ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢. This is so because if we take that form it follows that 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and that
the 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥. Again, the given lacks the term “𝑥𝑑𝑥”, thus, it cannot be integrated using the form,
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢. So how are we going to solve these integrals? These are addressed in the preceding sections.

Integration yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in your Differential Calculus, you have encountered the derivative of inverse trigonometric
functions given below,

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 1: 𝑑 [sin−1 ( )] =
𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑢2

𝑢 −𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2: 𝑑 [cos −1 ( )] =
𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑢2

𝑢 𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3: 𝑑 [tan−1 ( )] = 2
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑢2
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝑢 −𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 4: 𝑑 [cot −1 ( )] = 2
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑢2

𝑢 𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 5: 𝑑 [sec−1 ( )] =
𝑎 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

𝑢 −𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 6: 𝑑 [csc −1 ( )] =
𝑎 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

“a” in the above equations is a constant while “u” is a variable. It can be seen that the derivative of sin-1 or
arcsin is just the negative of the derivative of cos-1 or arccosine. Same through with the derivative of tan-1
and cot-1 as well as that of sec-1 and csc-1. Thus, for simplicity, we can just consider three equations: eqn. 1,
3 and 5. Applying now the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, by integrating both sides, we will obtain,

𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝜋 𝑢 𝜋
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 7: ∫ = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶, − ≤ sin−1 ( ) ≤
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 2 𝑎 2

𝑑𝑢 1 −1
𝑢 𝜋 𝑢 𝜋
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 8: ∫ = tan ( ) + 𝐶, − < tan−1 ( ) <
𝑎2 + 𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 2

𝑢 𝑢 𝜋
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 𝑖𝑓 ≥ 1, 0 ≤ sec −1 ( ) <
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 9: ∫ = sec−1 ( ) + 𝐶, { 𝑢 𝑢 3𝜋
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 a 𝑎
𝑖𝑓 ≤ −1, 𝜋 ≤ sec −1 ( ) <
𝑎 𝑎 2

Thus, integral of algebraic functions taking the integrand form given in eqn. 7, 8 and 9 can now be integrated
directly.

Example 1

Evaluate the following integrals

𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ) ∫
𝑥2 + 1

𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 ) ∫
√1 − 𝑥 2
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Preliminary Comment: It is important to identify the value of a, u and du. Always compare du with that of
the given.

Solution:

𝑑𝑢
(a) The integral given in (a) is somewhat similar to the form ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2. Noting that “a” is a constant and

“u” is a variable, it follows that,

𝑎2 = 1; 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2

𝑎 = 1; 𝑢 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Since the given integrand takes the same form as that of ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2, we can now evaluate the integral.

Using now equation 8,

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ = tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥
∫ = ( ) tan ( ) + 𝐶 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑥2 + 1 1 1

Answer: tan−1 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
(b) The integral ∫ √1−𝑥2 is somewhat similar to the form ∫ √𝑎2 . Let’s check whether it really conforms
−𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
to that form. Comparing the given with the form ∫ √𝑎2 , it follows that
−𝑢2

𝑎2 = 1; 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2

𝑎 = 1; 𝑢 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Since the given conforms with the form ∫ √𝑎2 , it can readily be solved using equation 7. Thus,
−𝑢2

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶 = sin−1 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
√1 − 𝑥 2 1

Answer: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶

Example 2

Compute the exact value of the following definite integral.

5
−𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ) ∫
2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 13

5+2√5
4𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 ) ∫
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 10

Preliminary Comment: Both can be evaluated by expressing the denominator in terms of u2. This can be
done by using the concept of completing the squares. Thus, skills in completing the squares is necessary.

Review Topic: Completing the squares

The concept of completing the squares is adding a constant in a quadratic equation such that it can be
expressed as a square of binomial. So how are we going to determine this “constant”? We can determine it
by expanding a binomial square. This is presented below.

(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2

From this, the constant term that we are referring to is the “b2” term. The usual given is the 1st and 2nd
coefficient of the quadratic equation, thus, we can use these values to determine the “b2” term.

First term coefficient, C1: 𝐶1 = 𝑎2 || 𝑎 = √𝐶1

Second term coefficient (middle term), C2: 𝐶2 = 2𝑎𝑏

From the second term equation, we can determine b

𝐶2
𝑏=
2𝑎

Substituting the value of a

Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝐶2
𝑏=
2√𝐶1

Squaring both sides,

𝐶22
2
𝑏 =
4𝐶1

Thus, the constant term (third term) is the square of the coefficient of the middle term divided by the product
of the 4 and the first term coefficient.

Solution:

(a) This can be solved by expressing the denominator in the form 𝑎2 + 𝑢2 . Expressing now,

5
−𝑑𝑥
∫
2 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) + 13

5
−𝑑𝑥
∫
2 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 13 − 4

5
−𝑑𝑥
∫
2 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 9

Expressing now in the form 𝑎2 + 𝑢2,

5
−𝑑𝑥
∫
2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + 32

Note, the negative sign can be factored out to give,

5
𝑑𝑥
−∫
2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + 32

Comparing this with the integrand in equation 8, it follows that

𝑎 = 3; 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

Since it conforms with the form given in equation 8, it can then be readily integrated directly.
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ = tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 a 𝑎

5
𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥−2 5
−∫ 2 2
= − tan ( )
2 (𝑥 − 2) + 3 3 3 2

5
𝑑𝑥 1 5−2 2−2
−∫ 2 2
= − [tan−1 ( ) − tan−1 ( )]
2 (𝑥 − 2) + 3 3 3 3

5
𝑑𝑥 1
−∫ = − [tan−1 (1) − tan−1 (0)]
2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + 32 3

Note, the inverse of a trigonometric function should always be expressed in radians and not in degrees
unit. Also, don’t forget the range of validity given in each equation. Taking now the inverse tangent of the
given value,

5
𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
−∫ 2 2
= − ( − 0)
2 (𝑥 − 2) + 3 3 4

5
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
−∫ 2 2
=−
2 (𝑥 − 2) + 3 12

5
−𝑑𝑥 𝜋
∫ = −
2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 13 12

𝜋
Answer: − 12

(b) This can be solved by transforming the integrand in the form given in equation 9. This can be done
by applying the concept of completing the squares. This is shown below.

5+2√5
4𝑑𝑥
∫
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥) + 10

5+2√5
4𝑑𝑥
∫
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) + 10 − 25

5+2√5
4𝑑𝑥
∫
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Comparing this with equation 9, it follows that,

𝑎2 = 15; 𝑎 = √15

𝑢 = (𝑥 − 5); 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

Since it follows the form of equation 9, it can now be integrated directly.

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ = sec−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 a 𝑎

5+2√5
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 − 5 5+2√5
4∫ = 4( ) sec −1 ( )
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15 √15 5+√5

5+2√5
𝑑𝑥 4√15 5 + 2√15 − 5 5 + √15 − 5
4∫ = [sec −1 ( ) − sec −1 ( )]
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 15 √15 √15

5+2√5
𝑑𝑥 4√15
4∫ = [sec −1 (2) − sec −1 (1)]
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 15

Before evaluating sec-1(), note first the condition of u/a as specified in equation 9. Since in this case u/a are both
greater than and equal to 1, the value of sec-1(2) and sec-1(1) should be between 0 to π/2.

𝒖 𝒖 𝝅
𝑑𝑢1 𝑢 𝒊𝒇≥ 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ) <
𝒂 𝒂 𝟐
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 9: ∫ = sec−1 ( ) + 𝐶, { 𝑢 𝑢 3𝜋
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 a 𝑎
𝑖𝑓 ≤ −1, 𝜋 ≤ sec −1 ( ) <
𝑎 𝑎 2

Thus, evaluating now,

5+2√5
𝑑𝑥 4√15 𝜋 4𝜋√15
4∫ = ( − 0) =
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 15 3 45

5+2√5
4𝑑𝑥 4𝜋√15
∫ =
5+√5 (𝑥 − 5)√𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 10 45

4𝜋√15
Answer: 45
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Note, when you solved this using your calculator you are going to obtained “Math Error”. Perhaps, this is
due to the limitation of its computing power. Using another program such as MatLab and other online
integral calculator will give the same answer.

Perhaps you are wondering how to determine the secant inverse of a particular value, especially that the
normal scientific calculator doesn’t have this function. To evaluate then the secant inverse of a particular
function use the formula,

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 10: sec −1 (𝑥 ) = cos −1 ( )
𝑥

Proof:

Let sec(𝑦) = 𝑥, where y is an angle in radian unit and x is the value of the secant of y. Since we are
concerned in determining arc secant (sec-1), we can manipulate the equation to yield,

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑖: 𝑦 = sec−1 (𝑥 )

Note that sec(y) is the reciprocal of cos(y) and can be written as

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑖𝑖: sec(𝑦) =
cos(𝑦)

Solving for y,

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑖𝑖𝑖: 𝑦 = sec −1 [ ]
cos(𝑦)

Comparing eqn. i with eqn. iii, we can deduce that,

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑖𝑣: 𝑥 =
cos(𝑦)

Solving for y,

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑣: 𝑦 = cos −1 ( )
𝑥

Substituting the value of y in eqn. i to eqn. v, we obtain,

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑣𝑖: sec −1 (𝑥 ) = cos −1 ( )
𝑥
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
(c) For you to appreciate the limits imposed on equation 9, let’s consider the same example (b) but at a
different limit say,

1
4𝑑𝑥
(𝑐 ) ∫
0 (𝑥 − 5)√𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 10

Doing the same procedure in solving example (b) will give,

1
𝑑𝑥 1 −1 (
𝑥−5 1
4∫ = 4( ) sec )
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15 √15 0

1
𝑑𝑥 1 1−5 0−5
4∫ = 4( ) [sec−1 ( ) − sec −1 ( )]
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15 √15 √15

1
𝑑𝑥 1 4 5
4∫ = 4( ) [sec −1 (− ) − sec −1 (− )]
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15 √15 √15

4 5
As can be seen, sec−1 (− ) ≈ sec −1 (−1.0328) and sec −1 (− ) ≈ sec −1 (−1.29099)
√15 √15
𝑢
have a 𝑎 ≤-1, thus, value of sec-1() should be between π (1800) and 3π/2 (2700).

𝑢 𝑢 𝜋
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑖𝑓 ≥ 1, 0 ≤ sec −1 ( ) <
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 9: ∫ = sec−1 ( ) + 𝐶, { 𝒖 𝒖 𝟑𝝅
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 a 𝑎
𝑖𝒇 ≤ −𝟏, 𝝅 ≤ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ) <
𝒂 𝒂 𝟐
4 5
Since sec −1 (− ) and sec −1 (− ) do not have an exact value, let’s just use the calculator. Note,
√15 √15

in doing so, the mode of your calculator should be in radian mode. However, doing so will give the value,

4
sec −1 (− ) ≈ 2.8889
√15

5
sec−1 (− ) ≈ 2.45687
√15

If we’re not going to use prescribe in equation 9, we will arrived at an answer,

1
𝑑𝑥 1
4∫ = 4( ) (2.8889 − 2.45687) ≈ 0.4462
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
However, checking with your calculator will give an answer of approximately -0.4462. Note of the sign, it
is negative not positive. So, let’s check our solution and use the prescribe limit in equation 9. To
understand better let’s express the value of sec-1() in terms of degrees unit. To do this, just multiply the
answer by 180/𝜋.

4 180
sec −1 (− ) ≈ 2.8889 𝑥 ≈ 165.5220
√15 𝜋

5 180
sec −1 (− ) ≈ 2.45687 𝑥 ≈ 140.76830
√15 𝜋

Note, this is below the limit prescribe by equation 9 at which the angle should be between 180 0 and 2700.
Recall that the location of 1800 up to 2700 is on the third quadrant. Thus, the sec-1() should also be at the
third quadrant. Why the calculator then gives a different answer? The answer lies on equation 10, which
is

1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 10: sec −1 (𝑥 ) = cos −1 ( )
𝑥

It then follows that,

4 √15
sec −1 (− ) = cos −1 (− )
√15 4

5 √15
sec −1 (− ) = cos −1 (− )
√15 5

Note that cosine of an angle is positive for both the first and third quadrant but negative on the second
and third quadrant. Thus, the answer given by the calculator is still valid. It’s just up to us to correct it. To
convert now the answer of sec-1() to the third quadrant, use the formula

For degrees unit,

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11: 𝜃 (𝐼𝐼𝐼 ) = [180 − 𝜃 (𝐼𝐼 )] + 180

For radian unit,

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 12: 𝜃 (𝐼𝐼𝐼 ) = [𝜋 − 𝜃 (𝐼𝐼 )] + 𝜋

Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Where θ(III) is the angle converted to the third quadrant and θ(II) is the angle at the second quadrant.
The first term in the equation 11 and 12, represents the angle it makes with the negative x-axis while the
second term is the angle that should be added to convert it to the third quadrant. Note, 180 0 (π) is the
lower limit of the third quadrant. Applying now equation 12, we obtain,

4
sec −1 (− ) ≈ (𝜋 − 2.8889) + 𝜋 ≈ 3.3943
√15

5
sec −1 (− ) ≈ (𝜋 − 2.45687) + 𝜋 ≈ 3.8263
√15

Solving now the integral,

1
𝑑𝑥 4
4∫ =( ) (3.3943 − 3.8263)
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15 √15

1
𝑑𝑥
4∫ ≈ −0.4462
0 (𝑥 − 5)√(𝑥 − 5)2 − 15

1
4𝑑𝑥
∫ ≈ −0.4462
0 (𝑥 − 5)√𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 10

Answer: −0.4462

Note, the answer is now consistent with the value computed by the calculator or any integral calculus
software.

Integration yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

So, far have discussed how to solve integrals with the form given in equation 7, 8, 9. We have used
completing the squares to transform the function into those forms. However, what if you encounter functions
as follows,

2𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ) ∫
𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 1
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 ) ∫
√2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 73
8

𝑑𝑥
(𝑐 ) ∫
√4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥

If we are going to apply the concept of completing the squares, we are going to obtain

2𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝟐𝒅𝒙

(𝑎 ) ∫ =∫ 2 =∫
9 9 3 5 𝟐
(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4) + 1 − 4 (𝑥 − 2) − 4 𝟑 𝟐 √𝟓
(𝒙 − 𝟐) − ( 𝟐 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
(𝑏 ) ∫ =∫ =∫
√(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 73 − 1
2 𝟐
8 8 8 √(√2𝑥 + √2) + 9 √(√𝟐𝒙 + √𝟐) + (𝟑)𝟐
4 𝟒

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
(𝑐 ) ∫ =∫ =∫
√(4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 + 144) − 144 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − 144 √(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐)𝟐 − (𝟏𝟐)𝟐

As can be seen (a) almost conform to the form in equation 8. The only difference is the sign in the “a2” term.
In addition, (b) and (c) almost conforms to the form in equation 7. The difference is that in (b) “u2” is positive
while in (c) “u2” is positive while “a2” is negative. In these cases, we cannot use equation 7 and 8 because
these do not conform directly to those forms. To solve this, we need establish again other equations.

Recall in your Differential Calculus that you encountered the derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic functions:

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 13: 𝑑 [sinh−1 ( ) ] =
𝑎 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2

𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 14: 𝑑 [cosh−1 ( )] = 𝑢>1
𝑎 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2

𝑢 𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 15: 𝑑 [tanh −1 ( )] = 2 |𝑢| < 1
𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑢2

𝑢 𝑎𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 16: 𝑑 [coth−1 ( )] = 2 , |𝑢 | > 1
𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑢2
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Hyperbolic secant and cosecant were not included because these are not commonly encountered in
engineering applications. Applying now Theorem 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 17 ∫ = sinh−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 18 ∫ = cosh−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎

1 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 tanh−1 ( ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 |𝑢| < 𝑎
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 19 ∫ 2 = {𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑢2 1 𝑢
cosh−1 ( ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 |𝑢| > 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎

We can actually use these formulas; however, during the evaluation of definite integral it will be a problem
because even the calculator doesn’t have any function for these. Thus, we need an additional formula as
follows:

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 20 ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0
√𝑢2 + 𝑎2

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 21 ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 > 𝑎 > 0
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 22 ∫ = ln | | + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ≠ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎2 −𝑢 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢

Proof:

Let 𝑎 = cosh(𝑏). Note that we are trying to determine the value of cosh-1(a), thus we can rewrite the
equation as

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑣𝑖𝑖: 𝑏 = cosh−1 (𝑎)

Applying the definition of cosh(b) in terms of e

𝑒 𝑏 + 𝑒 −𝑏
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖: cosh(𝑎) =
2

Thus, it follows that

Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
𝑏 1
𝑒 𝑏 + 𝑒 −𝑏 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑏
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑖𝑥: 𝑎 = =
2 2

Further algebraic manipulation,

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥: 𝑒 2𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑒 𝑏 + 1 = 0

Let 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑏 , thus, the equation becomes

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑖: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 1 = 0

Solving equation x using quadratic formula,

−(−2𝑎) ± √(−2𝑎)2 − 4(1)(1)

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑖𝑖: 𝑥 =
2(1)

Substituting the value of x and further simplification,

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖: 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑎 ± √𝑎2 − 1

Taking the logarithm of both sides and neglecting 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 1, since 𝑒 𝑏 > 0

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑖𝑣: 𝑏 = ln (𝑎 + √𝑎2 − 1)

𝑢
Determining now the value cosh−1 ( )
𝑎

𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑣𝑖𝑖: 𝑏 = cosh−1 (𝑎)

𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 2
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑣: cosh−1 ( ) = ln ( + √( ) − 1)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Further simplification,

𝑢 𝑢 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 1
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑣𝑖: cosh−1 ( ) = ln ( + ) = ln [( ) (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 )]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Applying the rules of logarithm,

𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑣𝑖𝑖: cosh−1 ( ) = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)
𝑎
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
Thus, the integral of

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖: ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑎) + 𝐶
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

This differ from eqn. 21 by ln(a). Are the two equal? Note, a is a constant and u is a variable, thus, ln(a) is
also a constant. In addition, C in eqn. xviii is a constant. Thus, we can express −𝑙𝑛(𝑎) + 𝐶 as C itself
because C represents a constant. Does this simplification affects the evaluation of definite integral? Let’s
check. Using the integral given in equation 21,
𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 𝑢2
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑖𝑥: ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐧 (𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟐𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )
𝑢1 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑢1

Using the derived equation xviii,

𝑢2 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑥: ∫ = [ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)]
𝑢1 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑢1

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑥𝑖: ∫ = [ln (𝑢2 + √𝑢2 2 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)] − [ln (𝑢1 + √𝑢1 2 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)]
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

Further simplification will yield

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖: ∫ = 𝐥𝐧 (𝒖𝟐 + √𝒖𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐧 (𝒖𝟏 + √𝒖𝟏𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

Comparing now eqn. xix and xxii, we can say that both are equal. Thus, equation 21 is valid. We can also
derived the ln() equivalent for sinh-1, tanh-1 and coth-1 using the same procedure.

Example 3

Evaluate the following integrals and give the exact values.

5
2𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ) ∫
3 𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 1

1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 ) ∫
0
√2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 73
8
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐 ) ∫
1 √4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥

Preliminary Comment: Skills in completing the square is necessary. Also, always determine “du” and check
whether it conforms to the integrand of equation 20, 21 and 22.

(a) To solve this, we need to transform the integrand in the form presented in equation 22 by means of
completing the square.

5 5
2𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
= ∫ 2
3 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1 3 (𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9/4) + 1 − 9/4

5 5
2𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 2
3 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 3 3 2 √5
(𝑥 − 2) − ( 2 )

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
Note, the form in equation 22 is ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑢2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑎−𝑢| + 𝐶

Expressing now in this form,

5
2𝑑𝑥
−∫ 2
3 √5 3 2
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2)

3
It follows then that 𝑢 = (𝑥 − ) ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = √5/2. Since it conforms to the form of equation
2

22, we can now integrate it directly. Integrating now,

3 5
+ (𝑥 −
√5/2 2)|]
5
2𝑑𝑥 1
−∫ 2 = −2 [ ln |
3 √5 3 2 2√5/2 √5/2 − (𝑥 − 3)
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2) 2 3

Substituting the upper and lower limit and further simplification,

3 3
5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 √5/2 + (5 − 2) √5/2 + (3 − 2)
−∫ 2 =− {ln | | − ln | |}
2 5 3 3
3 √5 3 √5/2 − (5 − 2) √5/2 − (3 − 2)
( ) − (𝑥 − )
2 2
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 √5 + 7 √5 + 3
−∫ 2 =− (ln | | − ln | |)
3 √5 3 2 5 √5 − 7 √5 − 3
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2)

Applying rules of logarithm,

5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 (√5 + 7)(√5 − 3)
−∫ 2 =− ln | |
3 √5 3 2 5 (√5 − 7)(√5 + 3)
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2)

Expanding the numerator and denominator and further simplification,

5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 5 − 3√5 + 7√5 − 21 2√5 4√5 − 16
−∫ 2 =− ln ( )=− ln |( )|
3 √5 3 2 5 5 + 3√5 − 7√5 − 21 5 −4√5 − 16
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2)

5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 2√5 − 16
−∫ 2 =− ln |( )|
3 √5 3 2 5 −2√5 − 16
( 2 ) − (𝑥 − 2)

5
2𝑑𝑥 2√5 2√5 − 16
∫ = − ln |( )|
3 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 5 −2√5 − 16

2√5 2√5−16
Answer: − ln |( )|
5 −2√5−16

Note, in checking the answer with the use of calculator, don’t forget to take the absolute value of the term
inside the “ln()”.

(b) Again, to solve this, we need to apply the concept of completing the squares. This is shown below.

1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
0
√2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 73 0
√(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 73 − 1
8 8 8 8

1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 73
0 0 2
8 √(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2
4

Note that this conforms to the form presented in equation 20. Checking du,
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana

√2
𝑢 = √2𝑥 +
4
𝑑𝑢 = √2 𝑑𝑥
Since our “du” lacks √2. We need to multiply the integrand by √2/√2. Thus, giving us,
1 1
√2 𝑑𝑥 1 √2𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
0 √2 2 √2 0 2
√(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2 √(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2
4 4

Using now equation 20,

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 20 ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0
√𝑢2 + 𝑎2
1
1 2
1 √2𝑑𝑥 1 √2 √2
∫ = [ln (√2𝑥 + + √(√2𝑥 + ) + (3)2 )]
√2 0 2 √2 4 4
√(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2 0
4

Substituting the upper and lower limit and further simplification will yield,
2 2
1 1 √2𝑑𝑥 1 √2 √2 √2 √2
∫ = [ln (√2 + + √(√2 + ) + (3)2 ) − ln ( 4 + √( 4 ) + (3)2 )]
√ 2 0 2 √ 2 4 4
√(√2𝑥+√2) +(3)2
4

1
1 √2𝑑𝑥 1 5√2 + √194 √2 + √146
∫ = [ln ( ) − ln ( )]]
√2 0 2 √2 4 4
√(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2
4
1
1 √2𝑑𝑥 √2 5√2 + √194
∫ = ln ( )
√2 0 2 2 √2 + √146
√(√2𝑥 + √2) + (3)2
4
1
𝑑𝑥 √2 5√2 + √194
∫ = ln ( )
2 √2 + √146
0
√2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 73
8

√2 5√2+√194
Answer: ln ( )
2 √2+√146

(c) Again, expressed the radicand as a square of binomial by completing the squares.
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
1 √4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 1 √(4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 + 144) − 144

2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
1 √4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2

As can be seen, this takes the form given in equation 21. Checking the du,

𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 12

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥

Since the integrand lacks the constant “2”, we need to multiple the integrand by 2/2. Thus,

2
𝑑𝑥1 2 2𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2 2 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2

Applying now the integral of equation 21,

𝑑𝑢
𝑒𝑞𝑛. 21 ∫ = ln (𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 > 𝑎 > 0
√𝑢2 − 𝑎2

1 2 2𝑑𝑥 1 2
∫ = [ln (2𝑥 + 12 + √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − 122 )]
2 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2 2 1

Substituting the lower and upper limit and further simplification,

1 2 2𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = [ln (4 + 12 + √(4 + 12)2 − 122 ) − ln (2 + 12 + √(2 + 12)2 − 122 )]
2 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2 2

1 2 2𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = [ln(16 + 4√7) − ln(14 + 2√13)]
2 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2 2

Applying the laws of logarithm,

1 2 2𝑑𝑥 1 8 + 2√7
∫ = ln ( )
2 1 √(2𝑥 + 12)2 − (12)2 2 7 + √13

2
𝑑𝑥 1 8 + 2√7
∫ = ln ( )
1 √4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 2 7 + √13
Lecture Notes in Integral Calculus: Integral yielding Inverse Trigonometry and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Engr. Leonard D. Agana
1 8+2√7
Answer: 2 ln (7+ )
√13

Activity

Evaluate the following integral and give the exact value.

1 1+𝑥
1. ∫0 (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫3
√𝑥 2 −4
−2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫−4 2
√−𝑥 −6𝑥−5
5 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫2 2
𝑥 −4𝑥+13
−3 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫−4 1−𝑥 2
√3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
6. ∫0
√12−𝑥 4
1/2 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫−1/2 1−𝑥 2
3 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫2 2
√9𝑥 −12𝑥−5
1 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫1/√2
𝑥√4𝑥 2 −1
1 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫−1
√8−2𝑥−𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫−2
√16+𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑥
12. ∫1 2
√𝑥 +2𝑥
1 4𝑑𝑥
13. ∫0
√4−𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑥
14. ∫1 4𝑒 −𝑥−𝑒 𝑥
√2
− 𝑑𝑥
15. ∫−12
𝑦√4𝑥 2 −1
1 𝑑𝑥
16. ∫0
√5−𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2+𝑥
17. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√4−2𝑥−𝑥 2
3 𝑑𝑥
18. ∫2
√25𝑥 2 +9
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
19. ∫1 𝑥{[1+[ln(𝑥)]2 }
2 𝑑𝑥
20. ∫0 25−𝑥 2