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Atomic Structure: Vinay Desai M.SC Radiation Physics Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology
Atomic Structure: Vinay Desai M.SC Radiation Physics Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology
Atomic Structure: Vinay Desai M.SC Radiation Physics Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology
Vinay Desai
M.Sc Radiation Physics
KIDWAI MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY
ATOM:
Example:
235U X-Uranium
92
A-235
Z-92
Theories of Atomic models:
John Dalton
• Matter is made of indivisible atoms,
they are indestructible.
• All atoms of a given (same) element
• Limitations: It could not explain
are identical in their physical and
chemical properties. •Why and how do atoms combine together to
• Atoms of different elements differ in form compound atoms (molecules)
their physical and chemical properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine •The nature of forces which hold atoms
Thermionic emission, photoelectric emission and ionization were explained on this basis.
Theories of Atomic models:
Rutherford Gold foil experiment setup:
RUTHERFORD
• If a thin foil metal is placed in the path of the beam, the image becomes diffuse.
• This due to the scattering of α- particles by the atoms of the foil.
• The particles scattered in various directions were counted by scintillation
counter
• It was found that although most of the particles scattered through angles of
the order of 10 or less
• But a small number say about 1 in every 10,000 scattered through 900 or even
1800
• The experiment is known as Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment.
Results of the Rutherford experiment
Since α- particles are positively charged, the part of the atom deflecting
them must also be positive
In this model, the mass of the atom (leaving the mass of its electrons) and
its whole positive charge are concentrated at the centre of the atom in a
nucleus of radius 10-15 m
5. Principle of quantization of angular momentum of the moving electron an electron can move
only in that orbit in which the angular momentum of the electron around the nucleus is an
integral multiple of h/2π.
Limitations of Bohr’s Postulates
I. No explanation for the spectra of multi electron systems:
Eg: He, Li
I. No explanation of fine spectrum of atoms:
III. No explanation for Zeeman and Stark effect : effect of
electric and magnetic fields on the spectral atoms.
•When a magnetic field is applied on an atom, its usually
observed spectral lines split. This effect is known as Zeeman’s
effect
•Spectral lines also get split in the presence of electric field. This
effect is known as Stark effect.
Classification of atoms:
Isotopes - Elements having same atomic number (protons) , but different
mass numbers (nucleons).
are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14
respectively. The atomic number of all carbon isotopes is 6.
isomers represents identical atoms but they differ in nuclear energy states.
The mass of a nucleus will be less than the mass of all of the protons and
neutrons making it up. The difference is called the mass defect, which is
converted into energy if the nucleus is broken up.
The amount of energy that keeps a nucleons together is called the Binding
Energy. This amount of energy is higher for nuclei that are stable than it
would be for unstable nuclei. (Joules)
Binding energy can be calculated by the formula E=mc2
(Einstein,s principle of equivalence of mass & energy relation)
Where,
Also,
Mass of electron at rest in terms of energy equivalent is given by,
m=9.1x10-31kg and speed of light is 3x108 m/s
E = 9.1x10-31 x (3x108)2
E=8.19x10-14 J
E=0.511 MeV
Atomic mass and Energy Units
60Co 60 Ni28 + e- + ν
27
Thank you…
Vinay Desai
M.Sc Radiation Physics
Radiation Physics Department
KIDWAI MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY
Bengaluru