PINES CITY COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

PAQUECourse Number: PH CHEM 101 Lecture 8:30-10:30

Thurs
Course Title: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (With Qualitative Analysis)
Instructor: Prof. Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

Modular Learning Activity # 9

Topic: Essential, Non-essential and Trace Elements

Expected Time of Completion: 2 hours (December 10, 2020, not later than 6:00 pm)

A. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Determine the essential, non-essential and trace elements
2. Demonstrate understanding on essential, non-essential and trace elements
3. Demonstrate the importance of elements in pharmaceutical preparations.

B. LEARNING CONTENT

ESSENTIAL, NON-ESSENTIAL AND TRACE ELEMENTS

ESSENTIAL AND TRACE IONS

 Perform specific biochemical functions

1. IRON
a. It is essential to the elementary metabolic processes in the cell
b. In the respiratory chain, it functions as an electron carrier
c. Responsible for the transport of molecular oxygen in higher organisms

BODY COMPONENTS CONTAINING IRON:

OCCURRENCE IRON BOUND AS MODE OF LINKAGE FUNCTION

Blood system Hgb Heme O2 transport
Plasma Transferrin Fe transport
Tissues Fuctional iron Ferritin; Hemosiderin Iron pool detoxification
(Myoglobin, cell hemes)
Storage iron

2 TYPES OF PROTEINS:
1. HEMOPROTEIN
 Fe – containing CHONS responsible for respiration and for carrying O2
E.g.
1. Hgb
2. Cytochrome-C
3. Catalase
4. Peroxidase
2. Iron storage and or transport proteins
a. Ferritin – water soluble
b. Hemosiderin – water insoluble
c. Transferrin – a.k.a. siderophilin
- Major transport

CASES WHEREIN IRON IS LOST:

1. Hemorrhaging
2. Menstrual flow
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

3. Bile and other secretion

 MALES – iron loss of 0.6mg/day
 NON-PREGNANT FEMALE – loss of 1.2 – 1.8 mg/day/menstrual flow
 PREGNANT WOMAN – 3-4mg/day due to placental transport of iron

MANIFESTATION OF IRON DEFICIENCY:

1. ANEMIA – anemic
 Condition characterized by a ↓no. of circulating RBC’s → decreasing total hemoglobin
→ ↓ O2 carrying capacity of the blood
This is due to:
1. Excessive blood loss
 Hemorrhaging, menstrual flow, bleeding due to ulcer
2. Blood destruction
 Du e to hemolytic agents causing blood dyscrasia e.g. chemotherapeutic agents
 Infections and toxins
 Defective Hgb (sickle-cell anemia, Thalassemia)
3. Decreased blood formationdue to deficiency of cobalamin, Folic Acid, Pyridoxine

IRON PRODUCTS:
a. Ferrous Fumarate
b. Ferrous Gluconate – least irritating
c. Ferrous Sulfate – most irritating
 DI : Iron cause discoloration of stool (black, tarry stool)
Iron in itself is very irritating because it has an astringent action (can ppt. CHON’s) hence it
can irritate the GIT. Therefore, Iron is taken after meals (PC); or with a full stomach.
d. Iron-Dextran injection
 A sterile colloidal solution of Fe(OH)3 complexed with partially hydrolyzed dextran
 DEXTRAN
- a carbohydrate polymer of WFI (water for injection)
- injected IM since it is irritating
- Dose: once every week

2. COPPER
 Adult human contains 2mg/kg of copper distributed mostly in enzymes & other cations
 From the intestine, copper moves into the blood serum forming copper-albumin complex
 It goes to the liver where copper becomes a part of the copper protein ceruplasmin
 CERUPLASMIN – copper is stored in the form of ceruplasmin. It is not released unless
ceruplasmin is catabolyzed

DIAGRAM:
copper→intestines→blood serum→copper-albumin complex→liver→ceruloplasmin

 COPPER IN THE RBC – Copper proteins – ERYTHROCUPREIN – (may have come from the
copper in the bone marrow during HEMOBLAST FORMATION which is a Red Blood Cell
Precursor

THREE ROLES OF COPPER IN THE PREVENTION OF ANEMIA

a. It should facilitate iron absorption
b. It could be stimulatory to the enzymes in the heme & or globin biosynthetic pathways
c. It could be involved in mobilization of stored iron preparative to the incorporation of iron into
the Hgb molecules
OTHER USES:
a. Important in oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production by cellular respiration)
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

It is a constituent of cytochrome oxidase (from which gghighhh energy phosphate bonds are
derived)
b. Associated with the form of aortic elastin
c. Components of tyrosinase, an enzyme responsible for conversion of tyrosine to the black-pigment
melanin
 WILSON’S DISEASE - a condition of excess copper storage
- Genetic in origin
- ↑ copper- liver, brain, kidney, cornea
- Treatment: Penicillamine – chelating agent

3. ZINC
 Biochemically associated with metalloenzymes
E.g. alcohol dehydrogenase(enzyme that metabolizes alcohol into aldehydes), lactic
dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, etc

ZINC DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH:

 Impaired growth
 Parakeratosis ( a thickened, scaly, inflamed skin)
 Retarded sexual maturation

FOODS RICH IN ZINC:

 Meat
 Milk
 Fish
 Nuts
 Legumes

4. CHROMIUM
 Necessary for optimal growth of experimental animals
 In larger quantities, it is toxic
 Chromium salts, chromates, dichromates are destructive to tissue, regardless of whether applied
topically (deep ulcers of the skin and nasal mucosa) or administered orally (nephritis and
glucosuria)
 oxidizing agent

5. MANGANESE
 Adult human: 10-20 mg occurring in bone and liver, pituitary, pineal & lactating mammary
glands
FUNCTIONS:
 Protein synthesis
 Oxidative phosphorylation (leading to ATP production)
 Fatty acid metabolism
 Cholesterol synthesis

6. MOLYBDENUM
 Largest amount: up to 3 ppm

7. SELENIUM
 Toxic when taken internally
 Large doses: intestinal irritation & interfere with the functioning of small blood vessels & blood
forming organs
FUNCTIONS:
 Cell respiration
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

 Antioxidant (with Vit. E)

8. SULFUR
 In the body as: sulhydryl groups of cysteine, cystine, mucopolysaccharides, sulfolipids
USES:
 Cathartic – agent used in the treatment of constipation
 Parasiticide in scabies – Parasite: Sarcopes scabeii
 Stimulant in alopecia – hair loss
 Fumigation
 Other skin diseases – fungal infections
 Sulfides - used as depilatories

9. IODINE (IODIDE)
 For the synthesis of Triidothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
FUNCTION:
 In the thyroid hormone formation ( lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, (140 µg – males and
100 µg – female), results in enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as SIMPLE COLLOID
GOITER
 SWELLING OF THE NECK
- A compensatory mechanism whereby the body attempts to make up for the hormone
deficiency – by increasing the size of the gland (ie., inversely propotional to the iodine
content of the gland)
- Iodide form →iodine → incorporation into tyrosine → maloiodo & diiodotyrosine →
coupled to form triido & tetraiodo thyrosine

 Fibrolytic agent – causes striking recessions of the gummatous formations in late secondary
& tertiary syphilis infection
 Expectorant (asthma & acute chronic bronchitis)
 Bactericidal agent
E.g. Lugol’s solution – thyrotoxicosis
Iodine tincture and betadine solution (antiseptic agents)

NON-ESSENTIAL IONS
- extent toxicological actions in level found in the environment
1. FLOURIDE
* Topically: Anticariogenic agent
- agent used for the inhalation of dental cavities development
* NaF: Ionic toxic when taken internally
- general protoplasmic poison which inhibits enzyme activity in toxic doses

2. BROMIDE
* administered in small doses, 0.5 – 2g eg. KBr – serves to cause depression of CNS
* larger doses of 4-8g can depress all reflexes & cause a narcotic type of effect
* MOA unknown
* “BROMISM” – a phenomenon caused by the chronic use of bromides
- characterized by INSOMNIA & RESTLESSNESS, DIZZINESS, WEAKNESS &
HEADACHE.
3. LITHIUM
* also a CNS depressant & depresses the circulation
* diuretic
* particularly, it is used in the treatment of Manic-Depressive disorders
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

* characterized by excitement, (Manic) depression, mild, acute, stuporous (depressive)

* MOA: due to the alteration in the metabolism of epinephrine * serotonin
* PRODUCT: Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith) 300-600 mg 3x a day with Phenothiazine Tranquilizer
because it takes 3-10 days for lithium to be effective.
Phenothiazine – immediate effect
Lithium – Long term effect
4. GOLD (Au)
* for the treatment or Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
* RA & Chronic inflamm disorder that mainly attacks the joints & then surrounding structure like the
muscles, tendons & other CT
* Lysozomal enzymes are released as part of the inflammatory process by breaking down the debris
which results from injury & infection. It was postulated that continual release of this enzymes result to
breakdown of normal synovial membrane, cartilage, muscles & bones.
* RA – auto immune disease
* Official GOLD compounds:
a. Aurothio
Complexes that make gold soluble
b. Gold Sodium thiomalate
* administered beginning with small doses & increasing the dose until a total of 1 gram has been
administered
* MOA: it stabilizes lysozomal membrane was preventing the release of Lysozymes
5. ARSENIC
* a heavy metal that destroys all cells & are known as protoplasmic proteins react with sulfhydryl group
(S-H) which are components of atoms.
5.1 Inorganic Arsenicals are very toxic-carcinogenic
e.g. Arsenic Inoxide
Disodium Orthoarsenate
Lead Arsenate – pesticide 2 herbicides
5.2 Organic Arsenicals
* used in medicine
* become less toxic
* used in the tx of parasitic diseases produced by protozoa & belminths
e.g carbarsone
glycobiarsol
tryparsamide

6. ANTIMONY (Sb)
* more caustic than arsenicals
* they cause popular skin (skin elevation) & postural sores
* uses:
a. Emetic – used in cases of toxicity; has irritating action upon the GI mucosa
b. Expectorant – Antimony Potassium Tartrate
c. Pentavalent organic antimonials for protozoal infections.
7. ALUMINUM
* uses:

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

1. Astringent & Antiseptic

- soluble aluminum compounds
2. Non-systemic Compounds (Al (OH)3)
8. SILVER
*uses:
a. Antiseptic
b. Astringent
c. Irritant
d. Corrosive
AgNO3 – 10 grams – toxic dose
Argyria – deposition of silver on the skin causing brown / black coloration
- Ag2S & brown coloration
- Ag2S + Metallic Sulfur – cause of the reduction of Ag in the tissues
TREATMENT: 6% Na Thiosulfate or 1% K ferricyanide administered SC

9. BARIUM
* Toxic effect is increased in myocardial contractility/activity
* Other effects: vomiting, severe colic, diarrhea, hemorrhage
* antidote: oral administration of Na2SO4 or MgSO4 followed by gastric lavage
Ba+1 + Na2SO4 BaSO4
Ba+1 + MgSO4 BaSO4
USES IN MEDICINE
* BaSO4 ENEMA – roentgenic for diagnostic x-ray procedures e.g BE (Barium Enema)
- the only official barium salt
10. CADMIUM
* very toxic
*”itai-itai” – “ouch-ouch” poisoning by cadmium
Drinking river water contaminated with Cadmium
s/sx:
a. Severe bone pain
b. Naddling gait
c. Severe osteomalacia / bone softening

SOURCES OF POISONING
a. Galvanized pipes
b. Cigarette smoke

11. LEAD
* “Plumbism” – lead poisoning Antidote – chelating agents
*s/sx : - excessive lerds of lead
* sources of lead poisoning
a. older paint – “pica”
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

b. toys painted with exterior leaded pigments

c. Automobile fumes – in the form of organic lead tetraethyl lead
d. improperly glazed earthenware vessels
HOW TOXIC IS LEAD?
* lead absorption
Migrate to
RBC’s & soft tissues (kidneys and liver)

Redistributed to:
a. bone
b. teeth
c. Hair
LEAD ENCEPHLOPATHY – most dreaded lead toxicity

12. MERCURY
* metallic Mercury - non-toxic
* Mercuric & Mercurous Ions – toxic
(Hg+1 & Hg+2)
* Mercury vapor – toxic

POSSIBLE SOURCES:
a. Industrial Waste
b. Organic Mercurial fungicides
“Minamata” disease – fish kill – Japan
* Mercury lamps, batteries & electrical appliances or industrial waste actually escaped into lakes & bags
bottom – Metal mercury is converted to dimethyl mercury by the axn of anaerobic bacteria. This now comes
in contract with microorganisms’ algae smaller fishes big fishes fish kill
“minamata”.
OTHER USES (Therapeutic)
1. Diuretic not used anymore
2. Antiseptic not used anymore – Merthiolate
3. Parasiticide
Rarely uses
4. Fungicide
13. NICKEL
* has no current medical use
* effects BP, Nephritis

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

14. BERRYLIUM
* once used in lamp manufacturing
15. STRONTIUM
* it can replace Ca in bone formation & hasten re-mineralization in disease like osteoporosis.
* Most effective in osteoporosis when it is combined with Vit. D, androgens & estrogens
* Strontium 90 – radioisotope
- half-life 28 years & emit radiation for 28 years
- diagnostic & therapeutic agents (Radiotheraphy)

C. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
After reading and understanding the course content, it is your turn to do some activities. You use the
given activity sheet provided. Make sure to give your answers completely and concisely. If questions need to be
answered in essay form, stick to the point.

1. For me to assure that you read your notes, read the learning contents 3x aloud. Make an AUDIO
RECORDING on your 3rd reading of the notes. Submit a clear and complete recording.

D. RESOURCES
The following materials are worthy references for you to understand the course better:

Remington (2013). Essential of Pharmaceutics edited by Linda Felton. UK: Pharmaceutical Press
Petrucci, Ralph H., et al. General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications. (8th ed.) Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2002. 1346p.

E. ASSESSMENT
This part will elaborate your understanding about the activity. Use Long bond paper for your output and
submission date is on Dec. 10, 2020.

I. MATCHING TYPE. Identify the essential/ non-essential element that corresponds to the
given characteristics in column A. (20 points)

A B
1. Can induce Diabetes Insipidus A. Barium
2. Can cause encephalopathy B. Molybdenum
3. Capsebon anti-dandruff shampoo C. Nickel
4. Radiopaque substance D. Fluoride
5. Most toxic E. Sulfur
6. Component of Fowler’s solution F. Lead
7. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis G. Antimony
8. Antiprotozoal agent H. Manganese
9. Anticariogenic I. Copper
10. Treatment for manic depressive disorder J. Selenium
11. Sexual depressant K. Arsenic
12. Treatment for Kwashiorkor L. Lithium
13. Stimulant in alopecia M. Aluminum
14. Ameliorating agent in hyperthyroidism N. Iron
15. Improves glucose tolerance factor O. Gold
16. Toxicity is similar to Parkinson’s disease P. Cadmium
17. In combination with iron as a hematinic Q. Bromide
18. Phytic acid will decrease its absorption R. Beryllium
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy
 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

19. An antidote for Phosphorus poisoning S. Chromium

20. Important in respiration and carrying oxygen T. Iodine
U. Magnesium
V. Zinc

Activity / Assessment Rubrics:

ELEMENTS EXAMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING POOR
REPORT 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
1. Language and The text is written The text is written Spelling, Errors in
construction with no errors in with little or no punctuation, and spelling,
grammar, editing required for grammar errors capitalization,
capitalization, grammar, impair readability punctuation,
punctuation, and punctuation, and usage and
spelling spelling. grammar need
major editing
2. Format Report is well Minor errors in Considerable Did not follow
prepared format errors in format the prescribed
format
3. Neatness Report is in an Report is in an Report is in a Report is
orderly packet orderly packet and packet with disorderly, with
and is incredibly is neat, with a few several smudges many smudges
neat, with no smudges
smudges

4. Completion All of the work is Most of the work is Some of the work Student did not
complete complete is complete turn in report

5. Time Management Report was Work was 1 day late Work was 2 days Work was 3 or
received on the late more days late
due date
TOTAL: 20 points

F. REFRENCES:
Chang, Raymond. General Chemistry, 11th Edition, McGraw Hill 2012.
Strohfeldt, K.A. Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry : For students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Medicinal Chemistry.2015.

AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy

 PINES CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600
Tel. No. (074) 445-2210 Loc. 51 Fax : (074) 445-2208
www.pcc.edu.ph

Name: Score:
Course No: PHCHEM 101 Lecture
Section/Schedule:

Modular Learning Output #9

ESSENTIAL, NON-ESSENTIAL AND TRACE IONS

Date/Time of Submission: December 10, 2020 (not later than 6:00 pm)

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

1. For me to assure that you read your notes, read the learning contents 3x aloud. Make an AUDIO
RECORDING on your 3rd reading of the notes. Submit a clear and complete recording.

ASSESSMENT:
(QUIZ 2 FE)
I. MATCHING TYPE. Identify the essential/ non-essential element that corresponds to the
given characteristics in column A. (20 points)

A B
1. Can induce Diabetes Insipidus A. Barium
2. Can cause encephalopathy B. Molybdenum
3. Capsebon anti-dandruff shampoo C. Nickel
4. Radiopaque substance D. Fluoride
5. Most toxic E. Sulfur
6. Component of Fowler’s solution F. Lead
7. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis G. Antimony
8. Antiprotozoal agent H. Manganese
9. Anticariogenic I. Copper
10. Treatment for manic depressive disorder J. Selenium
11. Sexual depressant K. Arsenic
12. Treatment for Kwashiorkor L. Lithium
13. Stimulant in alopecia M. Aluminum
14. Ameliorating agent in hyperthyroidism N. Iron
15. Improves glucose tolerance factor O. Gold
16. Toxicity is similar to Parkinson’s disease P. Cadmium
17. In combination with iron as a hematinic Q. Bromide
18. Phytic acid will decrease its absorption R. Beryllium
19. An antidote for Phosphorus poisoning S. Chromium
20. Important in respiration and carrying oxygen T. Iodine
U. Magnesium
V. Zinc

1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.
AY 2020-2021 PH CHEM 1O1 By Michelle T. Onoza, RPh, MS Pharmacy