1 Introduction

A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the
obstacle. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to
different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of
the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the
funds available to build it.

Bridge surveying is necessary to locate a site, obtain information for design, and furnish lines and
grades for construction. A reconnaissance survey is made at all possible sites. A preliminary survey is
made at the best site to establish horizontal and vertical control and to obtain information for the
bridge design and construction planning. A location survey is made to lay out the bridge according to
the bridge plans. During the actual construction, the surveyor establishes any additional lines and
grades required by the construction foreman.

The accuracy of measurements and the number and type of survey markers vary with the degree of
precision demanded and the type of construction. Variations may range from hand-level and sketch
board work for a tactical bridge to precise measurements for a prefabricated steel bridge.
1.1 Objective

 Bridge surveying is necessary to locate a site, obtain information for design, and furnish lines
and grades for construction.
 A reconnaissance survey is made at all possible sites.
 A preliminary survey is made at the best site to establish horizontal and vertical control and
to obtain information for the bridge design and construction planning.
 A location survey is made to lay out the bridge according to the bridge plans.
 During the actual construction, the surveyor established any additional lines and grades
required by the construction foreman.
 The accuracy of measurements and the number and type of survey markers vary with the
degree of precision demanded and the type of construction.

1.2 Terms

Afflux: A rise in water level behind the bridge structures due to obstruction to flow.

Bridge: A structure that spans a body of water, a valley, or a road and affords passage for
pedestrians, or vehicles of all kinds, or any combination thereof.

Design Discharge: That maximum discharge which the structure allows to pass through it with
fully serving its function.

Design Life: Period of time after construction throughout which the structure fulfills its function
for which it is constructed.

Footpaths: A portion of the bridge deck intended for the movement of pedestrian traffic which is
usually separated from vehicular movement by raising or by safety curb.

Free board: A vertical clearance of the lowest point of superstructure from the highest flood
level.

HFL: Level of the highest flood ever recorded or the calculated level for the highest possible
flood of specified return period.

Curb: The edge of a sidewalk next to the main roadway. The wheel-guard in a bridge.

Permanent Bridge: A bridge intended to provide a reliable passage of vehicles across a river or
any obstacles without interruption throughout its design life in contrary to Temporary Bridges
such as submergible causeways, ferries etc.

Return period: Also known as a recurrence interval is an estimate of the interval of time
between flood or river discharge flow of a design intensity or size.

Raised Curb: A curb that is raised above the level of the carriageway.

Safety Curb: A curb that separates vehicular movement from pedestrian movement with a
barrier.

Temporary Bridge: A bridge constructed to provide passage of vehicles either for relatively a
short period of a few years or few months or low level structures like submergible/vented
causeways or pontoons functioning during the period of low discharge only
2 methodology
2.1 instrument used :
The following instruments are used

S.N Particulars Quantity

1 Total station 1
2 Tripod 1
3 Reflector with tripod 2
4 Darzi tape 1
Table 1 Instruments used

2.2 specification used:

S.N Particulars Specifications

1 Observation Whole day, (9:30 a.m -

5:30 p.m)
2 Detail observed 50m left and right from
center of river
3 Downstream from main bridge axis 200m
4 Upstream from main bridge axis 300m
5 Measurements units Angle Grade
Distance Meter
6 Control point densification Offset method
7 Working days 1 day
8 Data processing 1 day
9 Contour interval 1m
Table 2 Specifications The following specifications were considered during the whole survey.

2.3 Area of the project:

 Zone : Bagmati
 District: Kavrepalanchowk
 Municipality: Dhulikhel
 Ward No: 07

Location map
Procedure

planning and recconaissance

identifying the main axis and

alternative axis

Control points establishment and

Collection of topographical data

Data download and processing

Output as graphs of cross -

sections and profile sections