Final Note Thesis (ET161013) PDF

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
OF HYBRID SYSTEM IN KISMAYO, SOMALIA.
by
Abdikarin Osman Abdi
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY CHITTAGONG
DECEMBER 2020
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF HYBRID SYSTEM IN KISMAYO,
SOMALIA.
by
THIS IS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
International Islamic University Chittagong

RECOMMENDATION
This is certify that Abdikarin Osman Abdi, bearing Matric ID. ET-161013, student of
International Islamic University Chittagong under Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, had carried out the thesis entitled as “Feasibility Analysis and economic impact
assessment of Hybrid system in Kismayo, Somalia.” Successfully under my supervision and
guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the project has not been submitted
to any other University/Institute for the award of my degree or Diploma.
Supervisor
Engr. Khandakar Abdulla Almamun
Assistant Professor,
International Islamic University Chittagong.
i
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that the thesis titled “Feasibility Analysis and economic impact assessment
of Hybrid system in Kismayo, Somalia.” submitted to the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of International Islamic University Chittagong is my independent effort,
which was granted by my honorable supervisor. I made sure that my thesis was not submitted
before in this department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of International Islamic
University Chittagong.
____________________________
ABDIKARIN OSMAN ABDI
(ET-161013)
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I express our sincere gratitude to the Almighty as I have successfully completed my
thesis with his grace. I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Engr. Khandakar Abdulla Al
Mamun, Ass. Professor, EEE, IIUC for all this study work and report preparation. Without his
support, it was almost impossible to continue study work. He was very encouraging and
affectionate to bear the errors I had made in the thesis, and he always helped us to correct our
wrong path. It was only the constant encouragement provided by him that made it possible for me
to complete this devoted mission.
I would like to thank my parents and my siblings who gave inspirations all the time for completing
the thesis.
Author
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ABSTRACT
Political and socio-economic problems in Somalia have resulted in a lack of scaled and integrated
power networks resulting from power shortages and transmission power losses. The fluctuating
cost of Diesel, which is struggling to step away from recovery from post-conflict to relatively rapid
economic growth. The majority population's dependency on biomass to meet their urban and rural
energy needs has drained the forest and used crop residues, but the use of biomass has recently
decreased in urban cities. This study addresses the Feasibility of Solar Photovoltaic / Wind Turbine
/ Generators based on the Hybrid Microgrid Power System to the Kismayo Somalia Urban Centre.
This analysis was carried out to demonstrate the supply of electricity to small residential loads and
to reduce energy costs. In addition, a comparative analysis was performed with the renewable
resource-based micro-grid hybrid energy system compared to the existing diesel-only micro-grid,
and thus, in this case study, the best cost-effective approach is to be found using various renewable
energy sources. The solar and wind potentials of National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) Surface Meteorology have been measured. HOMER Energy is used for the optimization
and sensitivity analysis of the hybrid system.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………………..i
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………........ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………iii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………..v
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………..ix
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background……………………………………………….....................................................1
1.2 Motivation……………………………………………….......................................................2
1.3 Objectives………………………………………………........................................................2
1.4 Methodology………………………………………………...................................................3
1.5 Outline of the report………………………………………………........................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………….....................................................5
2.2 Overview of current Renewable Energy in Somalia………………………………………...5
2.3 Challenge of Energy in Somalia……………………………………………………………..7
2.4 Hybrid Power System………………………………………………......................................8
2.5 Solar Power System……………………………………………….........................................8
2.5.1 Solar PV System from Cell to Array……………………………………………………....9
2.5.2 Solar Cell………………………………………………………………………………….10
2.5.3 Thin Film Solar Cell……………………………………………………………………....11
2.5.4 Thin Film Solar Panel……………………………………………………………………..11
2.5.4.1 Advantages……………………………………………………………………………....11
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2.5.4.2 Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………….....12
2.5.4.3 Applications…………………………………………………………………………....12
2.5.5 Solar PV module………………………………………………………………………....12
2.5.5.1 Polycrystalline Solar Panels…………………………………………………………....12
2.5.5.1.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………………………...12
2.5.5.1.2 Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………......13
2.5.5.2 Monocrystalline Solar Panel…………………………………………………………...13
2.5.5.2.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………………………...13
2.5.5.2.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………..13
2.5.5.3 Comparison The difference b/w Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline solar panels…..14
2.6 Photovoltaic Array…………………………………………………………………………14
2.6.1 Advantages……………………………………………………………………………….14
2.7 Solar PV Panels………………………………………………………………………….....15
2.8 Performance of Photovoltaic Panels……………………………………………………….15
2.9 Wind Power System………………………………………………………………………..15
2.9.1 Wind Turbine System Design……………………………………………………………16
2.9.2 Wind Turbine Speed and Direction……………………………………………………...17
2.9.3 Wind Turbine…………………………………………………………………………….18
2.9.3.1 Advantage of Wind Turbine…………………………………………………………...18
2.9.3.2 Disadvantage of Wind Turbine………………………………………………………...19
2.9.4 Types of a Wind Turbine………………………………………………………………...19
2.9.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)………………………………………………19
2.9.4.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)…………………………………………………20
2.9.4.2.1 Darious Wind Turbine……………………………………………………………….20
2.9.4.2.2 Savonious Wind Turbine…………………………………………………………….20
2.10 Solar Inverter…………………………………………………………………………......21
2.10.1 Stand-Alone Inverter……………………………………………………………………21
2.10.2 Grid-Tie Inverter………………………………………………………………………..21
2.10.3 Battery Backup Inverter………………………………………………………………...22
2.11 Solar PV batteries………………………………………………………………………...22
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2.11.1 Lead Acid Batteries……………………………………………………………………...22
2.11.2 Gelled Batteries………………………………………………………………………….22
CHAPTER 3: MODELLING AND SIMULATION
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………23
3.2: Modeling of hybrid renewable energy system……………………………………………..23
3.2.1: block diagram of hybrid renewable energy system………………………………………24
3.3 Load Profile…………………………………………………………………………………24
3.4: Solar Energy Resources in Kismayo……………………………………………………….25
3.5 Temperature data in Kismayo………………………………………………………………27
3.6: Wind Energy Resources in Kismayo……………………………………………………….28
3.7: Simulation software by using Homer energy………………………………………………29
3.8: Technical Parameter………………………………………………………………………..30
3.8.1: Technical Parameter for Solar Photovoltaic (PV)………………………………………..30
3.8.2: Technical Parameter for Wind Turbine…………………………………………………..30
3.8.3: Technical parameters for Diesel Generators……………………………………………..31
3.9: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….32
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
4.1 Case studies of a hybrid system…………………………………………………………….33

4.2 Case-1 (PV-Wind-Generator hybrid power system)………………………………………..33
4.2.1 Electrical production……………………………………………………………………...34
4.2.2 Total electricity production by PV, Wind and Diesel Generator………………………....34
4.2.3 Capacity shortage………………………………………………………………………....35
4.2.4 Cash Flow………………………………………………………………………………....35
4.2.5 Cost summary……………………………………………………………………………..36
4.2.6 Cost of the energy of this system design model…………………………………………..37
4.3 Case-2 (Solar-Diesel Generator hybrid Micro-grid power system)…………………….......38
4.3.1 Electrical Production……………………………………………………………………...39
4.3.2 Total electricity production by PV and Diesel Generator…………………………………39
4.3.3 Capacity Shortage………………………………………………………………………....39
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4.3.4 Cash flow…………………………………………………………………………………40
4.3.5 Cost Summary………………………………………………………………………….....41
4.3.6 Cost of an energy of this system………………………………………………………….42
4.4 Case-3 (Wind and Diesel Generator hybrid power system)……………………………......43
4.4.2 Total electricity production by Wind and Diesel generator……………………………....44
4.4.3 Capacity shortage………………………………………………………………………....44
4.4.4 Cost Summary…………………………………………………………………………….45
4.4.5 Cash flow…………………………………………………………………………………46
4.4.6 Cost of an energy of this system………………………………………………………….46
4.5 Case-4 (Diesel Generators)…………………………………………………………………47
4.5.2 Total electricity production by Diesel generators………………………………………...48
4.5.3 Capacity Shortage………………………………………………………………………...48
4.5.4 Cost summary…………………………………………………………………………….49
4.5.5 Cash flow…………………………………………………………………………………50
4.5.6 Cost of the energy of this system design model………………………………………….50
4.6 Result Analysis…………………………………………………………………………......51
4.6.1 Summary of case studies……………………………………………………………….....51
4.6.2 Comparison of Electricity Production Generation for Four Cases…………………….....52
4.7.3 Summary of Result……………………………………………………………………….53
CHAPTER 5: CONCULUTION
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….54
5.2 Limitations………………………………………………………………………………….54
5.3 Future Work Scopes………………………………………………………………………...55
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….56
APPENDIX (A)………………………………………………………………….58
APPENDIX (B)………………………………………………………………….59
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of solar power system……………………………………………...9

Figure 2.2: Diagram of solar cell, Module, Panel and Array…………………………………...9
Figure 2.3: Monocrystalline solar PV Module………………………………………………...13
Figure 2.4: an Array of Wind Turbine…………………………………………………………16
Figure 2.5: Construction of(HAWT) and (VAWT)……………………………………………17
Figure 2.6: Horizontal Axis of a Wind Turbine………………………………………………...20
Figure 3.1: Schematic block diagram of a hybrid PV-Wind-Diesel generator energy system…24
Figure 3.2: Solar Radiation Data Throughout the year…………………………………………26
Figure 3.3: Variation of Average wind speed at Kismayo throughout the year………………..28
Figure 3.4: Simulation by using Homer software………………………………………………28
Figure 4.1: Hybrid renewable model by using Generator, wind and solar……………………..33
Figure 4.2: Electrical production from Homer…………………………………………………34
Figure 4.3 (a): cash flow from Homer………………………………………………………….35
Figure 4.3 (b): cash flow from Homer………………………………………………………….36
Figure 4.4: cost summary from Homer…………………………………………………………36
Figure 4.5: Simulation result PV, Wind and Generator hybrid system………………………....38
Figure 4.6: Schematic figure from Homer……………………………………………………...38
Figure 4.7: Electrical production from Homer………………………………………………….39
Figure 4.8 (a): Cash flow in 25 years from Homer……………………………………………..40
Figure 4.8 (b): Cash flow in 25 years from Homer……………………………………………..40
Figure 4.9: Cost Summary………………………………………………………………………41
Figure 4.10: simulation result of Solar-Diesel Generator hybrid micro-grid system…………...42
Figure 4.11: Hybrid Renewable Model by using Wind & DG hybrid system………………….43
Figure 4.12: The electrical production from Homer software…………………………………..44
Figure 4.13: Cost Summary……………………………………………………………………..45
Figure 4.14 (a): cash flow in 25 years from Homer……………………………………………..46
Figure 4.14 (b): cash flow in 25 years from Homer……………………………………………..46
Figure 4.15: Simulation result of Wind and Diesel Generator hybrid system…………………..47
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Figure 4.16: Diesel Generators………………………………………………………………......47
Figure 4.17: Monthly average output of electrical generators…………………………………...48
Figure 4.18: The cost summary from Homer…………………………………………………….49
Figure 4.19: Cash flow in 25 years………………………………………………………………50
Figure 4.20: Simulation result of Diesel generators micro-grid…………………………………51
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Some Renewable Energy Projects in Somalia……………………………………......7

Table 2.2: Comparison between Polycrystalline & Monocrystalline…………………………..14
Table 3.1: Electrical consumption of popular electronic consumer products in a typical house in
the Kismayo City Center………………………………………………………………………..25
Table 3.2: Solar resources in Kismayo…………………………………………………………26
Table 3.3: Monthly Average wind speed data in Kismayo…………………………………......27
Table 3.4: Homer software input data for Solar PV panel cost assumption……………………29
Table 3.5: Technical Parameter used HOMER software……………………………………….29
Table 3.6: Homer software input data for Wind turbine cost assumption……………………...30
Table 3.7: Technical Parameter used HOMER software……………………………………….30
Table 3.8: Technical parameter used for Homer Software regarding diesel generators………..30
Table 3.9: Homer software input data for Diesel generator cost assumption…………………..31
Table 4.1: The sum of the annual contribution of electricity generation…………………….....34
Table 4.2: Amount of Unserved Load…………………………………………………………..35
Table 4.3: Total Cost Summary………………………………………………………………....37
Table 4.4: Annual contribution of the sum of electricity generated…………………………….39
Table 4.5: Amount of Unserved Load………………………………………………………......40
Table 4.6: Total Cost Summary………………………………………………………………....41
Table 4.7: Annual Contribution the amount of electricity production……………………….....44
Table 4.8: Amount of Unserved Load………………………………………………………......44
Table 4.9: Total Cost Summary……………………………………………………………........45
Table 4.10: Total electrical production by diesel generators …………………..……………….48
Table 4.11: Capacity shortage…...……………………………………………………………....49
Table 4.12: Total Cost Summary………………………………………………………………..50
Table 4.13 Summary of a Four Cases……………………………………………………….......52
Table 4.14: Comparison of a five cases the electrical production……………………………....52
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Renewable energy interest is upward everywhere but not as strong as in the developing world. The
introduction of new technology allows both isolated and urban communities to increase their
quality of life in the absence of reliable energy systems or shortage of energy. Communities
increasingly need to invest in wind and solar-powered off-grid renewable energy products.
Kismayo Situated 528 km Southwest of Mogadishu near the mouth of the Jubba River and has
population around 250,000. Kismayo is the third largest city in Somalia and the capital city of
Lower Jubba region. The port city is the commercial hub of Jubbaland state and southern parts of
the country and has a strategic significance, being halfway between Mogadishu and the Kenyan
border. It acts as a commercial center for products from the pastoral, fishery and agriculturally rich
hinterland. Jubbaland is the name coined by the British to describe the land between the Juba River
and the Tana River in northern Kenya. It is a newly created region in southern Somalia and consists
of Gedo, Middle Juba and Lower Juba. Its eastern border lies 40–60 km east of the Jubba River,
stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province
in Kenya [1].
For Kismayo the monthly average daily global solar radiation ranges from 5.214 to 6.550 kWh /
m2 / day and the average monthly wind speed varies from 4.050 to 6.780 m / s. Most of the people
living in rural and peri-urban areas do not have access to Electricity, those with urban access pay
some of the highest tariffs in the World for small and often inefficient (from $0.80 to $1.50 per
kilowatt hour) [2].
This section of the study will explore how to build residential houses in the off-grid urban city of
Kismayo in the hybrid micropower network using HOMER Technology research to optimize the
combination of different renewables, various forms of hybrid systems and techno-economic
methods. In addition to, the leading case of study have is compare the four cases, first case: of
generator stand alone and Second Case: Solar –Wind turbine and Diesel generator and the third
case: Diesel Generator with solar, The Fourth Case is Diesel Generator and Wind Turbine, and the
components that we shall use in a HRESs are with battery storage and inverter to evaluate which
1
proper case has more requirements and less economically and reliable sustain with meet the require
demand daily load.
1.2 Motivation
Kismayo is a largest city of Jubbaland Somalia, and it also serves as Jubbaland State commercial
capital. It separates an economic hub for the southern part of the country and one of the country's
largest seaports and one airport. The city can also support farming in the fertile juba valley, and
offshore fishing in the Indian Ocean. Kismayo is the 15 m above sea level which is situated in
Somalia's southern region and is about 528 km away from capital city Mogadishu. Kismayo is the
high level that mangroves reflect the beauty of nature and green. Every year, more ships entered
the port for trade and the population lives in Kismayo which is also dependent on agriculture and
livestock that each year receive high investment to send the animals to the Gulf countries. That
people come from various places they need to get a cheap price for electricity but there is no
competitive market there. Electricity is scarce, because they are using fossil fuels.
To minimize or fix this, we need to encourage a sustainable market for people by using the
advantages of the existence of renewable energy, so our atmosphere or the amount of emissions
will decrease. There will be no pollution when we use renewable energy but the fossil fuels or
diesel generators they produce will become a massive amount of pollutants or carbon dioxide.
1.3 Objectives
The overall objective of this study is Feasibility analysis and economic impact assessment of
Hybrid System in Kismayo, Somalia.
The objective can be segregate as:
1. To study about different types renewable sources.
2. To select a site for hybrid systems.
3. To design different hybrid system for the site.
4. To simulate and analysis the different hybrid system.
2
1.4 Methodology
1. Study Area selection in Kismayo Somalia: it is the largest city in Somalia's state of Jubbaland
and the population needs to get a cheap price of electricity by using the surrounding natural
resources e.g. Sources of Solar and Wind, etc.
2. Access PV, Wind Turbine and Diesel Generator Potentials: After selecting the location, we
need to know the potential of a source or how many kW to take like Solar, Wind and Diesel
Generator.
3. Data collection and estimation: We will obtain data from HOMER Pro3.11.6 software.
4. Component selection: We choose different components of a Renewable Energy Sources e.g.

Solar, wind, and non-renewable sources too, for example Diesel Generator.
5. Specify the Technical Parameters: The Specification also refers to the condition that a
material, design, product or service is fulfilled, e.g. input data that is Lifetime, Minimum Load,
Fuel Price, Power Rating, Purchase Cost, Replacement Cost, Operational Management, etc.
6. Data Simulation Using HOMER: The key thing is to get the result or measure when we've
given it the input and we'll see two boxes that are Sensitivity and Optimization.
7. Create four different cases of HRESs: We will take four different cases and they will have
different components.
8. Find the Optimal HRES in terms of COE: We will take the COE or Cost of Energy after
building the different cases by listing the four cases.
9. Data Validation by Comparing: Our research reveals that we are going to compare energy
prices and our main objective is to take the cheapest price below $0.5.
1.5 Outline of the report

To achieve the objectives this software of HOMER is used to analyze to discover the best design
of HRES for a Kismayo. In this thesis are divided into seven chapters. Where it consists:
3
Chapter 1: Is an over view of the research project, the problem statement, Objectives, and also
scope of research project are defined. The research project that will be done are based on the case
study.
Chapter 2: Represents about the literature review and the basic studies of the modeling
components.
Chapter 3: Discussed technical input parameters and the various renewable energy sources analysis
and modeling specifications.
Chapter 4: Discussed on the different case study of designed power system.
Chapter 5: This is discussed summary result analysis and I make a strong proof statement about
our proposed power system so the potential of solar PV and wind energy are explored in Kismayo.
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Hybrid system improves load factors and saves maintenance and replacement costs as the
renewable source component complements each other[3], optimizing the combination of a
different renewable hybrid system model using a techno-economic analysis approach that is the
most commonly used hybrid system optimization technique.
Connection to a reasonable, secure supply of electricity for people's quality of life, both in the short
and long term. Electricity is contributing to income and employment in developing countries. It
increases household productivity and potentially generates profits, thus helping to break the cycle
of poverty. The choice of the necessary electrification technology is dictated by cost-effectiveness
and environmental impact — one way to ensure that access to clean energy for rural and remote
areas is to a large degree part of the electricity grid and includes it in various types of renewable
energy. The use of energy resources by combining solar and wind energy conversion systems is
also important in terms of meeting the need for community loads, the combined systems called the
hybrid energy system (HES).
2.2 Over view of Current Renewable Energy in Somalia

Nowadays, as we all know, every country in the world is trying to get energy based on future
renewable energies to minimize the amount of carbon emissions or to periodically increase the
earth. So they're still trying to get power in my country by using renewable energy, such as solar
and wind.
What is relevant about the Abundance of Renewable Energy in Somalia is to inspire people to use
energy sources. Somalia is particularly well equipped with energy sources for solar and wind
turbines. According to an analysis by Mukasa and colleagues from the African Development Bank
(AFDB) Community, the country has the highest potential for offshore wind power in any African
region. [2] A recent World Bank paper argues that the ability of offshore and offshore wind power
in Somalia, along with tidal and wave power on the Somali coast, could generate more power over
the long term than Ethiopia's hydropower production. Solar energy is also a viable option across
the world. Somalia has an average of between 2,900 and 3,100 sunshine hours a year. [4] One of
5
the highest levels of total solar radiation on a normal basis in the world [5]. The average annual
solar radiation for Kismayo is 6.00 kWh / m2 / day and the average annual temperature in the
country is 27 ° C at an acceptable temperature to allow a decent operating life of the solar PV
systems.
So the growth in renewable energy or wind and solar energy is not only plentiful in Somalia, but
is also becoming more financially lucrative, which means that I can't pay any money because we've
had solar energy sources. However, the cost of renewable energy has plunged in the last few years.
Technology advances. Owing to a number of factors, including technical efficiency improvements
and decreasing funding costs due to reduced risk perceptions, prices for PV modules decreased by
more than half between 2008 and 2011 and future demand estimates are optimistic given the
potential for more technological developments. Globally, for certain microgrid options, the leveled
cost of diesel energy became equal to the leveled cost of solar PV in 2011. Global prices of wind
turbines have also declined since the height of 2008. The fall in the cost of imports of renewable
energy in Somalia has followed the global trend. [6]
Information on current renewable energy projects is more readily available in Somalia than
elsewhere in the world. A survey conducted by the Adventist Development and Relief Agency
(ADRA) in the area found that of the 133 facilities sampled, the majority of the programs were
planned for households (59 %) followed by institutions such as NGOs, health centers, hospitals
and schools (29 %) and companies (12 %)[7].
Table 2.1 shows a snapshot of the development of 5 kW in renewable installations and above that
made in the Somalia. With these projects, awareness of renewable energy options is growing,
creating greater demand for green goods.
6
Table 2.1 Some Renewable Energy Projects in Somalia
Examples of Renewable Energy Projects in Somalia

Project Onsite Organization Energy KW
Darusalam hybrid system BECO Solar 2500
Dollow Solar Water pump SOLARGEN Solar 6
Borama Wind Turbine Aloog Energy Wind 900
Luuq Solar Water pump SOLARGEN Solar 5
Las Anod Solar Farm Golis Energy/ LASCO Solar 250
Qardho Hospital SECCCO Solar 18
Burao Wind Turbine Beder Power Wind 450
Erigavo Wind Turbines EPCO Wind 450
Macow BECO Solar 5000
Berbera Regional Hospital Golis Energy Solar 60
Garowe Wind Turbins NECSOM Wind 750
Dilla solar water pump Golis Energy Solar 5
Oog Wind Farm Beder Power/Golis Energy Wind 60
Zeila solar water pump Golis Energy Solar 5
2.3 Challenges of Energy in Somalia

The National Development Plan ( NDP) identifies the vulnerabilities set out below, as well as the
main hurdles that are critical to the overall growth strategies that need to be properly addressed in
order to improve the situation, including:
1. Small capacity for production of electricity
2. Financial constraints
3. Inadequate method of billing
4. Large default payment
5. High Oil (Diesel) prices
6. High unit production cost
7
7. Lack of efficient grid
2.4 Hybrid power system
Hybrid power systems are designed for the generation and use of electrical power. They are
independent of a broad, centralized electricity grid and have more than one source of power supply.
They can range in size from a relatively large island grid of several megawatts to a single
household power supply of around one kilowatt. Hybrid power systems that generate fixed-
frequency alternating current are emerging technologies for the supply of electricity in remote
locations. They may use the flexibility of converting AC power to higher voltages to minimize
power loss when transmitting power over relatively long distances. Insulated AC systems shall
include at least the following: conventional AC diesel generators, an electrical distribution system
and distributed AC loads. Additional energy sources, such as renewables (wind turbines,
photovoltaic panels) and storage, can also be used in the hybrid system. Note that storage is both
a source and a load. [8] Hybrid systems, as the name implies, combine two or more forms of
electricity generation, usually using renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and
wind turbines. Hybrid systems provide a high level of energy efficiency through a combination of
generation methods and often provide a storage unit (battery, fuel cell) or a small fossil fuel
generator to ensure maximum reliability and protection of supply. [9].
In general, a hybrid system can include AC diesel generators, DC diesel generators, an AC

distribution system, a DC distribution system, loads, renewable energy sources (wind turbines or
photovoltaic sources), energy storage, power converters, rotary converters, coupled diesel systems,
dump loads, load management options or a supervisory control system. Hybrid systems can also
include biomass or hydroelectric generators. [8, 9]
2.5 Solar power system

Solar power is the use of solar energy either directly as thermal energy or by using photovoltaic
cells in solar panels and transparent photovoltaic glass to generate electricity. In 1839, Alexandre
Edmond Becquerel (pictured on the right) discovered that materials produced small quantities of
electrical current when exposed to light. William Grylls Adams, who, along with his student,
Richard Evans Day, discovered in 1876 that a solid element, selenium, created electricity when
exposed to light. Photovoltaic selenium cells have converted light to electricity at an efficiency of
1 to 2 per cent [10]. In Figure 2.1, the solar power system shows how electricity is produced using
8
Photovoltaic, or PV for short, is the term that describes the conversion of sunlight into electricity:
photo, meaning of light, and voltaic meaning of generation of voltage. However, it took more than
100 years for the concept of electricity from sunlight to become more than just a demonstration.
Fig 2.1: Block diagram of solar power system [10]
2.5.1 Solar PV system from cell to array

Figure 2.2 displays the solar PV system from the cell beginning of the solar panel to the array or
panel.
Fig 2.2: Diagram of solar cell, module, panel and array [10]
Solar Cell: We may describe a semiconductor system that converts direct sunlight into electricity.
9
Module: A module is also called PV panels, PV modules consist of PV cell circuits enclosed in
an environmentally friendly laminate and are the basic building blocks of PV systems.
Panels: The PV panels contain one or more PV modules installed as pre-wired, field-installable
units.
Array: The PV array is a full power-generating unit, consisting of any number of photovoltaic
modules and panels.
2.5.2 Solar cell

A solar cell that we can define is an electrical device that converts the energy of light into electricity
by photovoltaic effect, or a device that converts solar radiation into electrical energy by
photovoltaic effect, the effect of PV is to drive from a p-n junction into a semiconductor material
for absorption of light energy (Sun). The vast majority of solar cells are made of silicone with
increasing efficiency and lowering costs as the materials range from amorphous (monocrystalline)
to polycrystalline to crystalline (single crystal) forms of silicone. Unlike batteries or fuel cells,
solar cells do not use chemical reactions or require fuel to produce electrical energy and, unlike
electrical generators, do not have moving parts. Photovoltaic (PV) cells, or solar cells, turn sunlight
directly into electricity. PV cells are thin disks made up of chemical elements such as silicon.
When tiny elements in sunlight called photons hit the chemical elements in the solar cells, they
create electrical currents. When a group of PV cells is attached together, it is called a solar module
or a stand.
The solar array consists of two or more panels which are wired together. A single PV cell can act
a bit like a calculator. Several panels can generate electricity for a variety of items, such as homes,
schools, and even space satellites.
The global formula for estimating the electricity produced by the photovoltaic system is as follows:
E=A x r x H x PR ------------------------------------- 2.1
E= Energy (kWh)
A=total solar panel area (m2)
R = Solar panel yield of efficiency (%)
H=Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels
PR=Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (between 0.5 and 0.9, default=0.75)
10
Metallic contacts are made to both sides of the semiconductor.
2.5.3 Thin-film solar cell

One or more thin layers of photovoltaic material on a substrate are the basic gist of how thin-film
solar cells are made, also known as thin-film photovoltaic cells (TFPVs). Various types of thin-
film solar cells from which photovoltaic material is deposited may be listed.
 Cadmium telluride (Cdte)

 Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
 Copper indium gallium selenide
 Gallium arsenide
 Organic Photovoltaic cells (OPC)
Depending on the technology, the thin film module prototype has achieved efficiencies of between
7 and 13 % and the production modules run at about 9 %. Future Module Efficiencies are expected
to grow close to 10-16%. [11] The demand for thin film PV thus increased by 60% annually from
2002 to 2007. In 2011, equal to 5% of the U.S. The shipments of photovoltaic modules to the
residential sector were focused on thin film [12]. Thin film solar cells have the potential to
revolutionize how solar power is obtained across the globe. Lightweight, flexible and semi-
transparent, they can be used in photovoltaic construction, as glazing painted on windows or as
rigid solar panels on photovoltaic power stations. Given enough time, one day, phosphorene solar
cells could replace silicon as the preferred semiconductor for thin-film solar cells. [13].
2.5.4 Thin-Film solar Panel

A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin
layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal.
2.5.4.1 Advantages
1. Simple to use
2. Flexibler than traditional solar cells
3. Accessible in thin wafer sheets
4. Cheaper than with conventional panels
11
2.5.4.2 Disadvantages
1. Less efficiency (20 to 30% of light converted into electricity)
2. Complex structure
3. Have to be very vigilant about handling
4. It cannot be used for astronomical instruments
2.5.4.3 Application
1. Electronic powering circuits
2. Home lighting applications
3. Usage in solar field
2.5.5 Solar PV module

A PV module consisting of multiple PV cells wired in parallel to increase current and in series to
achieve higher voltage, 36 cell modules are the industry standard for large-scale power generation.
The needed useful performance could not be afforded by a single solar cell. In reality, a single
solar PV cell produces a very small amount of about 0.1 watts to 2 watts. It is not practical,
however, to use such a low power unit as the building block of a computer. The required number
of such cells is then combined to form a commercially available solar unit known as the Solar
Module or the PV Module.
2.5.5.1 Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Polycrystalline silicone is a pure form of silicone. This is produced by a process known as the
Siemens process. The transparency of the silicone depends on the composition of the molecules.
The more they are related, the purer they are, and the more they can turn the sunlight into energy.
The way in which the purity of silicon is improved is expensive and thus solar panels made of
polycrystalline solar panels, thin film solar panels are cheaper than polycrystalline solar panels,
but not as costly as monocrystalline ones.
2.5.5.1.1 Advantages
i. Compared to monocrystalline silicon solar cells, the method of making polycrystalline solar
cells is easier and cheaper, which means that solar panels are cheaper.
ii. There is less waste during the manufacturing process.
iii. You need less surface area for the installation of solar panels as its purity increases its
performance.
12
2.5.5.1.2 Disadvantages
i. They are less efficient than monocrystalline solar panels.
ii. You need to make sure that there is nothing that will block sunrays as 20 % of the shade
across the panels could lead to a 50 % drop in performance.
iii. Polycrystalline solar panels are not as heat resistant as monocrystalline solar panels. This
means that in high temperatures they are less effective than monocrystalline and tend to have a
shorter life span.
2.5.5.2 Monocrystalline Solar panel

Figure 2.3 Monocrystalline Solar panels are constructed from single crystal wafer cells. This
requires a smaller surface area, which is ideal if you have limited space. [14]. The most effective
average is about 10% to 12%.
Fig 2.3: Mono crystalline solar PV module [14]
2.5.5.2.1 Advantages of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

 Longevity of life
 Efficiency
 Lower Installation Costs
 Power embodied
 Other Environmental Concerns
 Greater Heat Resistance
 More Electricity
 Bankability
2.5.5.2.2 Disadvantages of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

 Initial Cost
13
 Fragile
2.5.5.3 Comparison The difference between Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline solar panels
In Table 2.2 shows the comparison between Polycrystalline & Monocrystalline in terms of cost,
efficiency, Aesthetics, longevity and manufactures.
Table 2.2 Comparison between Polycrystalline & Monocrystalline
Items Monocrystalline Polycrystalline

Cost More Expensive Less Expensive
Efficiency More Efficient Less Efficient
Aesthetics Solar Cells are a black hue Solar Cells have a blue-ish hue
Longevity 25+ years 25+ years
Canadian Solar Hanwha
Sun Power Kyosera
Major LG Hyundai
Manufactures Hyundai Solar world
Solar World Trina
2.6 Photovoltaic Array

A photovoltaic array is a power-generating unit consisting of a variety of modules and panels.
Photovoltaic cells, modules, panels, rack. The set can be small as a single pair of modules or large
enough covered acres. 12 Volt battery charge system module processing up to around 2,000 watts
hours should be great at 12 volts, with more than 7,000 watt-hours required to work at 48 volts.
2.6.1 Advantages
i. No use of fuel or water
ii. Needs minimum maintenance and low operating costs.
iii. Long lifetime, up to 30 years
iv. No limits on harvesting to the degree that there is light
v. Environmental friendly and pollution-free (free of emissions)
14
2.7 Solar PV panels
Solar panels have solar photovoltaic modules — also known as solar PV panels — with a broad
range of sizes, types and outputs. Solar PV panels convert sunlight to direct current (DC) electricity
for use in homes, businesses and anywhere electricity is needed and PV panels have one more PV
modules to be installed as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. Modular design pf PV panels enables
the device to evolve as needs change.
Modules of various manufacturers can be intermingled without any problems, as long as all
modules have the corresponding voltage output within the 1.0-Voltage range. Solar panels listed
on amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide are currently the
only Thin-film technologies commercially available on the market.
2.8 Performance of Photovoltaic module

The performance of the PV modules and arrays is typically measured on the basis of their max DC
output (watts) the laboratory-made c-Si PV module showed 1.9 times more efficiency than the a-
Si PV module. For all PV module technologies, productivity first decreases and then increases
from morning to night in the months of January and June.
This variation in efficiency was correlated with the temperature of the sensor [15] at high sample
temperatures, and the efficiency was found to be poor. The industrial a-Si PV module displayed a
higher temperature than the c-Si module. Almost all PV technologies for both opaque and semi-
transparent modules have shown similar behavior. Today's photovoltaic modules are extremely
safe and durable, with low failure rates and an expected service life of 20 to 30 years.
2.9 Wind power System

The Somali region is particularly well endowed with wind and solar energy resources. According
to an analysis by the African Development Bank Community, the Somali region has the highest
capacity for offshore wind power in any African country. A recent World Bank paper argues that
the potential of offshore and offshore wind power across Somali regions, along with tidal and wave
power on the Somali coast, could generate more power [2].
Although the concentrations vary by area with Somalia at the low wind end, the built-in map shows
mean wind speeds of more than 9 m / s at an altitude of 80 meters (the height of a standard 1,5
MW turbine is 100 meters). The coastal area receives a lion's share of wind energy, with potentials
15
between 30 and 45 GWh/km2 in most of the southern coast of central Somalia and some
projections inland. [7] The kinetic energy (kinetic energy is the motion or motion of substances
and objects) found in the wind can be converted by windmill into both mechanical and electrical
energy. A modern type of windmill, which uses the kinetic energy of the wind to produce electrical
energy, is called the wind turbine.
Wind is made up of moving air molecules that have a mass, but not a ton. Moving with mass
carries the sum of kinetic energy that is supplied by the equation. Cinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x
velocity 2. When the mass is measured in kilograms, the velocity is measured in m / s and the
energy is measured in joules. Air has a known density (approximately 1.23kg / m3 at sea level),
so the mass of air hitting our wind turbine (which sweeps a known area) every second is given by
the following equation:
Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m2) x Density (kg/m3) ---------------- 2.2
The power (energy per second) in the wind that hits a wind turbine with a certain swept area is
given by simply incorporating the mass per second of the measurement into the standard kinetic
energy equation given above, resulting in the following vital equation. Power = 0.5 x Swept Area
x Air Density x Velocity 3 Where power is given in watts (i.e. Joules / second), the swept area in
square metres, the air density in kilograms per cubic meter, and the velocity in meters per second
in figure 2.4 we shall understand An Array of a Wind Turbine.
Fig 2.4: An array of Wind turbine [7]
2.9.1 Wind power system design

Wind turbine equipment may seem basic, but there are several mechanical components of a
modern wind turbine. The wind rotates the rotor blades of the turbines around the central axis,
16
which rotates the low-speed gearbox shaft, which rotates the generator at a higher speed and
generates electricity.
Converting energy into a socially useful electrical or mechanical type involves a wide variety of
approaches, many of which have their own practical characteristics. Some of these mechanisms
are well known, some less well known. The modern turbine emerged mainly from what is known
as the 'Danish Concept,' a design based on a three-blade, upwind, stall-controlled rotor that was
driven by an introductory generator through a gearbox. Today, this definition has been extended;
many of them now integrate blade pitch control, power electronic converters, and use different
generator types. Although different types of wind turbine configuration exist today, many of them
are known as 'Horizontal-axis wind turbine' (HAWT's) which moves blades into a horizontal axis
or 'Vertical-axis wind turbines' (VAWT's) have blades which rotate around a vertical axis. Both
have advantages and drawbacks in how wind energy is produced, but both designs can produce
electricity from a few hundred watts to thousands of watts. in figure 2.5 we shall understand
Construction of horizontal axis (HAWT’s) and vertical axis Wind turbine (VAWT’s).
Fig 2.5 Construction of horizontal axis (HAWT) and vertical axis Wind turbine (VAWT) [16]
2.9.2 Wind Speed and Direction

The direction of the wind is the direction in which the wind blows. It normally has three arms with
cup shaped bowls at the end that rotate at the top of the shaft. The cups catch the wind and rotate
the shaft in proportion to the wind direction. The louder the wind blows, the faster the shaft can
spin. These cups and propeller anemometers are the most common type of wind measurement
device, since they are cheaper than most other types.
17
The electronic circuit inside the anemometer calculates the number of rotations per minute and
translates that number into a mile per hour (mph), kilometer per hour (kph) or meter per second
(m / s) signal. Any type of indicator on the anemometer itself, or on a computer link, displays the
real wind speed. You can also measure the speed and the amount of wind energy available very
efficiently without buying an expensive anemometer using a standard desktop or house fan and
counting the number of revolutions per minute. [16]
2.9.3 Wind Turbine

Wind turbines use the power of wind to create electricity. Wind power produces electricity without
any emissions nor greenhouse gases during operation. Wind farms consist of many individual wind
turbines that are connected to electric power transmission lines. Most wind turbines consist of
three blades and sit atop a tubular tower, which in many cases are able to rotate into the face of the
wind. Wind farms can be either onshore or offshore. Onshore wind farms require many turbines,
usually between 80 and 300 feet tall and to be anywhere near competitive with fossil fuel burning
electrical generation, requires much land and space. Many actual former real farm owners, lease
land to companies to place wind turbines on their land. Offshore wind farms include turbines
placed in the ocean to capture the sea breezes, and produce more energy because generally there
is stronger and more unobstructed wind to absorb. [16]
2.9.3.1 Advantage of a Wind Turbine
i. Wind energy is a clean and renewable technology that does not release waste, pollutants or by-
products into the atmosphere during service because there are no chemical processes involved in
its electrical processing.
ii. Modern turbines produce very little mechanical noise during operation, with the exception of a
low "whooshing" sound.
iii. Wind energy, which is actually a secondary component of solar energy, is a "renewable energy"
in the sense that the wind will always be there as long as the sun continues to heat the earth
unevenly and the earth continues to rotate.
iv. While the strength of the wind varies from one day to the next, total energy output over a given
period of time varies by only a small percentage as the wind turbines are designed to operate within
the range of wind speeds, usually between 10 mph and 60 mph or between 4 m / s and 25 m / s.
18
V. Although wind turbines and, in particular, wind farms take up a great deal of space, space on
the wind farm can be used simultaneously for wind generation, crops, animal grazing or anything
else below the turbine valves[16].
2.9.3.2 Disadvantage of a wind turbine

i. Wind farms need large areas of land or can be installed in environmentally sensitive areas such
as deserts, on the top of hills and mountain ridges, or offshore where wind power is strong and
steady.
ii. The wind turbine is like a giant propeller and, as such, requires the kinetic power of the wind
to rotate, meaning that the turbine does not generate any usable energy at low wind speeds or at a
sustained state of no wind (calm weather).
iii. Wind farms harm, kill and disturb the flight patterns of migratory birds and predatory birds.
Some birds and even bats were killed when they flew into the wind turbine blades when they
rotated, but the numbers are very small.
iv. Wind turbines produce noise pollution as they create a low-frequency "whooshing sound" as
the blades turn, effectively masked by the noise of the driving wind [16].
2.9.4 Types of a Wind Turbines

There are two different classifications of wind turbines
 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

 Vertical Wind Turbine (VAWT)
2.9.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

These are windmill-like turbines with the top of the shaft in the direction of the wind. Because
they must be oriented towards the wind, the smaller turbines are oriented towards the wind turbines
mounted on the frame. Larger turbines are fitted with a servo wind sensor to convert the turbines.
They are also fitted with gearboxes for speeding slow rotation to make it efficient enough for
generator turbines. The blades are stiff enough to resist fracturing or bending due to the moment
of windspinning.in fig 2.6, this shape is mounted on a pole, so that they experience high-speed
winds. They're slightly bent to minimize the area of the sweep. Lower sweeping decreases
resistance, which can lead to fatigue and failure.
19
Fig 2.6: Horizontal Axis of a Wind Turbine [16]
2.9.4.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Subtypes

The primary root is placed on the vertical shaft. This removes issues related to horizontal wind
turbines. Subtypes must include
 Darious Wind Turbine

 Savonious Wind Turbine
2.9.4.2.1 Darrieus Wind Turbine

The Darrieus wind turbine is a type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) used to produce wind
power. The turbine consists of a variety of curved aerobic blades mounted on a vertical rotating
shaft or frame. The curvature of the blades allows the blade to be strained only at high rotational
speeds. There are a number of closely related wind turbines that use straight blades. This design
of the wind turbine was patented by Georges Jean-Marie Darrieus, French aeronautical engineer,
and was filed on 1 October 1926.
There are major difficulties in protecting the Darrieus turbine from harsh wind conditions and
rendering it self-starting. [17] It is also known as an egg-beater turbine and resembles a huge egg-
beater. It's successful, but there may be more downtime and perhaps less reliability. Three or more
blades should be used to maximize the strength (the blade area above the rotor rim).
2.9.4.2.2 Savonious Wind Turbine
Savonic wind turbines are VAWT or Vertical Axis wind turbines that are used to turn wind energy
into a torque by rotating the main shaft. The Savonian wind turbines primarily operate on pulling
aerofoils in their opposite directions and communicating with the wind movement. The two or
20
three aerofoils of the Savonian wind turbine form an S, if seen from an aerial point of view, The
configuration of the blade also leads to the unusual conservation of wind power due to its extensive
use of drag-powered motion. This is caused by the curving shape of the shaft design, which is
designed to absorb a minimum amount of wind power in order to function; however, this
conservation of wind power occurs at the cost of a loss of speed [18].
These forms are more powerful than those of the Darius turbines. The problem is that it cannot be
put at the top of the towers. As a result, they're vulnerable to unpredictable and volatile wind
patterns. Since they are drag-type turbines, they are less powerful than HAWT. The advantage is
that they can withstand extreme turbulence. Most of the VAWT cannot self-start, and they need
external energy to give them a jolt. For optimum performance, VAWTs should be mounted on
rooftops. The roof is channeling the wind into the blades.
2.10 Solar Inverter

A solar inverter or PV inverter is a type of electrical converter that converts the variable direct
current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel to an alternating current (AC) power
frequency that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or into a local off-grid electrical grid,
Solar power inverters have special functions adopted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including
maximum power point control and protection against insulation. Solar Inverters can be classified
into the following three main groups.
2.10.1 Stand-Alone Inverter

It is used in isolated systems where the inverter derives its DC energy from photovoltaic array-
charged batteries. Many stand-alone inverters also feature built-in battery chargers for recharging
the battery from an AC source, where necessary. Normally, they do not connect with the power
grid in any way and, as such, do not need anti-islanding protection.
2.10.2 Grid-Tie Inverter

Grid-Tie Inverter, which matches the operation with the sine wave given by the utility. Grid-tie
inverters are designed to be switched off automatically when power supply is lost for safety
purposes. They don't have backup power during power outages.
21
2.10.3 Battery Backup Inverters
These are special inverters designed to draw energy from the battery, monitor the charging of the
battery via the on-board charger, and export excess energy to the power grid. These inverters are
capable of providing AC energy to selected loads during power outage and need anti-islanding
protection.
2.11 Solar PV battery

For humans, the battery is just a "black or gray box" that operates softly without ever being seen
until it dies. In fact, however, there are substantial variations in design, construction and
performance between the various types of batteries available on the market. Since solar power is
a new concept. Its aim is to meet the requirements of connected electrical loads when the sun does
not shine and the panels do not produce current. The performance of the PV system depends on
the configuration of the battery and on the operating parameters of the unit. A battery that is not
planned and configured for the operating conditions of the solar PV system will almost certainly
have failed prematurely. There are a range of different types of batteries available. But selecting
the battery from the PV system plays an important role in achieving the best possible battery
production. The different types of batteries and their specifications are shown below.
2.11.1 Gelled Batteries

The electrolyte is "Gelled" by applying silicon dioxide to the electrolyte, which is then added to
the battery in a warm liquid shape and to the gels as it cools. Hydrogen and oxygen formed as a
result of overcharging are recombined in the frozen batteries to reduce the loss of water. The
direction of transport of gas between positive and negative plates is indicated by cracks and voids
[19].
2.11.2 Lead Acid Battery

Lead acid batteries are the most common type of energy storage in PV systems due to their
simplicity and low cost. They are based on the chemical reactions of lead sulphuric acid. They
have grown into two groups of 6V and 12V batteries in tough plastic cases with capacities of up
to 200Ah and a larger size of 2V battery bank cells, ranging from around 100 Ah to several
thousand Ah [19].
22
CHAPTER THREE
MODDELING AND SIMULATION
3.1 Introduction
Kismayo is the largest town in the Lower-Jubba region of Somalia and also serves as the
commercial capital of the state of Jubbaland. It is the third largest town in Somalia, Kismayo is a
town situated in the southern part of the country (0.3560 ° S, 42.5461 ° E) with a population of
250,000 inhabitants. The people of Kismayo live as the economic lifeline of the area it is very
important commercial center in the area, containing the largest port in the Jubbaland state that
brings together traders from as far as Doollow bordering Ethiopia in the north of the state. The
potential resources Kismayo is based on a power grid system that involves many power grid
systems and there is some market crisis that is currently very costly at a market of $0.90 per KW.
Kismayo has a large potential for the introduction of solar PV The monthly average global solar
radiation from 5,214 to 6,550 kWh / m2 / day and the average monthly wind speed ranges from
4,050 to 6,780 m / s. Homer software has been used to explore the best energy-efficient, renewable-
based hybrid system options for running a unit of 200 homes and supplying water via a water
pump. The input information to be given to HOMER shall include: Electrical load (primary energy
demand), renewable resources (solar radiation, wind speed data), technical details of the
components, costs, limitations, controls, etc. The program designs an optimum configuration to
support the necessary electrical loads. HOMER conducts thousands of hourly simulations to design
the optimal method.
HOMER also conducts a sensitivity study to see the effects of solar insolation, PV investment
costs, wind speed and diesel fuel prices using the Efficiency Metrics of Net Present Cost (NPC),
COE and Renewable Fraction (RF) [23], Homer cannot modulate transient shifts of less than 1
hour. Economic analysis is very important before the power generation system is installed.
HOMER performs this economic analysis and rates the structures according to their existing net
expense.
3.2 Modeling of hybrid renewable energy system

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote area power generation
applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of
23
petroleum products. Economic aspects of these technologies are sufficiently promising to include
them in developing power generation capacity for developing countries. Research and
development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are required to
continue for, improving their performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their
output and reliably integrating them with other conventional generating sources [21]
3.2.1 Block diagram of hybrid renewable energy system

Based on Figure 3.1, shows the schematic block diagram of a complete solar wind hybrid energy
system. The hybrid energy system consist of Wind turbine, Solar (PV) module, Load demand,
diesel generator as power back-up, Battery back-up and converter to convert the power dc to ac.
Fig 3.1 Schematic block diagram of a hybrid solar PV-Wind-Diesel generator energy system[22]
3.3 Load Profile

In this study we consider a residential community load of 200 houses Suburban area of Kismayo
city, where we assume the same part regarding lower class and higher class families, we use our
load for house components such as lighting lamp, refrigerator, electronics PC printer, Printer
laptop, washing machine, TV multimedia collection, Iron and other possible electronics, the rate
of lighting of such equipment, washing machines 450W, TV multimedia set 250W, and the other
electronics 1500W.
One of the most important steps in this form of study is to suggest a practical model of electrical
load, as the typical contemporary Somali urban house load specifications are provided in this table
3.1. The electrical rate is still very high in Somalia's main urban center, the demand load has been
calculated with average household usage of components, and a sample of 200 houses is used in
24
this study to look at a fair urban sampling scale. Most of Kismayo's urban homes use charcoal as
their key source of energy for cooking purposes and have not been identified as a loading
appliance.
Table 3.1 Electrical consumption of popular electronic consumer products in a typical house in
the Kismayo City Center.
No Load usage (in W) Power Consumption Hours Used Kw/h
1 TV and multimedia set 250 12 3
2 Lighting 200 12 2.4
3 Refrigerator 80 24 1.92
4 Washing machine 450 2 0.9
5 Electronics (laptop, PCs, printers) 150 12 1.8
6 Iron 1000 1 1
7 Other possible electronics 1500 10 15
Daily consumption of a single house (kWh) 26.02

Daily consumption of the whole sample population (kWh)/day 5204
3.4 Solar Energy Resources in Kismayo

The data table 3.2 were collected from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science
Data Center Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) web portal funded by the NASA LARC
POWER project. "Continued and potential funding for the extension of the SSE data portal to
include parameters derived from recent satellite observations as well as the creation of prototypes
applicable to other energy-related themes (e.g.) It is also useful for the design of renewable energy
systems, system maintenance, project planning, policy making, etc. or for publication, It would
appreciate getting any feedback on the effect of the data on our work.
25
Table 3.2: Solar resources in Kismayo [24]
Month Clearness Index Daily Radiation (kwh/m2 /day)
January 0.617 6.228
February 0.629 6.550
March 0.613 6.445
April 0.567 5.768
May 0.565 5.427
June 0.563 5.214
July 0.587 5.520
August 0.592 5.870

September 0.625 6.460
October 0.621 6.440
November 0.596 6.027
December 0.610 6.066
Annual Average(kwh/m2/day) 6.00
Fig 3.2, we used monthly average global radiation data from NASA Surface Meteorology [24] and
Solar Energy. For a period of 22 years, global horizontal radiation has averaged on a monthly
basis. Monthly variations of the solar data and the clarity index are summarized in the table.
Fig 3.2 Solar Radiation Data Throughout the year (24)
26
3.5 Temperature data in Kismayo
The data table 3.3 were collected from the NASA, it shows the monthly average temperature data
in kismayo Somalia.
Table 3.3: monthly average temperature data for Kismayo [24]

Month Daily average temperature (°C)
January 27.14
February 27.21
March 27.53
April 27.42
May 26.69
June 26.14
July 25.44
August 25.59
September 25.88
October 26.36
November 26.36
December 26.95
Annual Average (°C) 26.50
As we can see fig 3.3, In Kismayo has an annual average temperature of 26.50. The months of
March and April is highest temperature for whole year. January, February and December have a
medium temperature. On the other hand July, August, September and October is lowest
temperature in Kismayo.
Fig 3.3: Monthly average temperature data for Kismayo
27
3.6 Wind Energy Resources in Kismayo
The Somali region is particularly well endowed in wind and solar energy resources. According to
an analysis by the African Development Bank Group, the Somali region has the highest potential
of any African area for onshore wind power. A recent World Bank document asserts that the
potential for onshore and offshore wind power throughout the Somali regions, along with tidal and
wave power on the Somalia coast, could generate more power. Although wind speeds vary
seasonally in the Somali region, according to a study of NASA data, wind speeds are sufficiently
strong throughout the year to support wind-generated energy [20].
A commonly cited statistic is that half of the country has wind speeds greater than 6 meters per
second, which are excellent for electric energy production. But these statistics might even be in
the low. Wind is a great source of renewable energy which provides a comparatively higher
fraction of renewable energy in this model.
Table 3.4: Monthly Average wind speed data in Kismayo [24]

Month Average Speed (m/s)
January 5.280
February 5.420
March 4.250
April 3.960
May 5.270
June 6.490
July 6.780
August 6.780
September 6.200
October 5.080
November 4.050
December 4.570
Annual Average (m/s) 5.34
In table 3.3, According to the data from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy, yearly
average wind speed at Kismayo is 5.34 m/s with a maximum speed of 6.780 m/s at July and August
and minimum speed of 3.960 m/s at April.
28
In fig 3.3, we have monthly average wind speed in Kismayo, according to figure we can see the
months June, July and August are very high speed
Fig 3.3: Variation of Average wind speed at Kismayo throughout the year. [24]
3.7 Simulation software by using Homer energy

Our goal was to keep the Cost of Energy as low as possible (Less than 0.5).
In this project our COE= 0.140 which is very good because <<0.5, and the Net Present Cost of
Net Present Cost (NPC) is $3.44M, so the project is feasible.
The COE is simply the average cost per kWh of electricity.
NPC: Represent the life-cycle cost of the system
this figure 3.4 includes all costs and revenues that occur within the project lifetime.
Fig 3.5: Simulation by using Homer software [24]

29
3.8 Technical Parameter
The solar PV system shall consist of the following equipment / components. Solar PV modules
comprising the required number of Crystalline PV cells. Interactive Grid Power Conditioning Unit
with Remote Monitoring System Mounting Structures Junction Boxes. Protections for earthing
and lightening.
3.8.1 Technical Parameter for Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
The cost of PV module including installation has been considered as $640 for Dollar.
Life time of the module has been taken as 30years. 200watts PV Modules are considered.
The parameters considered for the simulation solar PV are Furnished in Table 3.5
Table 3.5: Homer software input data for Solar PV panel cost assumption [24]
Model Mono-Crystalline Solar Panel
Power Rating 1KW
Purchase Cost ($) 640
Replacement Cost ($) 640
O and M ($) 100
Life time 30 years
Table 3.6 shows the parameters of solar panel that we used in HOMER software
Table 3.6 Technical Parameter used HOMER software [24]

Components Parameters Value Unit
SW-250 WP MONO Derating factor 80 %
Crystalline Slope 20.62 Degree
Tracking No -
Effect of temperature 20 Degree
Ground of reflectance 20 %
3.8.2 Technical Parameter for Wind Turbine

For the hybrid system Hummer 100kW wind turbine has been considered. Technical and
Economic parameters for selected wind turbine are furnished in Table 3.7 HOMER software input
data Wind Turbine cost assumption
30
Table 3.7 Homer software input data for Wind turbine cost assumption [24]
Power Rating 100KW
Purchase Cost ($) 20,000
Replacement Cost ($) 6376.15
O & M ($) 2585.50
Life time 20 years
Table 3.8 shows the parameters of Wind turbine that we used in our system from HOMER
software.
Table 3.8 Technical Parameter used HOMER software [24]

Components Parameters Value Unit
XANT M-21 Hub height 25 m
[100kW] Blade 3 m
3.8.3 Technical parameters for Diesel Generators

Fig 3.9 show two types of generators that we used in our system and their parameters and also the
fuel price of Kismayo.
Table 3.9 Technical parameter used for Homer Software regarding diesel generators [24]
Components Parameters Volume Unit

Life time 15,000 Hours
Cummins Load factor 15 %
Fuel price 0.6 $
Life time 15,000 Hours
Perkins Load factor 0.8 %
Fuel price 0.6 $
This table 3.10 shows that the cost assumption of Diesel Generators is furniture from homer
software pro that provided information about it, such as the capital cost and the size of each. These
diesel generators play a major role in the energy usage of Somalia. Study cases The Diesel
31
generator is a part of each case and has the most effect on the initial resources of each case due to
higher costs than other instruments.
Table 3.10 Homer software input data for Diesel generator cost assumption [24]
Components Generator 1 Generator 2 Generator 3
Size 1 MW 500 KW 25 KW
Capital Cost $300,000 $150,000 12500
Replacement Cost $3000,000 $150,000 $0.00
O & M cost $10,000 $5,000 $911.39
Life time (Hours) 15,000 (h) 15,000 (h) 15,000(h)
Quantities 1 1 1
Fuel Diesel Diesel Diesel
Model Cummins Cummins Perkins
3.9 Conclusion
The longevity and intensity of Somali recovery depends on the availability of basic infrastructure,
such as affordable electricity. Investments in renewable energy sources will significantly increase
Somalis' access to electricity. The rising number of renewable energy projects shows the feasibility
of investments in renewable energy. As the Somali economy as a whole expands, more businesses
and households will need access to electricity, which underlines the potential of the sector.
Addressing problems that constrain the energy sector, such as lack of policy and regulation, as
well as lack of technological resources, are daunting tasks, but they can encourage investment and
foster economic growth and good governance.
32
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND FEASABILITY ANALYSIS
4.1 Case Studies of a Hybrid System
In this work we discuss four cases of hybrid model with different parameters, the first case is
Solar/Wind/Generator hybrid micro-grid power system, second Solar /Generator hybrid micro-
grid power system, third is Wind/Generator hybrid micro-grid power system and fourth case is
Diesel generators micro-grid system. which best combination design to get appropriate case useful
of hypothetical residential load modelled of small area Kismayo in term of the cost summary,
capacity shortage, cash flow, emission value and cost of energy system (COE) on each case. The
Homer software works on simulation and optimization. Here are five device components to be
planned for this study's renewable island micro-grid system, which is designed to satisfy our load
demand in order to be able to satisfy the lower economic requirements. There are solar PV
modules, wind turbines, diesel generators, power converters, and storage batteries. The analysis
seeks to find the most suitable choice for an acceptable combination of these component sizes. In
order to meet the AC load profile of the customers, the following device components have been
built in this chapter. [18]
4.2 Case-1 (PV-Wind-Generator hybrid power system)

Here is the second case of a Hybrid Model using a Solar, Wind and Diesel generator [28]. Model
part specification for PV (370 kW), Wind with 5 pcs (100 kW), Generator (680 kW), One Battery
Storage (1MW) and Inverter (213 kW) in Fig 4.1.
Fig 4.1 Hybrid renewable model by using Generator, wind and solar [24].
33
4.2.1 Electrical production
Fig 4.2 shows the monthly contribution from the PV, wind and generator systems Average
electricity generation. PV 28.5% (634,949 kWh / yr.) of wind turbine 35.4%. (789,049 kWh / yr.)
and the diesel generator 36.1% (803,553 kWh / yr.) of the contribution.(Renewable fraction) for
the generation of electricity in one year.
Figure 4.2: Electrical production from Homer [24].
4.2.2 Total electricity production by PV, Wind and Diesel Generator

Here in table 4.1, shows the output of each source component is defined as contributing to their
contribution Product electricity generation. PV 28.5% (634,949 kWh / yr.) of wind turbine 35.4%.
(789,049 kWh/yr.) and the diesel generator 36.1% (803,553 kWh / yr.) of the
contribution.(Renewable fraction) for the generation of electricity in one year.
Table 4.1 The sum of the annual contribution of electricity generation [24]
Production Kwh/yr %
Peimar SG370M 634,949 28.5
Generic 680 kW Fixed capacity Genset 803,553 36.1
Wind turbine 789,049 35.4
Total 2,227,551 100
34
4.2.3 Capacity shortage
Table 4.5 shows that this system's power deficit has reached zero and another Side of excess energy
276,716 kWh / yr. (12.4) and the unmet charge of energy shall be zero Value in the nature of this
device.
Table 4.2: Amount of Unserved Load [24]

Quantity Electricity kWh/yr %
Excess Electricity 276,716 12.4
Unmet Electric Load 0 0
Capacity Shortage 0 0
4.2.4 Cash Flow

This fig 4.3, both a and b, shows that the highest cost of cash flow was the Initial cost of capital
estimated at approximately $1500,000 under the framework Establishment requires an initial cost
that is higher than the cost of operation, fuel, In this case, the replacement of the hybrid system
configuration.
Figure 4.3 (a): cash flow from Homer [24].
35
Figure 4.3 (b): cash flow from Homer [24].
4.2.5 Cost summary

This fig 4.4 shows that diesel is more expensive than others, as seen in the figure of $2,060,616.59
and the lowest cost is $126,841.4 for wind turbines, and the system converter has $145,112.41 for
other components, such as battery storage Li-lon, which has a second highest cost of approximately
$1,070,370.01 and Solar, which is approximately $705,663.56.
Figure 4.4 cost summary from Homer [24]
Table 4.3 shows the total cost summary of the system (PV, Wind and generator)
36
Table 4.3 Total Cost Summary [24]
Name Capital Replacement Operating fuel Salvage Total

Generic $160,000 $160,000 $50,000 $2,060,616 -$18,000 $2,412,616.59
1MW
Fixed
Capacity
Genset
Generic $700,000 $296,991.68 $129,275.17 $0.00 -$55,895 $1,070,370.01
1MWh
Li-Ion
System $107,936 $45,794.73 $0.00 $0.00 -$8,619 $147,112.41
Convertr
Peimar $236,800 $0.00 $478,318.11 $0.00 -$9,454.5 $705,663.56
SG370M
Wind $100,000 $31,880.75 $12,927.5 $0.00 -$17,966 $126,841.4

Turbine
System $1.3M $534,667.16 $670,520.78 $2,060,616 - $4.46M
$109,934
4.2.6 Cost of the energy of this system design model

For this fig 4.5 we got according to Homer software output:
Net present cost: $4,007,131
Operation cost: $227,607.10
Per unit cost: $0.1632
37
Figure 4.5 Simulation result PV, Wind and Generator hybrid system [24]
4.3 Case-2 (Solar-Diesel Generator hybrid Micro-grid power system)

In this case, in Figure 4.11, the Solar and Diesel Generator in the hybrid microgrid power system
has assumed that each capacity, such as the Solar 1MW and the Diesel Generator, is 500 kW. This
device is part of the scenario that has been explored in our research thesis at the Kismayo City site.
Moreover, as we know, this system is quite in line with the demand for energy at the site due to
the sun being about eight hours a day, and the solar radiation at the site is quite strong enough. The
fig 4.6 shows a schematic diagram of the system.
Figure 4.6 Schematic figure from Homer [24].
38
4.3.1 Electrical Production
In this scenario, the true electrical products of DG and Solar PV are clearly represented in this fig
4.7, shows the key function played by the DG produces an electric load from the DG 500 kW
during the year, whereas the Solar PV is the right hand that is useful for decreasing and reducing
pollution from DG and minimizing electrical energy comes entirely from the Diesel Generator.
Figure 4.7 Electrical production from Homer [24]
4.3.2 Total electricity production by PV and Diesel Generator

In this table 4.4, shows the PV shows that the greater function of electricity production is 1,893,768
KWh / yr (69 % ) and DG plays a part in the output of half of PV electricity, 851,516 kWh / yr
(31%), resulting in a total electrical output of 2,745,283kWh / yr.
Table 4.4 Annual contribution of the sum of electricity generated [24]

Production kWh/yr %
SolarMax 500X A with PV(1 MW) 1,893,768 69
Generic 500kW fixed Capacity 851,516 31
Genset
Total 2,745,283 100
4.3.3 Capacity Shortage

In this portion of table 4.5, shows The table shows that the lack of power of the system is reached
at 179 kWh / yr, while the surplus electricity of the other hands is met at 764,057 kWh / yr and the
unmet electrical load becomes 44.2.
39
Table 4.5 Amount of Unserved Load [24]

Unmet Electric Load 44.2 0.00230
Capacity Shortage 179 0.00940
4.3.4 Cash flow
This fig 4.8 shows both a and b the cash flow for our planned Solar PV and DG Micro-grid hybrid
system at Kismayo, as is evident from the figure. At the start of the year, we need a large amount
of capital costs mainly to set up our framework. And the next cost is just the fixed costs.
Figure 4.8 (a): Cash flow in 25 years from Homer [24]
Figure 4.8 (b): Cash flow in 25 years from Homer [24]
40
4.3.5 Cost Summary
In Fig 4.9, shows the cost overview of the entire system to calculate the included cost of each part,
the Net Present Cost (NPC), which reflects the life cycle of the system, the total NPC condenses
all the costs and revenues that occur during the lifetime of the project.
Figure 4.9 Cost Summary [24]
This cost overview covers capital costs, replacement costs, operational and maintenance costs, and
fuel. The cost of the generator mainly represents the cost of capital, which is essentially the
operating cost. It is evident from the figure above that most of the costs of installation go to our
built system.
This table 4.6 shows the total cost summary for this scenario hybrid system, here included the
capital cost, replacement cost, fuel cost, operation and maintenance cost.
Name Capital Replacemen Operatin Fuel Salvage Total

t g
SolarMax $2,999,7 $0.00 $129,262. $0.00 -$0.00 $3,128,962
500X A with 00 24 .24
PV(1 MW)
Generic $150,00 $359,041.03 $205,741. $1,784,391 - $2,478,200
500kW Fixed 0 43 .58 $24,973.9 .13
1
41
Capacity
Genset
Generic $700,00 $524,241.29 $129,275. $0.00 - $1,195,607
1MWh Li- 0 17 $157,908. .81
Ion 64
System $131,56 $55,818.11 $0.00 $0.00 - $176,874.0
Converter 1.51 $10,505.5 9
3
System $3,981,2 $939,100.42 $464,278. $1,784,391 - $6,975,644
61.51 83 .58 $193,388. .27
08
4.3.6 Cost of an energy of this system

From fig 4.10, we got according to Homer Output.
Net present Cost: $6,975,644.00
Operating Cost: $231,628.60
Figure 4.10 simulation result of Solar-Diesel Generator hybrid micro-grid system [24]
42
4.4 Case-3 (Wind and Diesel Generator hybrid power system)
In this case, in Fig 4.11, shows the Wind and Diesel Generator, which is designed to meet the load
demand of 5204 kW per day for hypothetical residential use, at the site of Kismayo, wind speeds
differ yearly with varying wind speeds in months such as June July and August, are the fastest
winds, but less than other months so that these high-speed wind months reduce the position of the
DGs feed in this scenario.
Figure 4.11 Hybrid Renewable Model by using Wind & DG hybrid system [24]

In this fig 4.12, shows that the wind system is the most representative of the contribution load
demand (renewable fraction), as shown in the figure diagram, during the months of June , July,
August and September the windy will generate massive energy than DG. In the months of April
and October, there was a short wind speed that DG played a major role in feeding the sample of
residential load. The wind turbine has an output of 1,530,007 kWh / yr (61.5 %) and an electrical
output of 959,185 kWh / yr. (38.5 %).
43
Figure 4.12 The electrical production from Homer software [24]
4.4.2 Total electricity production by Wind and Diesel generator

This table 4.7 shows that the annual share of the amount of electricity generated by Wind and
Diesel Generator is a relatively closed value of kWh / yr in the amount of electricity generated.
Table 4.7 Annual Contribution the amount of electricity production [24]

Production kWh/yr %
Danvest 648 kw low load 959,185 38.5
hybrid
XANT M-21 (900KW) 1,530,007 61.5
Total 2,489,192 100
4.4.3 Capacity shortage

In this table 4.8 shows there is a little bit high capacity shortage of 584 kWh/yr that causes the
device to become unstable and the only factor that was not used in this design case is battery
storage since there were no DC sources and the Inverter tool was not used.
Table 4.8 Amount of Unserved Load [24]

Unmet Electric Load 54.2 0.00290
Capacity Shortage 584 0.0308
44
4.4.4 Cost Summary
In this fig 4.13, shows that the capital cost of DG was $4,000,000, although the 9-piece wind
turbine did not appear in the cost overview chart since its capital cost was smaller than that of the
diesel generator. In this overview, all sources often include capital costs, replacement costs,
operational and maintenance costs, and fuel costs. Costs for Generator mainly represent the cost
of capital, while other costs are largely associated with operating costs. It is evident from above
that most of the costs of installation go to our design method.
Figure 4.13 Cost Summary [24]
This table 4.9 shows the overall cost overview for this hybrid system , which includes the cost of
capital, the cost of repair, the cost of fuel and the cost of operation and maintenance of each
component source of this hybrid design.
Name Capital Replacement Operating Fuel Salvage Total
Danvest 648 $453,600 $160,543.25 $942,415.9 $2,479,50 - $4.47M

kw low load 6 2.62 $2,728.71
hybrid
XANT M- $12,600 $4,016.97 $0.00 $0.00 - $14,353.11
21 (900KW) $2,263.86
Total $467,953 $164,560.22 $942,415.9 $2479,502 -$4,992.5 $4.49M
45
4.4.5 Cash flow
In this fig 4.15 both a and b, shows the cash flow is different from other situations where the cash
flow is the alternative benefit. The cash flow for our built Kismayo power plant. Is clear the initial
cost is very high, but after that the second prerequisite to drive operation is the operation and
maintenance of the installation, typically the life of the wind turbine is considered 25 years.
Figure 4.14 (a) cash flow in 25 years from Homer [24]
Figure 4.14 (b) cash flow in 25 years from Homer [24]
4.4.6 Cost of an energy of this system

From Fig 4.15, we got according to Homer software output.
Net Present cost (NPC): $4,034,928.00
46
Operating cost: $276,923.10
Figure 4.15 Simulation result of Wind and Diesel Generator hybrid system [24]
4.5 Case-4 (Diesel Generators)

In the basic case, from fig 4.16 shows the energy generation of three generators: one small capacity
(25 kW), a medium generator (500 kW) and one large capacity (1 MW), the large and medium are
the basic load generators of the micro-grid system.
Larger generators are used for the generation of large loads, while smaller generators are used to
meet peak demand. In addition, the Somali Energy Policy Document [25]. These generators
Perkins and Cummins are the two most common generator sets in Somalia, and only the two
generator sets are included in the modeling of our system. [18]
The purpose of this study is to find a technically and economically feasible solution to reduce the
high demand for diesel generators.
Fig 4.16 Diesel Generators [24]

47
This fig 4.17 shows the average output of electricity generators per month from diesel and
electricity generation is $2,030,212 kWh per year.
Figure 4.17 Monthly average output of electrical generators [24]
4.5.2 Total electricity production by Diesel generators

Here in table 4.10, shows the output of each Diesel generator component is defined as contributing
to their contribution Product electricity generation by whole year.
Table 4.10 shows the electrical production of a three generators in whole year [24]
Component Production Percentage
Generic 1MW Fixed Capacity Genset 112,775 5.55
Generic 500kW Fixed Capacity Genset 1,916,815 94.4
Generic 25kW Fixed Capacity Genset 622 0.0306
Total 2,030,212 100%
4.5.3 Capacity Shortage

Table 4.11 shows that there is no lack of power in this case for diesel generators, although the
surplus energy in other hands is 130,752 kWh / yr. So simulation in Homer energy is not intended
to empty any value of lack of space.
48
Table 4.11: The capacity shortage [24]
Quantity Value %
Unmet Electric Load 0 0
Capacity Shortage 0 0
4.5.4 Cost summary

This fig 4.18 shows that the Net Present Cost (NPC), which reflects the life-cycle of the system,
covers costs in terms of capital costs, repair costs, operational and maintenance costs, fuel costs
and miscellaneous costs, such as fines for emissions of pollutants. Costs mostly represent capital
costs, other costs are operational costs, as seen in the figure above.
Fig 4.18 The cost summary from Homer [24]
This table 4.12 shows that the cost of the design sources, which included the cost of capital
Replacement costs, fuel costs, and operational and management costs.
49
Component Capital Replacement Fuel Cost Operational Total (USD)

(USD) Cost (USD) (USD) &
Management
(USD)
Genset1 (1MW) 300,000 300,000 236,350.03 10,000 846,350.03
Genset2 (500kW) 150,000 150,000 4,091,697.63 5,000 4,396,697.63
Genset3 (25kW) 12,500 12,500 1,917.65 911.39 27,829.04
4.5.5 Cash flow

Fig 4.19, shows the cash flow for a system planned to have 25 cash flow. Years of cash flow
measured by Homer tools, we need capital at the starting point. The cost of starting up a plant that
is initially very high than other years.
Figure 4.19 Cash flow in 25 years [24].
4.5.6 Cost of the energy of this system design model

From fig 4.20, We got according to Homer software output
Net Present Cost (NPC): $6,369,014.00
50
Operating cost: $456,894.70
Figure 4.20 Simulation result of Diesel generators micro-grid [24]
4.6 Result Analysis

In this chapter, we discuss a comparative analysis for a very individual model that our HOMER
Simulation work has created. Here, we have provided four cases of comparative analysis,
demonstrating that one is more successful with a viability, optimization and cost analysis account
for 25 years. In each case, we included the size specification for modeling a particular renewable
resource system. The emphasis of this chapter is on the best low-cost energy design system for
Kismayo, Somalia's third largest city.
4.6.1 Summary of case studies

Table 4.13 shows the summary of four case studies we show here Capital cost, Operating cost Net
present cost and also cost of energy of all cases.
51
Table 4.13 Summary of a Four Cases [24]
Syste PV Wind Batte Diesel Conver Capital Operati NPC COE
m turbi ry Generat ter Cost ng Cost
ne stora or
ge
Case 370k 500k 1mw 680kw 213kw $1.3M $670,520 $4,007, $0.16
1 w w .78 131 32
Case 1M 1MW 500KW 213KW $3,981,2 $464,278 $6,975, $0.28
2 W 61.51 .83 644 41
Case 900K 648KW $467,953 $942,415 $4,034, $0.16
3 W .96 928 43
Case 25kw $12,500 $10,000 $6,369, $0.25
4 500kw $300,000 014 94
$5,000
1mw $150,000
$911.39
4.6.2 Comparison of Electricity Production Generation for Four Cases

Table 4.14 shows the comparison of all the cases in case of Electrical production, Production by
component, Electrical consumption and Excess electricity.
Table 4.14 Comparison of a five cases the electrical production [24]
Cases Electrical Production by Electrical Excess

production Components consumption Electricity (%)
(kWh/year) (KW)
Case 1 2,227,551 Peimer SG370M 1,899,406 12.4
(370KW).
Generic 680 kW
Fixed capacity
Genset.
Wind Turbine
(500Kw).
52
Case 2 2,745,283 SolarMax 500X 1,899,406 27.8
A with PV
(1MW).
Generic 500kW
Fixed Capacity
Genset.
Case 3 2,489,192 Danvest 648 kw 1,899,406 23.7
low load hybrid.
XANT M-21
(900KW).
Case 4 2,030,212 Generic 1MW 1,899,406 6.44
Generic 500KW
Generic 25KW
4.7.3 Summary of Result

From the above research, data and comparative analysis we can see case one means PV, Wind and
Diesel Hybrid Power System are more effective For Kismayo, Somalia. Again, the system has a
good backup to satisfy demand during the period of abnormal environmental conditions. This
device showed a cost of energy (COE) of $0.1632 kW, which is the lowest price in all our cases.
53
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
The thesis was intended to examine the costs of the HMPS Hybrid Micro Power System which are
feasible compared to the traditional system as the fuel fare rate has risen significantly over the past
few years. Moreover, the HMPS system is more efficient and promising than the grid-connected
system, both urban and remote, which has been taken into account by the HMPS that move
electricity from renewable energy sources using the Diesel-based case study system. Kismayo
Somalia is located in Africa, which has a wide variety of sources, such as very sunny and windy,
which has an immense potential for solar energy and wind turbines. The optimization results show
that hybrid wind, PV and diesel generator-based hybrid power systems provide the best
performance and show the most cost-effective configuration of NPC and COE compared to
PV/Battery system. It has been integrated with maximum sources where peak load can be easily
compensated. It primarily uses a green method and has a green fraction of 98. It would reduce the
carbon emissions considerably. Finally, using renewable energy sources, it is possible to build a
"Renewable-Hub" in Kismayo City that compares all the feasibility factors. The Hybrid Power
System may be the ultimate solution to the current power crisis in Kismayo or in other parts of
Somalia.
5.2 Limitations
There are some drawbacks to our proposed Hybrid Renewable Power System (HREP) that could
be strengthened.
i. Need to surpass the implementation power grid in order to meet the tangible demand.
ii. All products chosen have been taken from abroad, which is why the cost of capital is
higher.
iii. The cost of replacement is almost unchanged.
iv. The cost of repair is about the same as the cost of replacement.
v. Renewable sources rely on it, but it is difficult to suffice under abnormal conditions.
Supply of renewable resources in order to satisfy demand.
vi. MPPT is not being used here.
vii. The monitoring device is not being used here.
54
5.3 Future Work Scopes
i. The Hybrid System can be expanded by incorporating more components of renewable
sources such as Hydro, Tidal, Air, etc.
ii. Increase system ability by adding more space to the system.
iii. It is possible to increase solar efficiency in Kismayo by using MPPT and monitoring.
iv. To reduce the cost of materials by manufacturing some of the machinery, such as a
battery, PV, wind turbine.
55
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57
APPENDIX (A)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
NPC (Net Present Cost)
COE (Cost of Energy)
MW (Mega Watt)
SEA (Somalia Electricity Agency)
IPPs (Independent Power Producer)
HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables)
HRESs (Hybrid Renewable Energy System)
AC (Alternating Current)
DC (Direct Current)
HMPS (Hybrid micro power system)
GHGs (Green House Gaseous)
AFDB (African Development Bank)
RF (Renewable Fraction)
GWEC (Global wind energy council)
OPC (Organic Photovoltaic Cells)
Mph (miles per hour)
TFPV (Thin-Film Photovoltaic)
ISC (Short Circuit Current)
OCV (Open Circuit Voltage)
DG (Diesel Generator)
58
APPENDIX (B)
List of symbols:
A (Area)
E (Energy)
H (Height)
L (Length)
m (Mass)
P (Pressure)
R (Radius)
r (Ratio)
T (Temperature)
t (Time)
U (Internal energy)
v (Velocity)
δ (Solar Declination)
η (efficiency)
λ (latitude)
ρ (Density)
ϕ (longitude)
ω (hour angle)
59

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FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT

OF HYBRID SYSTEM IN KISMAYO, SOMALIA.

Abdikarin Osman Abdi

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY CHITTAGONG

Abdikarin Osman Abdi

THIS IS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong

ABDIKARIN OSMAN ABDI

Abdikarin Osman Abdi

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: MODELLING AND SIMULATION

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

4.1 Case studies of a hybrid system…………………………………………………………….33

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of solar power system……………………………………………...9

Table 2.1 Some Renewable Energy Projects in Somalia……………………………………......7

The objective can be segregate as:

1. To study about different types renewable sources.

2. To select a site for hybrid systems.

3. To design different hybrid system for the site.

4. To simulate and analysis the different hybrid system.

4. Component selection: We choose different components of a Renewable Energy Sources e.g.

1.5 Outline of the report

Chapter 4: Discussed on the different case study of designed power system.

2.2 Over view of Current Renewable Energy in Somalia

Examples of Renewable Energy Projects in Somalia

2.3 Challenges of Energy in Somalia

1. Small capacity for production of electricity

3. Inadequate method of billing

4. Large default payment

5. High Oil (Diesel) prices

6. High unit production cost

In general, a hybrid system can include AC diesel generators, DC diesel generators, an AC

2.5 Solar power system

Fig 2.1: Block diagram of solar power system [10]

2.5.1 Solar PV system from cell to array

2.5.2 Solar cell

E=A x r x H x PR ------------------------------------- 2.1

2.5.3 Thin-film solar cell

 Cadmium telluride (Cdte)

2.5.4 Thin-Film solar Panel

2.5.5 Solar PV module

2.5.5.1 Polycrystalline Solar Panels

2.5.5.2 Monocrystalline Solar panel

Fig 2.3: Mono crystalline solar PV module [14]

2.5.5.2.1 Advantages of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

2.5.5.2.2 Disadvantages of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

Table 2.2 Comparison between Polycrystalline & Monocrystalline

Items Monocrystalline Polycrystalline

2.6 Photovoltaic Array

2.8 Performance of Photovoltaic module

2.9 Wind power System

Fig 2.4: An array of Wind turbine [7]

2.9.1 Wind power system design

2.9.2 Wind Speed and Direction

2.9.3 Wind Turbine

2.9.3.2 Disadvantage of a wind turbine

2.9.4 Types of a Wind Turbines

 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)