ORAL CAVITY – PHARYNX o Inferiorly: tongue & reflection of mucous

(Doc Andales) membrane from the side of the tongue to

the gums

MOUTH: Oral Cavity Boundaries

 Antero-lateral: lips and cheeks
 Roof: maxilla, hard & soft palates
 Floor: mandible, tongue, mylohyoid ms

Floor of the Mouth

1. Frenulum linguae/Lingual frenulum – most
prominent median fold of the mucous membrane,
extending from the floor of the mouth towards the
inferior surface
- (floor of the mouth: includes both sides of
your mylohyoid ms)
ORAL CAVITY: Communications 2. Sublingual papilla – prominence or elevation of the
 Anterior: with the outside via the oral fissure – mucous membrane found on each side of the
Rima Oris frenulum close to the floor of the mouth to which
 Posterior: with the pharynx via the isthmus of the your submandibular glands open
Fauces 3. Sublingual fold – prominent ridge running
backwards laterally from the sides of the frenulum
caused by the underlying sublingual gland
4. Fimbriated fold – folds of mucous membrane lying
lateral to the frenulum close to the inferior surface of
the tongue. It presents with finger-like projection

Remember: the two salivary glands which opens up to the floor of the
mouth and eventually towards the oral cavity: Sublingual gland &
Submaxillary gland. Parotid gland – opens into the gingiva

Divisions:
 VESTIBULE
o Antero-lateral: lips & cheeks
o Postero-lateral: gums & teeth
o Supero-inferior: reflection of the mucous
membrane from the lips & cheeks to the
gums
 CAVITY PROPER
o Antero-lateral: teeth & alveolar arches
o Superiorly: hard & soft palates

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Lips Nerve supply:
 Immobile musculofibrous folds surrounding the  Maxillary nerve
mouth o Infra-orbital branch (upper lip)
 Mandibular nerve
o Mental branch (angles)

 Angle of the mouth – where upper and lower lips

meet at the sides
 Naso-labial sulcus – shallow grooves running to the
nose to the angle of the mouth
 Mento-labial sulcus – transverse groove separating
the lower lip from the chin Lymphatic drainage
 Philtrum – median vertical groove extending from  Upper lip – drained by the submandibular lymph
the nasal septum to the projection of your upper lip nodes
 Frenulum of the upper & lower lips  Lower lip – drain towards the submental lymph nodes
 Vermillion border – border of the lips

Structure of the Lips (outside to the inside)

1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia – contains adipose tissue
3. Orbicularis oris ms
4. Submucous layer – contain labial glands
5. Mucous membrane

Structure of the Cheeks (outside to inside)

1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia – with adipose tissue (Fatty pad
of Bichat)
3. Buccopharyngeal fascia
4. Buccinators muscle – with the molar glands lying
on its external surface; one that is pierced by the
parotid (Stensen’s) duct
5. Submucous layer – contains the buccal glands
6. Mucous membrane – cheek area

PALATE
 The structure that forms the roof of the mouth,
separating the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx from
the buccal cavity
Blood supply:
 Facial artery
o Superior labial
o Inferior labial

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 2. Palatine arches – free margins of the soft palate,
extends laterally from the uvula and splits into 2 parts
(houses the palatine tonsils):
a. Palato-glossus – more anterior
b. Palato-pharyngeus
3. Palato-glossal arch – more anterior pillar of the
fauces, encloses the palato-glossus muscle
4. Palato-pharyngeal arch – more posterior pillar
enclosing the palato-glossus muscle
5. Isthmus of the fauces – interval between the anterior
and posterior fauces; encloses the palatine tonsils
6. Isthmus of the pharynx – interval between the free
margin of the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal
wall
HARD PALATE
 Palatine process of the maxilla
 Horizontal plate of the palatine bone

1. Median Raphe
 Longitudinal ridge from uvula to the incisive
papilla
2. Incisive papilla
 Small mucosal projection indicating the
location of the incisive foramen
3. Transverse palatine ridges
 6 distinct elevations crossing the anterior
part of the hard palate
4. Foveola palatina
 Small inconstant pits on the posterior margin
of the hard palate, on either side of the
Blood supply
median raphe; found in between the
 Maxillary artery
transition from the hard palate and soft
o Greater palatine
palate
o Lesser palatine

Nerve supply
 Spheno-palatine ganglion
o Greater palatine
o Long spheno-palatine
o Lesser palatine

Lymphatic drainage
 Towards the superior deep cervical lymph glands

SOFT PALATE
 Posterior movable portion of the hard palate
extending from one side of the pharynx to the other,
attached to the posterior border of the hard palate
 Consists of mucous fold enclosing the muscles,
fascia, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphoid tissue

1. Uvula – conical projection of the soft palate marked

by the median raphe

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OROPHARYNX o Adjacent to the lips and cheeks is the
 Middle part of the pharynx behind oral cavity maxillary and mandibular labial or buccal
 Communicates with: gingiva\
o Nasopharynx through nasopharyngeal o Normally pink, stippled, and keratinizing
(pharyngeal) isthmus  Alveolar mucosa (unattached gingiva)
o Oral cavity through the oropharyngeal o Normally shiny red and non-keratinizing
isthmus (isthmus of fauces)
o Laryngopharynx at the level of upper border
of epiglottis

TEETH
 Incise, reduce, and mix food material with saliva
FAUCES during mastication
 Is the space between the oral cavity and the pharynx  Help sustain themselves in the tooth sockets by
 Boundaries: assisting the development and protection of the
o Superiorly: soft palate tissues that support them
o Inferiorly: root of the tongue  Participate in articulation
o Laterally: palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal  General form:
arches (pillars of the fauces) 1. Crown – projects above the margin of the
 Isthmus of the fauces gums
o Is the short constricted space that establishes 2. Neck – slightly constricted portion
the connection between the oral cavity connecting the crown to the roots of the
proper and oropharynx teeth
o Bounded: 3. Root – portion embedded within the
- Anteriorly: palatoglossal folds alveolar socket
- Posteriorly: palatopharyngeal 4. Root-foramen – small opening of the tip of
folds the root acting as a passage of the blood
 Palatine tonsils vessels and nerve supplying the tooth
o Are masses of lymphoid tissue, one on each
side of the oropharynx
o Is in a tonsillar sinus (fossa), bounded by
the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
arches and the tongue

GINGIVAE (GUMS)
 Gingiva proper (attached gingiva)
o Is firmly attached to the alveolar processes
of the mandible and maxilla and the necks of
the teeth  Surfaces:
o Gingiva proper adjacent to the tongues is the 1. Buccal or Labial – surface of the crown in
superior and inferior lingual gingivae contact with the lips and cheeks
2. Lingual – in contact with tongue

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 3. Masticating – terminal surface. In contact
with the opposite arch

Vestibular surface (labial or buccal) – directed outwardly

Lingual surface – directed inwardly
Mesial surface – directed toward the median plane of the
facial part of the cranium
Distal surface – directed away from this plane
Occlusal surface – masticatory surface

 Types of teeth
1. Incisors – thin cutting edges
2. Canines – single prominent cones
3. Premolars – (bicuspids) two cusps
4. Molars – three or more cusps

Dental Formula
 Structure: The kind and number of teeth are explained in the
1. Dentine or Ivory – hard elastic yellowish form of formula
white substance forming the greater part of Adult 32 permanent teeth Child 20 deciduous teeth
the tooth; forms the main bulk of the tooth Incisors 2/2 Incisors 2/2
2. Enamel – dense white shiny layer covering Canine 1/1 Canine 1/1
the crown or exposed part of the tooth; Premolars 2/2 Premolars 0/0
consists of calcified substance: most Molars 3/3 Molars 2/2
resistant and hardest in the body
3. Cementum – layer of modified bone lining
the embedded portion of the tooth, thicker as
it approaches towards the apex of the tooth
4. Alveolar periosteum or periodontal
membrane – fibrous membrane, uniting the
root of the bony lining of the socket; found
in the roots of the teeth
 Internal structure
1. Central cavity – pulp cavity – consists of
fibrous tissue; richly supplied with blood
vessels and nerves
2. Pulp
3. Root canal – extension of the pulp cavity of
the root

TONGUE
 A mobile muscular organ covered with mucous
membrane
 The tongue’s main functions are articulation
(forming words during speaking) and squeezing food
into the oropharynx as part of deglutition
(swallowing)
 The tongue is also involved with mastication, taste,
and oral cleansing

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 Parts of the tongue
1. Root – lower portion of the posterior half of
the tongue through which the intrinsic
muscles can be found as well as the blood
vessels and nerves (extrinsic muscles of the
tongue)
2. Body – anterior larger part with that of
interlacing skeletal muscles (intrinsic
muscles of the tongue which forms the bulk
of the body)
3. Margins – lateral sides of the organ free of
blood in relation to the gums and teeth
4. Tip or Apex – directed anteriorly against the
incisor teeth
5. Inferior surface – seen when the tongue is
turned upwards, bound down by the
frenulum linguae to the floor of the mouth
6. Dorsum linguae – slightly convex
anteroposteriorly divided into 2 portions by
a V-shaped groove (sulcus terminales)  Lingual papillae
1. Vallate papillae
 Largest
 Lying in the sulcus terminales
 7-12 in number
2. Fungiform papillae
 Tip and margins of the tongue
 Larger than the filliform
3. Filliform papillae
 Smallest
 Most numerous
 Dorsum linguae
 Found in the anterior 2/3 of the
1. Palatine part – area of the tongue facing
tongue
upwards, visible when mouth is opened;
4. Foliate papillae
mucous membrane lining the part is rough
 Poorly developed
due to the presence of the lingual papillae:
 Small lateral folds of lingual
filiform/fungiform papilla
mucosa
2. Median sulcus – faint groove that separates
 Structure of the tongue
the palatine into symmetric parts and ends in
1. Extrinsic ms
the pit (foramen cecum)
2. Intrinsic ms
3. Foramen cecum – small pit marking the
3. Fibrous tissue fat
formation of the V-shaped sulcus terminales
4. Vessels
4. Pharyngeal part – smaller posterior area of
5. Nerves
the dorsum part of the tongue, backwards
6. Glands
towards the pharynx, forming parts of its
7. Lymphoid tissue
anterior walls; smoother, containing
numerous serous glands and nodules
5. Glosso-epiglotic fold – reflection of mucous
membrane of the tongue towards the
epiglottis producing its thick elevations

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*Take note: Glands of the tongue
Anterior 2/3  Mucous glands
Facial nerve via chorda tympani – supplies taste sensation in o Under the mucous membrane of the
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue pharyngeal part
Mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve– general or  Serous glands
somatic sensation o Close to the vallate papillae
 Anterior lingual glands
Posterior 1/3 o Sero-mucous glands lying on the inferior
Glossopharyngeal nerve – supplies the special senses (taste) surface, close to apex
and general sensation
Blood supply
Epiglottis  Lingual artery
Vagus nerve via internal superior laryngeal nerve  Tonsillar artery

Nerve supply
Extrinsic tongue ms
1. Genio-glossus ms – forms the bulk
2. Hyoglossus ms – coming from the hyoid bone
3. Styloglossus ms – coming from the styloid process
4. Palatoglossus ms
 O: soft palate
 I: tongue blending with styloglossus &
transverse intrinsic ms
 A: elevate tongue; narrow oro-pharyngeal
isthmus
 N: accessory nerve
5. Chondroglossus ms – slip of hyoglossus muscle
arising from the lesser cornum of the hyoid bone
 Hypoglossal – primarily supplies the motor
component of the tongue (except for palato-glossus
which is supplied by vagus nerve)
 Lingual nerve – sensory (general sensation) part of
the anterior 2/3 (special sensory will be from the
chorda tympani)
 Glosso-pharyngeal – posterior 1/3, both general and
special senses
 Internal laryngeal nerve – supplies the epiglottis

Intrinsic tongue ms Venous drainage

1. Superior longitudinal ms – lies close to the dorsum  Internal jugular vein
of the tongue extending from the base towards the tip
2. Inferior longitudinal ms – beneath the superior
longitudinal muscle
3. Transverse ms
4. Vertical ms

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Pharynx Relations MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE
 Posteriorly  O:
o Prevertebral layer of deep fascia of the o Stylohyoid ligament
neck o Horns of hyoid bone
 Laterally  I: median raphe
o Great vessels & nerves of the neck
(internal carotid artery and jugular veins) INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR MS
 Anteriorly  O:
o Nasal cavities (nasopharynx) o Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
o Mouth (oropharynx) o Side of cricoid cartilage
o Larynx (laryngopharynx) o Fascia on the posterior part of the crico-
thyroid ms
 I: median raphe

Internal Longitudinal Layer

STYLO-PHARYNGEUS MUSCLE
 O: styloid process
 I:
o Middle constrictor
Pharyngeal Wall o Greater horn of hyoid bone
1. Bucco-pharyngeal fascia – thin layer of fibrous o Thyroid cartilage (superior and posterior)
tissue derived from the pretracheal layer of the deep o Wall of pharynx
cervical fascia, lines the constrictor muscle of the
posterior and lateral aspects of the pharynx, PALATO-PHARYNGEUS MUSCLE
continuing towards the buccinator  Enclosed by the posterior palatine arch
2. Pharyngeal ms (inner longitudinal, outer circular)  O:
3. Pharyngo-basilar fascia – strong fibrous membrane o Palatine aponeurosis
interposed between the muscles and submucous coat o Posterior border of hard palate
4. Submucous coat – connects the mucous coat with  I: pharyngo-basilar fascia
the pharyngo-basilar fascia  N: vagus nerve
5. Mucous membrane  A: elevation of the pharynx

SALPHINGO-PHARYNGEUS
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles  More superior than palato-pharyngeus muscle

SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE

 O: Divisions of the Pharynx
o Medial pterygoid plate NASOPHARYNX
o Mylohyoid  Behind posterior nasal aperture & above soft palate
o Side of tongue  Boundaries:
o Mucosa of mouth o S: body of sphenoid & basilar part of
 I: median raphe occipital bone
o A: posterior nasal aperture

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 o I: soft palate
o P: upper cervical vertebrae LARYNGOPHARYNX
o L: orifice of the pharyngo-tympanic tube  Level of hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage
& pharyngeal recess  Boundaries:
 Parts: o S: level of the epiglottis & aditus laryngis
o Pharyngo-tympanic tube orifice – orifice o A: larynx
of the Eustachian tube o I: esophageal opening at the level of the
o Tubal elevation – torus tobarius lower border of cricoid cartilages
o Salphingo-pharyngeal fold o P: cervical vertebrae
o Pharyngeal recess o L: thyroid gland, carotid sheath &
o Nasopharyngeal tonsil contents, superior thyroid & lingual
o Tubal tonsil artery
 Parts:
o Epiglottis
o Glosso-epiglottic fold
o Epiglottic vallecula
o Pharyngo-epiglottic fold
o Piriform fossa
o Palatine aponeurosis

OROPHARYNX
 Behind palatine arches between soft palate & level of
hyoid bone
 Boundaries:
o S: soft palate
o A: oropharyngeal isthmus & pharyngeal
surface of the tongue
o I: laryngeal inlet Muscles of the Soft Palate
o P: cervical vertebra  Levator palati ms
o L: tonsillar sinus  Tensor palati ms
 Parts:  Palato-glossus ms
o Tonsillar sinus – contains the palatine  Palato-pharyngeus ms
tonsils  Uvulae ms
o Triangular fold
o Tonsils
 Blood supply
 Ascending palatine
 Tonsillar branch of facial
artery
 Ascending pharyngeal
branch of external carotid
 Dorsalis linguae from Nerve supply to muscles of the soft palate and pharynx
lingual artery  All are supplied by the VAGUS NERVE via the
 Nerve supply: tonsillar plexus PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS except
(union of pharyngeal & o Tensor palati ms: mandibular nerve
glossopharyngeal plexus) o Stylopharyngeus: glossopharyngeal nerve
 Lymphatic drainage: deep cervical
lymph glands

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