Maxwell’s Equations

Differential Form
𝜌
(1) 𝛻∙𝐷 =𝜌 or 𝛻∙𝐸 = Gauss’s law
𝜖0

(2) 𝛻∙𝐵 =0 Gauss’s law for magnetism

𝜕𝐵 Faraday’s law of induction

(3) 𝛻×𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐸
(4) 𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝐽 + or 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖0 Ampère’s law
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
- Together with the Lorentz force these equations
𝐹 = 𝑞(𝐸 + v × 𝐵) Lorentz Force
form the basic of the classic electromagnetism
ρ = electric charge density (As/m3)
𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸
J = electric current density (A/m2)
𝜖0 =permittivity of free space D = electric flux density/displacement field (Unit: As/m2)
E = electric field intensity (Unit: V/m)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 H = magnetic field intensity (Unit: A/m)
µ0 =permeability of free space B = magnetic flux density (Unit: Tesla=Vs/m2)
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 Maxwell’s Equations
Differential Form Integral Form

𝛻∙𝐷 =𝜌 𝐷 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 Gauss’s law

}
(𝛻 ∙ 𝐹) 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑆
𝑉 𝑆
𝑆 𝑉
Gauss’ theorem
𝛻∙𝐵 =0 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 0 Gauss’s law for magnetism
𝑆

𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 = − 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = − ∙ 𝑑𝑆 Faraday’s law of induction
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
}
(𝛻 × 𝐹) · 𝑑 𝑆 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝑆

𝜕𝐷 Stokes’ theorem 𝜕𝐷
𝛻×𝐻 =𝐽+ Ampère’s law
𝜕𝑡 𝐻 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 + ∙ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
ρ = electric charge density (C/m3=As/m3)
𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸 J = electric current density (A/m2)
𝜖0 =permittivity of free space D = electric flux density/displacement field (Unit: As/m2)
E = electric field intensity (Unit: V/m)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 H = magnetic field intensity (Unit: A/m)
µ0 =permeability of free space B = magnetic flux density (Unit: Tesla=Vs/m2)
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 Physical Significance of Maxwell’s
Equation
• Maxwell’s first equation signifies that the total electric displacement through
the surface enclosing a volume is equal to the total charge within the volume.
• Maxwell’s second equation signifies that the total outward flux of magnetic
induction B through any closed surface S is equal to zero. Or magnetic
monopole cannot exists.
• Maxwell’s third equation signifies that the electromotive force (e.m.f. e = ∫
E.dI) around a closed path is equal to negative rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the path (since magnetic flux Φ = ∫ B.dS).
• Maxwell’s fourth equation signifies that the magneto motive force (m.m.f. =
Φc H. dI) around a closed path is equal to the conduction current plus
displacement current through any surface bounded by the path.
 Time-Varying E-Field in Free Space
- Assume charge-free, homogeneous, linear, and isotropic medium
- We can derive a wave equation:
𝜕𝐵 ;Faraday’s law of induction
𝛻×𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐵 𝜕 ; || curl
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝛻 × =− 𝛻×𝐵
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝛻 2 = Δ = Laplace operator
𝜕 𝜕𝐷
𝛻 𝛻 ∙ 𝐸 − 𝛻 2 𝐸 = −𝜇 𝐽+ ; curl of curl 𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 𝛻 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 − 𝛻 2 𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷
;𝛻×𝐻 =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡
; Ampère’s law

𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝐸
𝛻 − 𝛻 2 𝐸 = −𝜇 𝐸 + 𝜖
𝜖0 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
; Gauss’s law ; 𝐽 = 𝐸

𝜕2𝐸
𝛻2𝐸 − 𝜇𝜖 2 = 0 Homogeneous wave equation
𝜕𝑡
; we presumed no charge
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 Time-Varying B-Field in Free Space
- Assume charge-free, homogeneous, linear, and isotropic medium
- We can derive a wave equation:

𝜕𝐸 ; Ampère’s law
𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐽 + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐸
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇 𝛻 × 𝐽 + 𝜇𝜖 𝛻 × ; || curl
𝜕𝑡

𝜕2𝐵
𝛻 𝛻∙𝐵 − 𝛻 2𝐵 = 𝜇 𝛻 × 𝐽 − 𝜇𝜖 2 ; curl of curl 𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 𝛻 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 − 𝛻 2 𝐴
𝜕𝑡
; Faraday’s law

𝜕2𝐵
𝛻2𝐵 − 𝜇𝜖 2 = 0 Similar homogeneous wave equation as for E-Field
𝜕𝑡
; Gauss’s law for magnetism 𝛻 ∙ 𝐵 = 0
; no moving charge (𝐽=0)

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 Time-Harmonic Fields
- In many cases one has to deal with purely harmonic fields (~𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 )

𝜕2𝐵
𝛻2𝐵 − 𝜇𝜖 2 = 0 𝛻 2 𝐵 = −𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝐵
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐸
2
𝛻 𝐸 − 𝜇𝜖 2 = 0 𝛻 2 𝐸 = −𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝐸
𝜕𝑡

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