Expt. 1 Measurement of Density of A Liquid: Pycnometer, Westphal Balance, Hydrometer

For the exclusive use of ChE 18L OTL Class in Xavier-Ateneo
Measurement of Density of a Liquid | Experiment 1
Group Members: Group No.: 5-B

1. Cagampang
2. Capinpuyan Section: EA1
3. Piloton
4. Yu Date Submitted: 12 Jan 2021
Expt. 1 Measurement of Density of a Liquid:

Pycnometer, Westphal Balance, Hydrometer
I. Objectives:
 To determine and compare the densities of varying

concentrations of sucrose and water mixtures.
 To compare the results from the pycnometer, the Westphal

balance, and the hydrometer.
II. Apparatus: III. Symbols of Chemicals:

Analytical Balance Beaker H2O
Filter Paper Funnel C12H22O11
Graduated cylinder Hot Plate
Iron ring Iron stand
Thermometer Watch glass
Hydrometer Pycnometer
Westphal Balance
IV. Procedure: (Note: Write schematic diagram at the last 2 pages of the data sheet.)
1
This material is owned by XAVIER-ATENEO CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT.
V. Data and Results:
1. Density Measurements using Pycnometer
Table 1.1. Data for Water

Trial Averag
1 Trial 2 Trial 3 e
Empty (g) 32.358 32.399 32.357 32.371
Temperature 29.00 29.20 29.40 29.20 °C
(°C)
Empty + 57.054 57.039 57.020 57.038
H2O(g)
H2O (g) 24.696 24.640 24.663 24.666 g
Density of Water at 29°C = 0.995948 g/cm3

Table 1.2. Data for 1.25% Sucrose
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Empty (g) 32.358 32.358 32.358
Temperature (°C) 27.80 28.00 28.20
Empty + Sucrose 57.196 57.180 57.193
(g)
Sucrose (g) 24.838 24.822 24.835
Specific Gravity 1.0070 1.0063 1.0068
Density (g/cm3) 1.0029 1.0022 1.0028
Average Density 1.0026
(g/cm3)
Average Temperature: 28.0 °C
Table 1.3. Data for 2.5% Sucrose

Empty (g) 32.358 32.358 32.358
Temperature (°C) 27.80 28.20 28.60
Empty + Sucrose (g) 57.532 57.512 57.534
Sucrose (g) 25.174 25.154 25.176
Density (g/cm3) 1.01645 1.01564 1.01653
(g/cm3)
Table 1.4. Data for 5% Sucrose

EMPTY (g) 32.358 32.3580 32.3580
0
Temperature (°C) 28.20 28.60 28.80
Empty + Sucrose 57.609 57.5670 57.5710
2
(g) 0
Sucrose (g) 25.251 25.2090 25.2130
0
Specific gravity 1.0237 1.0220 1.0222
Density (g/cm3) 1.0196 1.0179 1.0180
(g/cm3)

Empty (g) 32.358 32.358 32.358
Temperature (°C) 29.20 29.00 29.20
Empty + Sucrose 58.295 58.272 58.297
(g)
Sucrose (g) 25.937 25.914 25.939
Specific Gravity 1.0515 1.0505
1 8
Density (g/cm3) 1.0472 1.0463 1.04733
5 2
(g/cm3)

Empty (g) 32.35 32.358 32.358
8
Temperature (°C) 29.00 29.40 29.20
Empty + Sucrose 59.19 59.189 59.208
4
(g)
Sucrose (g) 26.83 26.831 26.850
6
0
Density (g/cm3) 1.083 1.0834 1.0841
6
(g/cm3)

Empty (g) 32.358 32.358 32.358
Temperature (°C) 29.40 29.60 29.60
Empty + Sucrose 60.570 60.577 60.588
(g)
Sucrose (g) 28.212 28.219 28.230
3

Density (g/cm3) 1.1391 1.1394 1.1398
(g/cm3)
Table 1.8. Calculated Density Values of Sucrose by Weight Percent, and Percent Error based on
Literature values
Literature
Concentr Density
Value % Error
ation (g/cm3)
(g/cm3)
1.25% 1.0026 1.00209 0.05
%
2.50% 1.0162 1.011 0.51%
5% 1.0185 1.01783 0.06%
10% 1.0470 1.03811 0.85%
20% 1.0837 1.08093 0.25%
30% 1.1391 1.12695 1.08%
1.2000
1.1500
1.1000
1.0500
1.0000
0.9500
0.9000
1.25% 2.50% 5.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00%
DENSITY
Figure 1. Relationship between sucrose solutions [%w/w] and density [g/cm3] using the
calculated values from Table 1.8.
2. Density Measurements using Westphal Balance

Calibration
 0.5g at notch 7
Equilibrium Rider Moment in Water (Temperature: 30 deg C)

 5.0g at notch 4
 5.0g at notch 6
∴ Mw = 1.0
4
Table 2.1. Temperature readings

Concentra Average
tion Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Temperature (°C)
1.25% 29 29 29 29
2.5% 31 31 31 31
5% 29 29 28.5 28.8
10% 30 31 30 30.3
20% 29 30 29 29.3
30% 31 31 30 30.7
Table 2.2. Equilibrium Rider Moment in Sucrose

Concentra Average
tion Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Moment, M
1.25% 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.006
2.5% 1.0071 1.0071 1.0071 1.0071
5% 1.023 1.023 1.023 1.023
10% 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042
20% 1.107 1.107 1.107 1.107
30% 1.139 1.139 1.139 1.139
Table 2.3. Calculated Density Values of Sucrose according to Weight Percent, and Percent Error
based on Literature Values
Concentrat Density Literature
ion (g/cm3) Value (g/cm3) %Error
1.25% 1.0016 1.003065 0.1461
2.5% 1.0027 1.011 0.521
5% 1.019 1.01783 0.115
10% 1.037 1.03811 0.107
20% 1.102 1.08093 0.0194
30% 1.134 1.12695 0.626
5
1.15
1.1
Density (g/cm3) 1.05
0.95
0.9
1.25% 2.50% 5.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00%
Concentration (%w/w)
Density (g/cm3)
Figure 2. Relationship between sucrose solutions [%w/w] and density [g/cm3] using the calculated
values from Table 2.3.
3. Density and Specific Gravity Measurements using Hydrometer
Table 3.1. Theoretical Density Values of Sucrose Solutions with Known Weight Percent
Sucro Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Average
se
Density Density Density Density
Soluti SG SG SG
(g/cm3) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (g/cm3)
on
1.25% 1.003 0.99894 1.003 0.99894 1.002 0.99794 0.99860
2.50% 1.006 1.00192 1.006 1.00192 1.007 1.00292 1.00226
5% 1.016 1.01188 1.015 1.01089 1.016 1.01188 1.01155
10% 1.037 1.03280 1.035 1.03081 1.036 1.03180 1.03180
20% 1.078 1.07363 1.078 1.07363 1.077 1.07264 1.07330
30% 1.128 1.12343 1.128 1.12343 1.127 1.12243 1.12310
(Density of H2O at 29°C is calculated to be 0.995948 g/mL based from Table 2-30 Density (kg/m3) of
Saturated Liquid Water, Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook)
Table 3.2. Percent Error Values based from the Sucrose Solutions’ Theoretical Values and
Literature Values
Densi Literat
Sucrose ty ure %
Solution (g/cm Value Error
3
) (g/cm3)
1.25% 0.99860 1.00209 0.35%
2.50% 1.00226 1.011 0.86%
5% 1.01155 1.01783 0.62%
10% 1.03180 1.03811 0.61%
6
20% 1.07330 1.08093 0.71%

30% 1.12310 1.12695 0.34%
Concentration [%w/w]
1.13
1.11
1.09
Density [g/cm3]
1.07
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
1.25% 2.50% 5.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00%
Density (g/mL)
Figure 3. Relationship between sucrose solutions [%w/w] and density [g/mL] using the calculated
values from Table 1.
7
SUCROSE
DENSITY (g/cm3)
CONCENTRATION PYCNOMETER (29°C) WESTPHAL (30°C) HYDROMETER
(29°C)
1.25% 1.0026 1.0016 0.99860
2.50% 1.0162 1.0027 1.00226
5% 1.0185 1.019 1.01155
10% 1.0470 1.037 1.03180
20% 1.0837 1.102 1.07330
30% 1.1391 1.134 1.12310
LITERATURE % Error % Error % Error

VALUE (g/cm3)
1.00209 0.05% 0.15% 0.35%
1.011 0.51% 0.52% 0.86%
1.01783 0.06% 0.12% 0.62%
1.03811 0.85% 0.11% 0.61%
1.08093 0.25% 0.02% 0.71%
1.12695 1.08% 0.63% 0.34%
Table 4. Categorized values of Percent Error with the respective sucrose concentrations [%w/w]
and literature value using Pycnometer, Westphal Balance and Hydrometer.
Density [g/cm3]
Concentration [%w/w]
Figure 4. Relationship between sucrose solutions [%w/w] and density [g/cm 3] using the
calculated values from Table 4 (from Pycnometer, Westphal Balance, and Hydrometer)
8
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
A. Density Measurements using Pycnometer
Mass of the Substance = Mass of Pycnometer with the Substance - Mass of Empty
Pycnometer
Mass of Water = 57.054 g - 32.358 g = 24.696 g
Massof Sucrose
Specific Gravity of Sucrose =
Mass of Water
24.838 g
Specific Gravity = =1.0070
24.666 g
Density of Sucrose = Specific Gravity * Density of Water at Specific temperature (29°C)
Density of Sucrose = 1.0070∗¿0.995948 g/cm3 = 1.0029 g/cm3
Average Density of Sucrose = Sum of all densities / 3

Average Density of Sucrose = (1.0029 g/cm3 + 1.0022 g/cm3 + 1.0028 g/cm3) / 3= 1.0026 g/cm3
Average Temperature = Sum of all Temperatures / 3

Average Density of Sucrose = (27.80+28.00+28.20) °C / 3 = 28.00 °C
Overall Average of Temperature = Sum of all Temperatures / 6

Overall Average of Temperature = (28.00+28.53+29.20+28.20+29.13+29.53) °C / 6 = 28.77°C =
29°C
% Error = | ExperimentalAcceptedValue
Value− Accepted Value
|∗100
% Error = |1.0026−1.00209
1.00209 |∗100=0.05 %
B. Density Measurements using Westphal Balance
Calculating for Density of 1.25% Sucrose

 5g at notch 4
 5g & 0.5g at notch 6
∴ M = 1.006
g
@30 degC , ρw =0.99567
cm 3
ρ M
=
ρw M w
ρ 1.006
=
g 1.0
0.99567
cm3
9
g
ρ=1.0016
cm3
%error=¿ experimental value−theoretical value∨ ¿ x 100 ¿

theoretical value
%error=¿ 1.0016−1.003065∨ ¿ x 100 ¿
1.003065
%error=0.1461%
C. Density and Specific Gravity Measurements using Hydrometer
Density=SG( Density of water at specific temp)
Av erage Density=
∑ of 3 density values
3
% Error=¿ experimental value−literature value∨ ¿ ∗100¿
literature value
For 1.25% [%w/w] Sucrose Solution:

g g
Density=1.003∗0.995948 =0.998935844 ≈ 0.99894
mL mL
g g g
0.99894 +0.99894 +0.99794
mL mL mL g
Av erage Density= =0.99860
3 mL
%Error=¿ 0.99860−1.00209∨ ¿ ∗100=0.35 % ¿
1.00209
10
VI. Analysis
a. Measuring Device Analysis
To determine the density and specific gravity of sucrose solution with varying %w/w concentrations,
Pycnometer, Westphal Balance and Hydrometer were used. As shown in Table 1, the theoretical
density of 1.25%, 2.50%, and 5% concentration of sucrose solution using the Pycnometer, which is a
flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a fine hole (thin capillary) through it, gathered the
least value of percent error at the temperature range of 29°C – 30°C. The usage of Westphal
balance, has an arm equipped with a plummet of known volume and mass, reveals the theoretical
densities having the least percent error at 10% and 20% sucrose solution. And for hydrometer, it
shows the least value of percent error for the highest sucrose concentration (30%) by 0.34% error.
It can be deduced from this experiment, based from the percent error, that at lower concentrations
[%w/w] of sucrose solutions, the pycnometer reveals as the best density measuring device (1.25%,
2.50% and 5%). At the range of 10%-20% sucrose concentrations, the Westphal balance can be
concluded to be most accurate density measuring apparatus at 30°C. Lastly, the hydrometer reveals
to be more precise to its literature value at highest concentrations at a temperature ranging from 29°C
– 30°C.
The temperature also affects the reading of the density as can be seen on the Figure 4. The recorded
temperatures all throughout the experiment are ranging from 29°C-30°C and as the temperature
increases, the density decreases and as the temperature is low, the density is higher. This is due to
matter’s volumetric thermal expansion whereas the volume of an object increases with increasing
temperature.
b. Error Analysis
The sources of the errors in this laboratory experiment comes from the uncertainties of the measuring
devices using thermometer for varying temperature, analytical balance for air pressure, pycnometer,
Westphal balance for its alignment and hydrometer) and how the readings were obtained based on
human sight. Also, the fluctuating temperature and pressure inside the room is a potential error since
it is ideal that the pressure and temperature should avoid fluctuation in initial readings while
conducting an experiment. One specific example is the effect of temperature in obtaining specific
gravity using hydrometer since water becomes less dense as temperature increases until it
undergoes evaporation.
VII. Conclusion
In this experiment, densities and specific gravities of 1.25%, 2.50%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%
%w/w concentrations of sucrose solutions were measured and calculated with the use of
11
three apparatus: Pycnometer, Westphal Balance, and Hydrometer. The results show that
at the lowest %w/w concentrations of sucrose solutions, the Pycnometer shows a
significant value of percent errors 0.05% and 0.51% for 1.25% and 2.50% sucrose
solution, respectively, making it the most accurate in measuring density for low
concentrations. Whereas at the 5% and 10% %w/w concentrations, the percent errors
acquired from using Westphal Balance were the lowest compared to the two devices.
And at the highest sucrose concentration (30%), the use of Hydrometer revealed the
lowest percent error making it the most accurate in obtaining density at highest
concentration for this experiment.
VIII. References
[1] Green, D. and Perry, R., 2007. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (8th Edition). 1st ed. Blacklick,
USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing; 2-96 Physical and Chemical Data
[2] https://wiki.anton-paar.com/en/density-and-density-measurement/sucrose-density; Date accessed:

January 10, 2021
[3] https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-chemistry1labs/chapter/lab-2-introduction/; Date accessed:

January 10, 2021
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROCEDURE

1.
2.
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3.
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For the exclusive use of ChE 18L OTL Class in Xavier-Ateneo

Measurement of Density of a Liquid | Experiment 1

Group Members: Group No.: 5-B