Eyelids

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Q1: Fill in the blanks?

1. The eyelids protect the eye from injury and excessive light by their closure.
2. The upper eyelid is larger and more mobile than lower , they meet each
other at the medial and lateral angles.
3. The palpebral fissure is the elliptical opening between the eyelids and it is
entre into the conjunctival sac.
4. The superficial surface of the eyelids is covered by the skin, and the deep
surface is covered by the a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva.
5. The eyelashes are short, curved hairs on the free edges of the eyelids.
6. The ciliary glands (glands of Moll) are modified sweat glands that open
conjunctival sac separately between adjacent lashes.
7. The tarsal glands are long, modified sebaceous gland.
8. The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is
reflected at the superior and inferior fornices on the anterior surface of the
eyeball.
9. The conjuctive thus forms a potential space, the, which is open at the
palpebral fissure.
10.The orbital septum is thickned at the margin of the lids to from superior and
inferior tarsal plates.
11.The lateral ends of the plates are attached by a band, the lateral palpebral
ligments, to a bony tubercle
12.The medial ends of the plates are attached by a band, the medial palpebral
ligament, to the crest of the lacrimal bone.
13.The superficial surface of the tarsal plates and the orbital septum are covered
by the palpebral fibers of the Orbicularis oculi muscle.
14.The aponeurosis of insertion of the levator palpebrae superiosis muscle.

15.The movement of the eyelids at rest depends on the tone of the orbicularis
oculi and the levator palpebrae speriosis muscles and the position of the
eyeball.

The eyelids are;

Closed by the contraction of the Orbicularis oculi
Relaxation of the levator palpebrae superiosis
muscles
muscles2
The eye is opened by the levator palpebrae superiosis

Q2: enumerate the muscles of the Orbital region?

1-muscles of the eyeball divided intoextrinsic
Intrinsic
2-muscles of the eyelids.
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Movement of the eye?

Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal gland consists of a large orbital part and a small palpebral part.
❖ The gland opens into the lateral part of the superior fornix of the conjunctiva
by 12 ducts.
❖ Parasympathetic secretomotor nerve supply is derived from the
Lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve.
❖ The sympathetic postganglionic nerve supply is from the
Internal carotid plexus
And traveles in the deep petrosal nerve→the nerve of the pterygoid
canal→maxillary nerve→zygomatic nerve→zygomaticotemporal nerve→lacrimal
nerve
Lacrimal Ducts
What is the pathway of the tears?
Tears circulate across →the cornea→enter the canaliculi lacrimales→
through the puncta lacrimalis
❖ The canaliculi lacrimales pass medially and open into lacrimal sac.
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❖ The nasolacrimal duct is about 0.5 emerge(13cm long→ from the lower
end of the lacrimal sac.
❖ The opening is guarded by a fold of mucous membrane known as the
lacrimal fold.

Structure of the Eye

Q; enumerate the coats of the Eyeball?
1-Fibrous coat.
2-vascular pigmented coat.
3-Nervous coat.

Fibrous Coat
✓ Made up of a posterior opaque part, the sclera, and an anterior
part transparent part, the cornea.
✓ Opaque sclera→ is composed of dense fibrous tissue, it is pierced
by the optic nerve, the lamina cribrosa is the area of the sclera
that is pierced by the nerve fibers of the optic nerve. The sclera is
also pirerced by the ciliary arteries and nerves. The sclera is
directly continuous in front with the cornea at the corneoscleral
junction, or limbus.
The cornea
1- Cornea is largely responsible for the refraction of the light entering
the eye.
2- It is in contact posteriorly with the aqueous humor.
3- Blood supply→ the cornea is avascular and lymphatic. It is nourished
by diffusion from the aqueous humor and from the capillaries at its
edge.
4- Nerve supply→ long ciliary nerves from the Ophthalmic division of
the trigeminal nerve.
5- Function of the cornea: is the most important refractive medium of the
eye.

2-vascular pigmented coat

❖ Vascular pigmented coat consists, from behind forward, of the
choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
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❖ The Choroid: is composed of the outer pigmented layer and an
inner, highly vascular layer
❖ The Ciliary Body: is continuous posteriorly with the
choroid,and anteriorly it lies behind the peripheral margin of the
iris, its composed of the ciliary ring the ciliary process, and the
ciliary muscles.
❖ The Iris and Pupil: the periphery of the iris is attached to the
anterior surface of the ciliary body
❖ It divides the space between the lens and the cornea into an
anterior and a posterior champer.
❖ The muscular fibers of the iris are involuntary and consist of the
circular and radiating fibers. The circular fibers from the
sphincter pupillae and are arranged around the mergin of
the pupil. The radial fibers from the dilator pupillae
❖ Nerve supply→ the sphincter pupillae is supplied by
parasymphathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve.
❖ Dilator pupillae→ is supplied by sympatheic fibers, which
pass forward to the eyeball in the long ciliary nerves.
❖ Action→ the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil prensece of
bright light.
Nervous Coat: The Retina
The retina consist of the of an outer pigmented layer and an
inner nervous layer.
Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid, and its inner
surface is in contact with the vitreous body.
❖ The optic nerve leaves the retina about 3 mm to the medial side
of thr macula lutea by the optic disc. The optic disc is slightly
depressed at its center where it is pierced by the central artery
of the retina

Contents of the Eyeball

1-refractive media.
2- aqueous humor.
3-vitreous body.
4-lens.
Aqueous humor:
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ii.
Is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior
chambers of the eyeball.
Function: is to support the walls of the eyeball by
extering internal pressure.
iii. Pressure=glaucoma
iv. Drained away from the canal of schlemm.

Vitreous Body:
I. The vitreous body fills the eyeball behind the lens
is a transparent gel.
II. The hyaloid canal is a narrow channel that runs
through the vitreous body.
III. Function: is to contribute slightly to the
magnifying.
The lens:
❖ The lens is a transparent, biconcves structre.
❖ The equatorinal region or circumference, of the lens is attached
to the ciliary process of the body by the suspensory ligment.