CEEAMA - CONSULTING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

ASSOCIATION OF MAHARASHTRA
1. Besides our professional assignment, CEEAMA had created a platform
for sharing of technical information to all field electrical engineers.
2. We have conducted many paid technical seminars, as well as free on
various subjects.
3. In current situation, we are conducting free/paid Webinars on various
technical topics. The platform for this may be Team or Zoom.
4. If anyone is interested to join, please contact me and share your contact
details with email, so our event manager FairAct team shall do the
further needful. You shall get the intimations of all such Webinars in
future. I suggest to attend one such seminar.
5. We are always keen to share the day to day technological developments
in electrical engineer to all fresh and working engineers.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1. What is our current billing system and the benefits availed? And
status for PF & Load Incentive.
2. What is KVAH billing?
3. The current billing method and its effects on increasing the billing
unit - Probable reasons
4. What are the measures to be taken to overcome this?
5. What is Power Quality/Harmonics and it’s ill effects.
6. General information about Harmonics and available technologies
for mitigation.
7. How to approach ?
8. Question and Answers if any.
What is our current billing system and the
benefits availed? (PF & Load Incentives)
1. KWH based billing and PF was average, i.e. difference of a month’s
reading KWH/KVAH = @PF.
2. From 1st April, 2020, KVAH shall be considered as a unit instead of KWH
for HT consumers.
3. Now PF shall not be get considered. As low PF shall Increase the KVAH
reading, which is as well as penalty.
INCENTIVES OFFERED IN NEW TARRIF
1. Load Factor : i.e. Existing monthly KWH/Probable KWH of that month is
the load factor. Current Incentive is 0.75% on unit charges above 75 to 85
% and 1.0% above 85 % @ every percentage, maximum 15%.
2. Bulk Discount : 1 Lakhs to 10 Lakhs Units - 2.0
10 Lakhs to 50 Lakhs Units - 1.5 %
50 Lakhs and above Units - 1.0 %
ABOUT TARRIF FROM 2020 -2025
Demand charge Billing Unit Rate Wheeling
Year Rs/KVA Demand Rs. Charges Rs.

2020-21 411 55% 7.02 0.57

2021-22 432 60% 6.96 0.56

2022-23 454 65% 6.89 0.55

2023-24 463 70% 6.85 0.54

2024-25 472 75% 6.99 0.53

Note : TOD Tariff is same as it is

WHAT IS ACTIVE REACTIVE & APPARENT POWER ?

1: Foam is Reactive Power

2: Beer is Active Power
3: Total filling is Apparent Power
4: Mechanism to remove foam
5: Mechanism to reduce Reactive Power
6: This is Reactive Power compensation
 FORMULA TO BE CONSIDERED FOR
CALCULATIONS OF KVAH : By MSEDCL
 Average PF =
Kwh
________________________________
√Σ(𝑘𝑊ℎ)2 + Σ(𝑅𝑘𝑉𝐴ℎ𝐿𝑎𝑔+𝑅𝑘𝑣𝑎ℎ𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑)2

 RkVAh total = RkVAh Lag + RkVAh Lead

 If “RkVAh lead” > “RkVAh lag” then “Average P.F.” is to be treated as
“Lead P.F.”
 If “ RkVAh lead”= < “ RkVAh lag” then “Average P.F.” is to be treated
as “Lag P.F.”
 kVAh is = √Σ(KWh)2 +Σ( RkVAh Lag + RkVAh Lead)2
 The difference in previous and current Tariff. RKVAH (Lead) was not
considered previously, however it is considered in current. The PF
was average, on difference of 30 days. Now no PF shall be considered,
hence to maintain the instantaneous PF at unity is essential.
 The existing sensing system or mechanism is not suitable for the
new system, hence the changes in the current system is needed.
 What were the previous benefits availed? PF incentive and load
factor incentive, this is practically possible for only spinning mills.
 Hence in current billing, the PF incentive is gone and KVAH shall be
considered as unit instead of KWH for electrical consumption. So
the difference between KVAH and KWH shall play the major role.
 To optimize the billing, the main target should be to achieve KWH =
KVAH.
 No need to focus on PF. If you focus on PF, KVAH difference may
increase.
 The current billing method and its effects on
increasing the billing unit - Probable reasons
1. Non maintaining of instantaneous PF as previously average
PF was considered.
2. What is average PF & Instantaneous PF ?
3. Response time of the APFC Technology used.
4. What technology for APFC is used in the existing system ?
5. Contactor logic and RTPFC advantages and disadvantages.
6. LT side APFC sensing CTs. Error in HT & LT PF.
7. Also typical fluctuating load is also plays a major role.
8. All these things affects on increase in the KVAH reading.
 The existing LT APFC controllers are not suitable for KVAH billing hence
need to change the existing APFC controller. The selection of
technology depends upon the application. Contactor switching for
APFC may not be suitable for every industry. In case of fluctuating
load, fast response RTPFC system shall serve the purpose. This will
reduce the error up to certain limit. However not possible to achieve
KWH = KVAH.
 To fine tune this we need to provide SVC/SVG i.e. Static VAR
Compensator/Generator.
 What is TRIVECTOR? As all our meters are known as Trivector meter.
Whether all vectors are mathematically calculated? If not, then what
shall be the reason? We shall cover details at later stage.
 What is Harmonics? And what are it’s ill effect? Which type of
Industries face this problem? How it effect on current electrical
billing?
 Selection of Capacitors, Reactors. In normal Industries 415/440
Volts capacitors are ok, however in case of non linear load and
with passive filters, the voltage and linearity to be specified.
 Every type of Industry is having the different things hence
common solution may not work as per previous billing system.
 The first shall be to study and understand the system and existing
arrangement for reactive power compensation. Whether the
same system can be used with some alteration/modification? If
not then how the optimized system can be designed?
 Sometime step wise actions are justified. It may take @ three
calendar months to set the system.
 It is better to get Power Quality Analyzing with good meters. This
will help better to understand the trend of the electrical system
and it’s problems.
CASE STUDY FOR REFERENCE
 Sample Bill : 1
 Sample Bill : 2
WHAT IS HARMONICS

 In single line, it is pollution in electrical system.

 Due to usage of increasing non linear loads.
 Is mitigation of Harmonics mandatory ? No at now
 Whether it is beneficial to mitigate it ? Yes.
 Which Industries are susceptible for ill effects ?
 Steel/Foundries/Cement & Textiles
HARMONICS THE INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCIES
GENERATED IN FUNDAMENTAL WAVE FORM
 The ill effect of Harmonics over the electrical equipment and system are
briefed as; Rise in temperature of transformers, motors and generators,
Core losses in Motors, Dielectric loss and heating of capacitors,
Resonance effect can cause unwanted tripping of breakers,
malfunctioning of protection relays and blowing of fuses, Reducing life
of electrical equipment. Wastage of utility power in heat and electrical
loss, Adverse effect of the electronic components of the drives,
Degradation of the conductor capacity reducing its life, Degradation of
insulation causing its failure, Increase in neutral currents causing
reduced life of distribution transformers, Overheating causing failure of
cables.
 At present T N State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd., has provision
for imposing penalty of 15 % for Harmonics distortion beyond
permissible limit as per IEEE : 514 - 2014.

 Due to Current Harmonics the RMS value of I increases which will affect
the KVAH reading.
The conventional methods of APFC. Contactor
logic and RTPFC and their limitations
1. Any Transformer up to 1000 KVA, no VCB is used.
2. All APFC sensing CTs used to be provided on TRF LT secondary
side ? With single CT.
3. Whether this single LT CT can match the KVAH reading at HT
metering ?
4. Need of 3 phase APFC sensing CT at HT side. To add CT/PT
module.
5. Better to have independent metering core for APFC sensing.
6. RTPFC used to give better performance compared to contactor
logic.
7. However least count plays a major role. In fine tuning the cost
increases.
Bifurcation of Industrial units in three segments. Linear
load, non Linear Load & some nonlinear load
What is linear and non linear ?
1. Linear Load - Engineering/Food & process/solvent/oil mill/floor mills etc.

2. Non Linear load - Steel/Foundries/Textiles

3. Some non linear load – All such industries, where some non linear load (VFDs)
exists.
4. What is the limit of non linear load ? For entering into Harmonics zone?

5. How to know about presence of Harmonics ?

Characteristic of each type and their typical problems
and challenges
1. Foundries :
 Two/Three winding Transformer for Furnace and auxiliary.
 6, 12 or 24 pulse firing system for Induction furnace. What is this?
 Existing HT Capacitors required to be scrap.
 Ill effects of Harmonics.
 The existing system may not be capable for alterations/modifications
 Major Infrastructural changes may required.
 Fluctuating load.
 Problem of Power Quality/Harmonics.

2. Textiles :
 Constant load 24 x 7 & 362/363 days working.
 Highly non linear load
 Problem of Power Quality/Harmonics.
• REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION : Since passive filters are a
combination of reactors and capacitors , they provide reactive
power compensation with respect to the fundamental.
Consequently, this can become a limitation in sizing the filter for an
installation where the need for reducing harmonic distortion is more
critical than providing power factor improvement. In certain cases
this can prove a critical constraint for reducing harmonic distortion.
 ACTIVE FILTERS
 The aforesaid limitations of the passive filters are effectively
overcome by the advent of “ACTIVE FILTER’ technology. This is
achieved primarily by the following.
• Incorporation of high end insulated gate Bipolar Transits or (IGBT)
switching technology to generate required frequency spectrum.
• Use of advanced digital signal processors (DSPs)to enable real time
control.
 THE NEW SOLUTION – HYBRID FILTERS

 A combination of AHF & RTPFC with reactors and capacitors.

The separate APF Controller unit is provided to sense
individual 3 Phase for AHF as well as RTPFC. This combination
shall maintain the PF with RTPFC and simultaneously shall fine
tune the PF as well as maintain the Harmonic level in set limits
with respect to the fundamental.
 A combination of SVG/SVC with Reactors & Capacitors. This
shall be the good option where linear or small non linear but
fluctuating load. Here we can decide the combination of 50:50
or 60:40 or 70:30 (Fixed : Variable) depends upon the load
characteristic.
 HOW TO APPROACH ?
1. No standardization of solution. No Thumb rules.
2. Different solutions to different Industries.
3. Understand the exact problem in the bill.
4. Understand the meaning of every reading.
5. Study the existing solutions provided.
6. See whether the whole or part system can be used.
7. What additions are required.
8. Study the existing Infrastructure.
9. Study the site conditions to confirm the space availability for additional
equipment required.
10. Which can be the optimized technology to be used.
11. Sometimes, start with phase wise solutions, monitor the results and go
for next solution to optimize the cost.
12. Take adequate measures to carry out all such works in weekly or planned
shut down. i.e. without disturbing production.
13. Selection of Capacitor specifications.
QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

As far as possible shall try to answer your questions.

1. Let us a take the questions from the chat box.

2. Besides this anyone can raise the hand and ask the question.
I sincerely thanks CEEAMA and our event mangers FairAct for organizing this Webinar at right
time.

As all Industries have received the bills of June and started understanding the seriousness and
depth of the issues related to KVAH billing.

Since the effect is composite, i.e. depends upon lot of existing parameters, hence can’t be
treated as a generalized.

Every Industry shall be considered as a individual case and to be studied accordingly.

All things can’t be covered in this Webinar, however tried my level the best to present in this
given schedule.

Least but not last I sincerely thanks all participants for your keen initiative and active
participation.
Veejhay B Limaaye
Principal Consultant
V L Engineers, Miraj -416419, Maharashtra, INDIA,
Email : vlengineers@gmail.com
Cell : + 91 9422040850
Website : www.vlengineers.com
Blog : www.vlengineers.blogspot.in