History Of Tourism:

World
(Especially,
Europe & America)
 Tourism:
Evolution &
Development
 What is Evolution?
• The gradual development of something.
 Origin of Tourism & Hospitality
The invention of wheel and currency really
made travelling easy, and hence helped more
people to visit far away places. Hospitality
emerged and kept pace with this
unstoppable growth.
Europe is the birthplace of hotel & inn
business but, it was in America where
enterprising risk-takers experimented with
new ideas and succeeded spectacularly.
 Important Phases In Growth Of Hotel
Industry- Europe & America
Ancient Era- the beginning
Grand Tour Era- Period before French
Revolution (1789), when Kings were still
ruling Europe, before being removed by
armed revolt of the common man.
Modern Era- The beginning of the modern
hotel industry, with gigantic building and
excellent service.
 Summarizing The World Tourism
History
• In a few pages it is impossible. History is
always learnt from documents and
every document has limitations.
• Therefore, instead of giving you a long,
tedious presentation, would like to just
highlight the important Civilizations and
their contributed milestones.
Prominent Civilizations that Promoted
Tourism, Travel & Hospitality.
The Babylonians Chinese
(Sumerians) Polynesians
The Egyptians Europeans
Mesopotamians Chinese
The Romans Persians
Phoenicians Arabs
Greeks
 Important Contributions…
The Babylonians (Sumerians)
– The creation of money and trade (Babylon is the
most famous city from
ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-
day Iraq 59 miles (94 kilometres) southwest
of Baghdad.

The Egyptians
– First cruises were organized and conducted from
Egypt.
– (pyramids)
– celebrating festivals.
 Important Contributions Continued
Mesopotamians
Use of Early roads
–roads were mainly paved dirt roads.
The Romans (Modern Day Capital of Italy)
developed stone-paved roads for military
use and it covered most of their empire.
 Important Contributions Continued
Phoenicians (Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel.)
– Master shipwrights.
– Built a network of trading posts around the
Mediterranean.

Greeks (Greece)
– Followed the Phoenicians.
– Improved ships and accelerated the
Mediterranean trade.
– Merchant ships also carried passengers for profit.
Important Contributions Continued
Chinese
– Had ministers for travel as early as 4,000
years ago.
Polynesians (Hawaii, New Zealand and
Easter Island).
– Used small dugout canoes under 40 feet
and used these to travel from South East
Asia.
Important Contributions Continued
Europeans
– The fall of Rome spelled disaster for travel
and tourism.
– Dark ages- only the most adventurous
persons would travel. Travel was not for
pleasure.
• The Crusades
– End of the Dark Ages; pilgrimages were popular.
• The ancient Passport was born in 1388:
permits for pilgrimages were required
 Introduction

Early Travel:

 Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or

to escape danger.
 Travel was also undertaken for trade.
 Growth of cities along fertile river banks like
Nile etc encouraged water travel.
 Ancient empires like the Romans helped
shape modern travel.
Early Travellers
 Periodization Of Tourism

(1) Ancient period

(2) Imperial period and Pilgrimage
period
(3) Grand Tour period
(4) The Transition period (after
devastating second world war)
(5) The Modern period
 Ancient Period
Commercial hospitality activities existed
before 4th century B.C.
Buddhists and Christian missionaries
travelled afar to propagate and
promote their religion.
Discovery of silk route that connected
east to west in 2000 B.C. is evidence
of travel.
 The Ancient Era Hospitality
Corinth in Greece was home to a
number of lodging establishments.
The inns of the biblical era were
primitive, with little or no regard to
privacy or personal sanitation.
Roads being built during
Roman Empire
 Advent of All-Weather Roads
In 3rd century AD, a wide network of brick-
paved roads were constructed in Europe and
minor Asia (Turkey and eastern Europe).
This was an opportunity to build many lodging
establishments along the road.
These lodging places were called ‘Mansionis’.
THE EMPIRE ERA

 The Egyptians

 At its peak the travel for business and pleasure

flourished.
 Travel to outlining cities was necessary.
 Various amenities were offered to travelers.
 They travelled for pleasure and festivals were held
every year.
 People used to travel to attend these festivals and
bring back souvenirs.
The Persians: (Persia is the former name
of Iran).

 They started travel initially for military use.

 Later on, facilities used for military were
transformed to facilitate civilian travel.
 Roads were built, markers were established
to indicate distances.
 Safety of travelers was given importance.
 Modes of transport like wagons,
donkeys/mules were introduced.
 The Greeks:

• Greeks were the first, who shaped the modern

day travel.
• Pleasure travel was popular.
• Travel was advanced by two developments:
 Currency exchange: Greek cities accepted foreign
currency, making it easier for travelers.
Communication: The Greek empire covered the
entire Mediterranean thus the language was
widely understood.
• They provided all the amenities required.
 The Romans

• The prosperity of the Roman empire was

reflected in the development of travel.
• The Romans included a large group of
middle class who had money and time to
travel.
• They built excellent roads,
transportation and communication
systems.
• They built rest houses.
Industrial Revolution & Transition
Period
The Industrial Revolution saw the power
of inventions, like steamships, steam
engines, railway network, power looms
and rapid mechanization leading to
mass industrial production.
This was the period when population started
moving from rural to urban areas. The
focus of travel now shifted to business,
from education or pilgrimage.
Village to City Migration
 Leader of Hospitality in Europe
First, Switzerland, then, Britain.
The hospitality establishments in
Switzerland were called Chalets (a small
cottage), where the main customers were
the rich and powerful Aristocrats.
Between 1750 & 1825, British inns enjoyed
the reputation of being the finest in
Europe.
 What is Aristocracy?
A class of persons holding exceptional rank and
privileges, especially the hereditary (by
birth) nobility.
A government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite,
or privileged upper class.
Government by those considered to be the best or
most able people in the state.
A governing body composed of those considered to
be the best or most able people in the state.
Any class or group considered to be superior, as
through education,
ability, wealth, or social prestige.
Renaissance And Grand Tour
(AD 1763-1773)

• The rise of Italy as intellectual capital of Europe .

• Grand Tour – a tour to the principal cities and places of

interest in Europe (France, Italy, Germany, Austria,
Switzerland & Ireland), formerly said to be an essential
part of the education of the young man of ‘good
birth’ and ‘fortune’.
Main travellers were diplomats, business people, and
scholars; moving mostly for career, education,
culture, literary, health, scientific research, business,
and economic reasons.
 Opportunity for Hospitality Business

Grand Tour was also patronized by

Aristocracy, and therefore, smart
businessmen sensed good money
in catering to this group of rich &
powerful travellers.
 Prominent Hotels of Grand Tour Era

• Dolder Grand- Zurich (Swiss)

• Imperial- Vienna (Austrian)
• Vier Jahreszeiten- Hamburg
(German)
• Des Bergues- Geneva (Swiss)
 Modern Period
It was basically the period after 2nd world
war, characterized by technological
development of transport such as
Funiculars (ropeway), jet airlines , bullet
trains , ships , luxury cars, and facilities
like 5 star hotels accommodations.
Modern Period after 2nd World War
 American Story in Hospitality
American entrepreneurs literally changed
the face of the hotel trade, with their
breathtaking technological and
architectural innovations, canny business
promotions and aggressive marketing
skills, in a country, that had just
established itself, as the first superpower
of the world, after second world war.
 Chronicle of American hospitality
 City Hotel, New York, 1794. 73 rooms.
 Exchange Coffee House, Boston

 City Hotel (second)- Baltimore

 Mansion House- Philadelphia

 Tremont House, Boston. 170 rooms,

door lock, indoor plumbing, running
water, bathing facility, bowl, pitcher,
free soap in room.
 Chronicle of American hospitality
 Grand Pacific,
 The Palmer House

 The Sherman House, Chicago

 The Palace, San Francisco, 800

rooms
 The First Business Hotel
Statler Hotel, Buffalo, New York,
1908, 450 rooms.
Attached bath, hot and cold water,
electric lamp on desk, and radio in
room.
 The Great Depression, 1929 to 1935

The terrible economic slowdown

wiped out much of the hospitality
business in America. It was only a
slow recovery, after the second
world war had ended in 1945.
 Father Of Tourism And Travel
• Thomas Cook is considered the Father of
modern Tourism.
• His first organized trip was ‘Leicester to
Loughborough ’ in 1841.
• It covered a distance of 22 km for 570
members.
• He acted as an agent by buying tickets in bulk
and selling it to others on a non profit basis.
• This gave him an idea to package tours in a
profitable manner.
• He organized the travel arrangements,
accommodations, transport at the
destinations and return to the homeland.
• He organized the first ‘inclusive tour’ to
Paris Exhibition in 1855.
• ‘Hotel voucher’ was introduced by Thomas
Cook in 1867 and ‘Circular Note’ in 1873
which made travel easier.
• First ‘Round the world tour’ in 1872.
 YEAR MILESTONE

01 4000BC Invention of money by Sumerians (Babylonia)

02 5th-15th Dark Era of Tourism
century AD
03 AD 1763- Renaissance stage of tourism
1773
04 1820 Introduction of regular steamboat services
05 1830 First passenger train service begins
06 1841 Thomas Cook began running a special excursion
train from Leicester to Loughborough (England)
07 1867 Thomas Cook introduced Hotel voucher
08 1872 Thomas Cook first organized ‘the round the world
trip’
09 1873 ‘Circular note’ was introduced by Thomas Cook
10 1888-89 The Savoy, Claridges, and Carlton hotels were
11 1903 Airplane’s first flight at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina by the Wright brothers
12 1903 The first major hotel company-Trust Houses- opens
a chain of hotels through out Britain
13 1920 Chartered flights appear in tourism
14 AD1945 IATA was established
15 1947 IUOTO was constituted
16 1950 Commercial air transportation increased
and air transportation became cheaper
17 1958 Boeing 707 jet was introduced
18 1966 UFTAA was founded
19 1970 First wide-bodied jet (Boeing 747) appeared in
service(capable of carrying 400 pax)
20 1975 WTO began its legal existence
End of part- 2 of
the lesson on
Tourism.
See you in the next
session.
 THANK YOU

Compilation &
Presentation by,
Praveen Jha
IHM Hajipur, Vaishali
(Bihar)