Pangasinan State University

URDANETA CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

TERMS DEFINITION DRAWINGS

Wood Casement A casement is a window that is
attached to its frame by one or more
hinges at the side. They are used singly
or in pairs within a common frame, in
which case they are hinged on the
outside.

Steel Casement A casement is a window that is

attached to its frame by one or more
hinges at the side. They are used singly
or in pairs within a common frame, in
which case they are hinged on the
outside.

Double Hung Series- Double hung windows have two sashes

H2 that move up and down. A single hung
window features one operational sash.

Double Hung Series- Double hung windows have two sashes

130 that move up and down. A single hung
window features one operational sas

Shingles or Half Shingles are widely used as roof

Timber on Frame covering on residential buildings and
sometimes for siding. They are of stock
sizes and various materials including
wood, asphalt, and slate.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Stucco on Frame ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

A cement plaster system used as an

exterior wall surface finish that is
usually applied to metal lath attached
to a stud wall base.

Brick Veneer Brick veneer is a method of

construction where a property of either
a wooden or steel frame is concealed
with a single layer of bricks as the
exterior layer. 

Solid Brick Solid masonry is the good old-

fashioned brick construction that was
quite common up until the mid-1900s.
This is also known as 'double brick,'
'solid brick,' or 'brick and block'
construction.

Attenberg Limits The levels of water content defining

the boundaries between the different
states of consistency of a plastic or
cohesive soil as determined by
standard tests.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Liquid Limit ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Water content, expressed as a

percentage of dry weight, at which a
soil passes from a plastic limit of a soil.

Plasticity Index Numerical difference between the

liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil.

Plastic Limit The water content, expressed as a

percentage of dry weight, at which a
soil lies its plasticity and begins to
behave in a soil.

Plastic Soil Soil that can be rolled into 1/8 in.

(3.2mm) diameter threads without
crumbling.

Shrinkage Limit The water content, expressed as a

percentage of a dry weight, at which a
induction of water content will not
cause a further decrease in the volume
of a soil mass.

Granular Material Gravel sand, or silt that exhibits no

cohesiveness or plasticity.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Permeability ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Property of a porous material that

allows a gas or liquid to pass through
its spaces.

Void Ratio The ration of the volume of void spaces

to the volume of solid particles in a soil
mass.

Critical Void Ratio Void Ratio corresponding to the critical

Density of a soil mass.

Critical Density Unit weight of a saturated granular

above which it will gain strength below
which it will lose strength when
objected to rapid deformation.

Previous Soil Permeable soil that allows the

relatively free movement of water
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Geotechnical ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Of or pertaining to the practical

application of geological science in civil
engineering.

Foundation The investigation and classification of a

Investigation foundation soil based on observation
and tests of material disclosed by
borings or excavations to obtain the
information necessary for the design of
a foundation system, including the
shearing the strength, compressibility,
cohesion, expansiveness, permeability,
and moisture content of the soil, the
elevation of the water table, and the
anticipated total and differential
settlement.

Soil Mechanics The branch of civil engineering that

deals with the mechanical behavior so
soil when compressed or sheared, or
when water flows through it.

Soil structure The arrangement and aggregation of

soil particles in a soil mass.

Core An undisturbed, cylindrical sample of

earth or rock obtained by means of a
core drill and used for analysis and
testing of bearing capacity. Also called
boring.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Cohesive Soil ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Soil that has considerable strength

when unconfined and air-dried, and
significant cohesion when submerged.

Cohesionless Soil Soil that has little or no strength when

unconfined and air-dried, and little or
no cohesion when submerged.

Compaction The consolidation of sediment by the

weight of overlying deposits or a similar
compression of soil, aggregate, or
cementatious material by rolling,
tamping, or soaking.

Penetration Test A test for measuring the density of

granular soils and the consistency of
some clays at the bottom of a borehole,
recording the number of the blows
required by a hammer to advance a
standard soil sampler.

Penetration The unit load required to produce a

Resistance specified penetration into a soil at a
specified rate of penetration.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Shearing ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
Strength
The property of a soil that enables it’s
particles to resist displacement with
respect to one another when an
external force is applied, due largely to
the combined effects of cohesion and
internal friction.

Soil The top layer of the earth’s surface,

consisting of disintegrated rock and
decayed organic matter suitable for the
growth of plant life.

Top Soil The fertile surface layer of soil, as

distinct from the subsoil.

Subsoil The bed or layer of earth immediately

beneath the surface soil.

Permafrost Perennially frozen subsoil in attic or

subarctic regions. Also called pergelisol
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Bedrock ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

The unbroken, solid rock that underlies

all unconsolidated material on the
earth’s surface, as soil, clay, sand, or
rock fragments.

Soil Analysis A process for determining the particle-

size distribution in an aggregate, soil or
sediment.

Soil Class A numerical classification of soil by

texture, used by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture;(1) gravel, (2) sand, (3)
clay, (4) loam, (5) loam with some sand,
(6) silt-loam, and (7) clay-loam.

Cobble A naturally rounded stone, smaller than

a boulder and larger than a pebble,
used for rough paving, walls and
foundations. Also called cobblestone.

Boulder A large, naturally rounded rock, lying

on the surface of the ground or
partially embedded in it.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Gravel ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Small pebbles and stones, or a mixture

of these with sand, formed either
naturally or by crushing rock, esp. such
material that will pass a 3 in. (76 mm)
sieve and be retained on a no. 4 (4.8
mm) sieve.

Crushed Gravel Gravel having one or more fractured

faces produced by mechanical crushing.

Crushed Stone Stone having well-defined edges

produced by the mechanical crushing
of rocks or boulders. Also called
crushed rock.

Pea Gravel A small-diameter, natural gravel,

usually ¼ to 3/8 in. (6.4 to 9.5 mm) in
size, screened to specification.

Pebble A small, rounded stone, especially one

worn smooth by the action of water.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Sand ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

A loose, granular material resulting

from the disintegration of rocks,
consisting of grains smaller than gravel
but coarser than silt.

Silt Loose sedimentary materials consisting

of fine mineral particles between
0.002mm and 0.05mm in diameter.

Sand Clay A well-graded, naturally occurring sand

often used as a base or subbase
material, having about 10% clay or just
enough to make the mixture bind
tightly when compacted.

Clay A natural, earthly material that is

plastic when moist but hard when fired
and is used for making brick, tile, and
pottery composed mainly of fine
particles of hydrous aluminum silicates
less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

Clay Loam Soil containing 27% to 40% clay and

20% to 45% sand.

Bentonite A clay formed by the decomposition of

volcanic ash, having the ability to
absorb large amounts of water and to
expand to several times it’s natural
columns.
 Pangasinan State University
URDANETA CITY CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
Loam ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

A rich soil containing a relatively equal

mixture of sand and silt and a smaller
proportion of clay and organic matter.

Loess An unratified, cohesive, loamy deposit

deposited by wind.

Organic Soil Soil containing a large amount of

organic matter, usually very
compressible and having poor load-
sustaining properties.

Soil Profile A diagram of a vertical section of soil

from the ground surface to the
underlying material, showing a
succession of horizons developed by
weathering, deposition or both.

Horizon Any of a series of relatively distinct

layers of soil or its underlying material
found in a vertical section of land

Stratum A single bed or layer of sedimentary

earth or rock having the same
composition throughout, lying between
beds of another kind.