Unit 1

Technology In Use

1. A. In pairs, think about two or three products you use regularly and discuss the following questions.
 What are the main functions of the products? (What do they do?)
 What are their different applications? (What are they used for?)
=
Product 1 = handpone
Serves as a means of communication via voice and short messages (SMS). Handpone is useful for
capturing radio / television broadcasts. Mobile used by people to be able to interact with each other
Long distance
Product 2 = Laptop
Serves as a medium to help someone's work, especially those with high mobility. Laptops are
used to create documents, design, multimedia, games, and so on.
B . What do you know about Global Positioning System (GPS) devices? In pairs, describe their main
function, and give some examples of different applications of GPS devices.
= GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that functions to track the position of certain objects
on a digital map. Some examples of other GPS device applications are portable GPS, Pocket GPS,
Sport GPS, Marine GPS, and others.
2. A. 1 Paula, a design engineer for a GPS manufacturer, is discussing product development with Jose,
a senior manager new to the company. Listen to the conversation and complete the following notes.
• the primary application of GPS (1) -
• associated applications Tracking systems for (2)-
Tracking systems for (3)-
• more creative features (4) alarms
• not technical innovations (5) buttons
B. Complete the following extracts from the discussion with words that come from use.
1. Then you've got associated applications ,-------- that are related to navigating ...
2 ... tracking systems you can ---- for monitoring delivery vehicles ...
3 ... from the end- --------- point of view, accuracy is no longer the main selling
point. Most devices are accurate enough. The key is to make them more -----------
3. A. Match the GPS applications (1-6) to the descriptions (a-f).
1=c
2=d
3=b
4=f
5=a
6=e
B. In pairs, practise explaining the applications of GPS in Exercise 3a to a colleague who has limited
knowledge of the devices using the following phrases.
used for -ing used to useful for anot her / a similar use
4. A. Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the correct words.
1. there 's a setting on the CPS that allows/prevents it to detect the movement ...
2. an alarm sounds to warn you , and allows/prevents the boat from drifting unnoticed.
3. and enables /ensures that you don't lose track of where you were, which then enables /ensures you
to turn round and come back to the same point ...
B. Match the words in Exercise 4a to the synonyms.
 = 1.allows / enables
2.ensures
3.prevents
C. Complete the following extract from the user's manual of a GPS device using the verbs in Exercise
4a. Sometimes , more than one answer is possible.
= 1.allow/enable
2.allow/enable
3. ensure
4.allow/enable
5.prevent
5. In pairs, explain the main functions and applications of a product made by your company or a product
you know about. Student A, you are an engineering manager; Student B, you are a new employee.
Use the language from this section and the phrases in the box. Swap roles and practise again.
I see. So .. . OK. In other words .. . So you mean ...
6. A. In pairs, look at the picture and discuss the following questions.
• How do you think a space elevator would work?
= I think the space elevator will work in a room shaped like an elevator. Then the elevator will go up
to its destination.
• What could it be used for?
= The tool is used to send astronauts into space and send astronauts' food supplies into space
• What technical challenges would it face?
= The challenge is that the cable force from the earth's surface, which is pulled to a point in orbit in
space, must be lighter and stronger than it is today.
• How seriously do you think the concept of space elevators is being taken at present?
= At this time, many developed countries have started to work diligently on this project, such as
Japan which has started working with NASA to participate in this project.
B. Read the following article and compare it to your answers in Exercise 6a.
Space elevators: preparing for takeoff
= My answer is almost the same as the text even though I just read it, I also get my answer from my
reading in internet journals
C. Match the verbs (1-9) from the text in Exercise Gb to the definitions (a-i).
1.e
2.i
3.a
4.b
5.g
6.h
7.c
8.d
9.f
7. A. James, an engineer, is giving a talk on space elevators.
Complete his notes using the correct orm of the verbs (1-7) in exercise 6c.
2.support
3.attached.
4.raised
5.power
6.ascenq
7.transport
 B. Listen to part of James' talk and check your answers in Exercise 7a.
C. What kinds of word are missing from the notes? In pairs, compare the audioscript on page 86 with
the notes in Exercise 7a.
= There are some words that do not exist or have been replaced, for example in the text on page 86 in
the first verse it is said to be grounded using the cable, obviously, it is important. 'And in the notes on
question no. 7a it says' to earth by wire is important.
8. A. Some space elevator designs propose an offshore base station. In pairs, discuss how such a system
might work using words in Exercise Ge. What advantages might an offshore base have compared
with a land base?
= The advantage of using an offshore base is that it does not require much land land, so that land can
be used for other purposes. Reducing the risk of a collision. Will not have much direct interaction
with the community. And the coastal area is wider than the mainland.
B. James goes on to discuss offshore base stat ions. Listen to the talk and answer the following
questions.
1. How would an offshore base station be supported?
 by a floating structure
2. What would the function of its anchors be?
 to attach the base to the seabed, so that the ship remains stationary and does not oscillate.
3. How would payloads reach the base station?
 ship will take them
4. What problem would a mobile base station help to prevent?
 collision between cables and debris
5. What9 a You are members of a space elevator research team designing a concept for offshore
base stations. In pairs, analyse the notes below, which were made during a briefing given by your
manager. Imagine you are giving a presentation. Begin by reading out the abbreviated notes in full.
 the anchor will be raised and the station will be moved
9. A. You are members of a space elevator research team designing a concept for offshore base stations. In
pairs, analyse the notes below, which were made during a briefing given by your manager. Imagine
you are giving a presentation. Begin by reading out the abbreviated notes in full.
= HOLDING SYSTEM; The wind load on the cable will have a huge impact on the anchoring
system so that the base system needs to be moved continuously and sometimes suddenly. So for the
time being what system can be used to hold the base in position? Is it shallow water close to shore or
deep water away from shore the choice will have an impact on the design of the anchor system
B. In pairs, discuss the questions raised in the notes and think of some suitable solutions for the
anchoring system and the propulsion system. At this stage, these should be overall concepts, not
detailed designs. Remember to make notes.
 Holding system: Will make it possible to moor the base more safely. The permanent anchor
stricture can be in shallow water then can be securely attached.
 Propulsion system: The base station can be propelled by propeller and a large engine is required.
C. In small groups, take turns to give a short talk using your notes to explain how the systems work, in
general terms. Imagine you are speaking to a small group of colleagues, including your manager.
D. Write two or three paragraphs to summarise your talk. These will be included in your manager's
longer report on offshore base stations.
10. In pairs, discuss the term technical advantage. Give some examples of technology you are familiar
with.
= Keunggulan teknis adalah istilah untuk berbagai produk/teknologi yang lebih unggul dalam
beberapa hal seperti lebih berkualitas,lebih awet,disbanding produk setara yang dijual perusahaan
lain. Contohnya smartphone yang trend saat ini dengan 3 lensa kamera berbentuk segitiga yang
 diluncurkan perusahaahn iphone,yang ditiru oleh advand. Walaupun sekilas sama namun keunggulan
teknis iphone jauh lebih baik.
11. A. Read the first paragraph of some promotional literature from Otis, a leading elevator company.
What is the Gen2 "' system?
= Gen2 system is a flat belt that functions to lift elevators which are used instead of cables. When
compared to the cable system Gen2 is better because it has a number of advantages.
B. Match the words (1-6) from the text in Exercise 11a to the synonyms (a-f).
= 2.e 3.b 3.f 4.c 5.a
C. Complete the following text using the correct form of the words (1-6) in Exercise 11b. You will
need to use some words more than once.
D. In pairs, summarise the advantages of the flat belt system. Discuss durabi lity, wear, noise, space,
cleanliness , efficiency, aut
12. A. Complete the following tips on emphasising technical advantages using the
words in the box.
conventional eliminated enhanced reduced superior
= I enhanced
2 reduced
3 eliminated
4 conventional
5 superior
B. Stefan, an engineer, is briefing some sales colleagues on the advantages of a new pump design.
Listen to the briefing and match the tips (a-d) in Exercise 12a to the extracts ( 1- 4) .
Extract 1 = (c)
Extract 2 = (b)
Extract 3 = (a)
Extract 4 = (d)
C. Complete the following sentences from the briefing by underlining the correct emphasising word.
= 2 dramatically 6 highly
3 entirely 7 exceptionally
4 extremely I significantly
5 considerably
D. Match the words in Exercise 12c to the synonyms. considerably dramatically entirely exceptionally
highly totally
1. Completely; at all = at all
2. Very; dramatically = significantly
3. Very; very = extreme
13. You are Otis engineers back in the 1850s, when elevators were new. In pairs, prepare a short talk to
brief your sales colleagues on the advantages of elevators for lifting people and goods. Emphasise the
points below, using the phrases and techniques from this section. Remember that people at this time
are sceptical about the technology.
Safe - a reliable braking system eliminates the danger of falling the car if the cable breaks
• Simple - they are controlled from the car and very easy to operate
• Comfortable - they are easier on the feet than conventional alternatives (stairs)
• Valuable - they increase the value of land by allowing higher buildings in a smaller area.
14. A. Richard, a structural engineer, often takes clients on guided tours
of their new buildings during const ructi on. He is talking about explaining
technical concepts to non-specialists. Listen and answer the following questions.
1. What does Richard say about explaining technical concepts?
 = We must not use expressions or proverbs that sound nonsense so that technical concepts can be
difficult to explain in everyday language
2. What does he mean by dull explanations?
= Uninteresting and boring explanation
3. What is being patronising?
= We talk to people who are older than us as if we were talking to children.
B. In pairs, think of some tips on how to solve the following problems.
1. Not understood
2. Patronize
3. Explain difficult concepts
4. Sounds boring.
C. Richard is giving some advice about the problems in Exercise 14b. Listen and summarise his ideas.
Compare his tips with your suggestions.
= Richard suggests using colloquial language to avoid explanations that are not understood, using
some jargon and then explaining it using colloquial language to avoid being like patronizing,
explaining difficult concepts by comparing technical points with things in everyday life to describe
them , and use a few jokes to avoid sounding boring.
15. A. Richard has made notes for a guided tour of a site. The project is a skyscraper in the early stages of
construction. During the tour he explains the technical terms to the non-specialist group. In pairs,
discuss the following terms and try to interpret them using everyday language to rephrase them.
Foundation piles (in general)
 Pillar, so that the building is strong and stands firm
• bored concrete piles in situ
 The truss is shaped because it is printed
• Pile of precast concrete
 Concrete that has an appropriate size
• Pole drive
 Large tool used to move poles
• Auger pole
• Bentonite
 Clay soil.
B. Richard is giving a tour of a construction site. Listen and make notes of his explanations of the
following technical terms . Compare your ideas
with his.
1.substructure = part of the structure in the underground
2. pile foundation = A column that fell to the ground
3. to drill a pile = dig
4. Concrete in situ = Concrete that is dried at the construction site in its final position
5. pre-printed stack = Made at factory, far from location
6. to drive heap = to enter
7. driver pile = Like a giant hammer
8. auger pile = like a giant drill
9. Bentonite = A kind of suspension of clay / a kind of mud.
C. Listen again and compare Richard's explanations with the tips in Exercise 14c. Which techniques did
he use? Were they successful?
= Richard uses colloquial language to avoid explanations that are not understood, uses several
expressions, uses technical comparisons with everyday life. (YES it worked)
16. Read the textbook description of two types of pile foundation. Use the words
 and phrases in Exercise 1 5d and the following notes to rephrase it .
=There are two types of pile foundations; a charming pile and a pile of friction. In essence, pile end
pads are used when you have soft soil that sits on top of a hard circle or rock. Basically, the pile goes
through the soft ground and sits on the hard ground below. It's a bit like building on water. Soft soil
is like water, which cannot support anything, and what is difficult is the ground beneath it like the
seabed. Simply put, the stack is like a stage. Different friction stacks. They are used when there is no
hard ground. In simple terms, the side posts grip the soft ground around them. If you imagine a nail
in a piece of wood, it's the same. The nail is gripped by the wood around it. Sometimes the bottom of
the friction pile is made wider. Envisioning the foot with the foot on the bottom is the same principle.
17. You are showing a non-specialist visitor around your company and explaining technical concepts
using simplified language. In pairs, practise explaining a product or type of technology that you are
familiar with Communication technology is a system that uses technical means to transmit
information or data from one place to another, or from one person to another. telephone, computer,
email, fax.

Unit 2
Materials Technology

1. In pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of recycling. Use the following examples and your own
ideas.breaking up ships demolishing buildings recycling electronics scrapping cars Breaking up
ship / unloading the ship
• Problems = Health risks (goods that have been destroyed are potentially toxic, such as asbestos,
heavy metals, lead, etc.), environmental risks.
• Benefits = in some countries such as Bangladesh steel from the results of demolition can meet the
needs of the State.
 Demolishing building / demolition of buildings
• Problem: generates large amounts of waste
• Benefits: contribution to sustainability
 Recycling electronics
• Problem: electronic waste can harm human health
• Benefits: reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by making new products, many
of which can be recycled and reused.
 Scrapping cars / car recycling
• Benefits: Recycled steel saves energy and natural resources
2.A. Read the following web page and complete the missing headings using the words in the box.
1 steel Scrap can be sorted easily using magnetism. If the metal is galvanised (coated with zinc)
the zinc is fully recyclable. If it is stainless steel, other metals mixed with the iron, such as chromium
and nickel, can also be recovered and recycled.
2 Glass Sorting is critical, as there are key differences between the clear and coloured material
used in bottles and jars, and the high-grade material used in engineering applications, which contains
traces of metals.
3 Copper Scarcity makes recycling especially desirable, and justifies the cost of removing insulation
from electric wires, which are a major source of scrap. Pure metal can also be
recovered from alloys derived from it, notably brass (which also contains quantities of zinc, and
often lead} and bronze (which contains tin).
 4 Aluminium The cost of melting down existing metal is significantly cheaper than the energy-
intensive process of electrolysis, which is required to extract new metal from ore.
5 Timber Hardwood and softwood can be reused. However, the frequent need to remove
ironmongery and saw or plane off damaged edges, can make the process costly.
6 Rubber Tyres are the primary source of recyclable material. These can be reused whole
in certain applications. They can also be ground into crumbs which have varied uses.
7 Plastic An obstacle to recycling is the need to sort waste carefully. While some types can be
melted down for reuse, many cannot, or result in low-grade material.
B. Match the materials from the web page ( 1 -8) in Exercise 2 to the definitions (a-h).
=2.a 3.b 3.f 4.d 5.h 6.e 7.g
C. Complete the following sentences using from, with or of.
= 2 with
3 from
4 from
5 with
6of
7of
8 from
3. A. Irina, an ecological adviser, is talking to a group of engineers on a training course about
environmentally friendly design. In pairs, discuss the ideas from her slide and give some examples.
B. Listen to an extract from the talk and compare your ideas with what Irina says. What example does
she use to illustrate her main point?
= The main point that Irina makes is that it is important to consider the total environmental impact of
a product, including producing it (pre-use), using it (in use) and recycling it (post-use). He gave an
example of an energy efficient light bulb.
C. Irina asks the engineers to do a simplified environmental audit. Their task is to compare steel and
aluminium car bodywork from an ecological perspective. Listen to Sophia and Pete, two of the
engineers, discussing the topic and make notes of their ideas.
= Pre-use: aluminum production (extraction from ore and recycling), coating steel (galvanization),
bulk material conveying and handling, cutting and welding.
= In use: weight (impact on fuel consumption), age (production frequency).
D. In pairs, do an environmental audit for the following applications and materials. Use the words and
phrases in the box.
4 . What do you know about braking systems? In pairs, discuss the following questions
1. Generally speaking , what do brakes do and how do the y work?
= Brakes are designed to slow the vehicle or slow down / stop moving parts. Often they work
through friction, by applying pressure to the bearings pressed against the side of the disc or directly
to the rim of the wheel.
2. What kinds of material are used in brake pads and brake discs in different vehicles?
= Advanced materials (cars), ferrous metals (trains), rubber (bicycles), etc.
5 A. Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the colours green and red refer
to?
= Green refers to ecological problems. Red refers to hot (very hot), which means that hot topics are
important topics / which are being discussed a lot at the moment.
B. In pairs, answer the following questions.
1. Why do most braking systems waste energy?
 Because they use friction, which dissipates energy as heat.
2. What are regenerative braking systems , and how do they save energy?
 They take heat and use it to start cars.
 3. What characteristics are required of materials used for the brakes on racing cars?
 Able to produce high levels of friction and to withstand the effects of friction and heat as a result.
4. What is meant by heat soak , and why is it a problem in racing cars?
 Absorbed engine heat can damage sensitive parts such as electronic components and plastics.
C. Match the materials from the text (1- 7) to the descriptions (a-g).
= 2.g 3.b 4.f 5.d 6.a 7.e
D. In pairs, take turns to describe an object using the words from Exercise Sc and the phrases in the box.
Ask your partner to guess what it is.
What does the alloy consist of?
• What is iron made of?
• What is the compound made of?
• What are polymers made of?
6 A. You are going to give a talk on composites technology at a construction materials trade fair. In part
of the talk, you focus on reinforced concrete as a well-known example of a composite material.
Prepare your talk using words and phrases from this section and the following notes.
Reinforced concrete is concrete combined with steel reinforcement with an area and amount of
reinforcement not less than the minimum value, which is required with or without prestress, and is
planned based on the assumption that steel bars embedded in the concrete can provide tensile
strength required.
 The following are the advantages of concrete as a building structure including:
• The ingredients are easy to get.
• The price of the materials is more economical and does not require high maintenance costs.
• Easy to shape according to the wishes of the architect.
• Reinforced concrete material has high compressive strength.
 Reinforced concrete also has several weaknesses, namely:
• Reinforced concrete requires formwork to hold the concrete in place until it hardens;
• Reinforced concrete has a low strength per unit weight which results in heavy reinforced concrete.
• In working on reinforced concrete dough, it requires a reference (mold) and a scaffold (reference
pole) during the work.
B. In small groups, take turns to give your talk
C. Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a high-voltage cable. Before you listen, label the cross-
section with the parts (a-e).
= 1.c 2.b 3.d 4.a 5.e
D. Listen to the description and check your answers in Exercise 6c
E. Match the parts of the cable (a-e) in Exercise Ge to the following categories of
materials (1-5). You will need to use some parts more than once.
= 1. B;c
2. d;e
3. d
4.e
5.a;b;c
7. Imagine you are presenting a product or appliance you know well to a potential client. Describe the
categories of material used to make the different parts.
8. A . In pairs, discuss what you know about the properties of Kevlar® and how it is used.
 KEVLAR® is an organic fiber in the aromatic polyamide group. The unique properties and
different chemical composition of KEVLAR® distinguish it from other commercial man-made
fibers.
B. Read the following extract from DuPont™'s technical guide to Kevlar®.
 Compare the information with your ideas from Exercise 8a.
 In the text “What Is KEVLAR” Kevlar is an organization in the aromatic polyamide family,
whereas in answer 8a Kevlar is a persistent para-aramid fiber manufactured by DuPoint.
C. Find words in the text in Exercise Sb to match the following definitions.
=2. abrasion resistance
3. thermal stability
4.durable
5.lightweight
9. A. Match the automotive parts (1-5) to the descriptions (a-e).
= 1.c 2.e 3.b 4.a 5.d
B. Read the information from DuPont™ on the following page explaining some of the automotive
applications of Kevlar®. Complete the text using the automotive parts in Exercise 9a.
= 1 tyres
2 drive belts
3 brake pads
4 bullet-resistantarmour
5 sealing gaskets
C. In pairs, discuss why the properties of Kevlar® are especially important for each application
described in the text.
 karena menawarkan ketahanan yang luar biasa terhadap tusukan, abrasi, dan sobek.
10. A. Listen to a conversation about the properties of materials used in a specific type of tool and answer
the following questions.
1.Where does the conversation take place?
 At the dentist
2. What tool is being discussed?
 The tool is a dental drill
3. Which materials can be used for its different parts?
 Titanium can be used for handles, and tungsten-carbide and diamond for burs.
B. Complete the following extracts from the conversation using the properties in Exercise Be. Listen
again and check your answers.
=
l Iihtweight
2 abrasion resistance
3 durable
4 thermal stability
C. Match the words and phrases (1-5) from Exercise 10b to the synonyms (a-e).
= 1.b 2.a 3.e 4.c 5.d
11. A. You work for a manufacturer of hand tools and have been asked to
investigate using alternative materials in your products. In pairs, read the notes and discuss the main
properties required of the materials used to make the tools.
B. Think of a product you know well.In pairs, discuss the materials used in it and what properties
make the materials suitable. Discuss whether alternative materials could be used.
12. A. In pairs, answer the following questions.
1. In advertising , what hi-tec h, high-performance situations are often used to promote watches?
 situations used in advertising include motor racing, water sports such as surfing and diving, and
aviation.
2. What messages are they intended to send about the quality of products?
 The message in question is that the watch is accurate and resistant.
3. What quality issues differentiate higher-quality watches from lower-quality ones?
  High quality watch keeps time good; resistant to water and shock; and were made from more
expensive, nicer looking materials.
4. What is the difference between describing something as water -resistant and waterproof?
 Describing something as waterproof suggests it can withstand water to a certain extent, for
example to a certain depth or pressure. Describing something as watertight indicates that it provides
unlimited protection from water.
13. A. Louisa, a marketing executive for a watch manufacturer, is discussing material selection with Tom,
one of her engineering colleagues. Listen to the
discussion and complete the four quality issues that are mentioned in the meeting.
=
I corrosion resistance
2 water resistance
3 scratch resistance
4 shock resistance
B. In pairs, discuss what is meant by each of the quality issues in Exercise 1 3a.
14. A. Listen again and answer the following questions.
1. What point does Tom make about the reasons for selecting materials?
 Material I is sometimes chosen for marketing reasons, not technical reasons.
2) What does he say about submarine-grade steel to exemplify the above point?
 They considered using submarine grade steel in some models although actual water resistance was
dependent on the joints and seals, not the metal used.
3) What problem does he describe with regard to the marketability of many materials?
 Many fine watchmaking materials are ordinary or complex, and so do not sell very well.
4) What hard commercial fact does Louisa give?
 Consumers are not technical experts, and make choices based on their imoressions. Not on factual
information
B. In pairs, mark the following statements True (T) or False (F) according to the views expressed in
the conversation. Read the audioscript on page 87 and check your answers.
= 1.t 2.t 3.f 4.f 5.f 6.f 7.t 8.f
C. Listen to the following phrases from the conversation and underline the stressed syllable. Practise
saying the phrases.
=2. exceptionally resistant
3.not at all suitable
4.treoctdously marketable
5.Ielatively complex
6.not all that good
D. Complete the following table using the words in the box.
15. . In pairs, discuss the key properties and different types and grades of the following materials. Give
examples of the properties that make each material good or bad for watch-making, from a quality
perspective.
=Steel is relatively heavy and very tough. It is quite scratch resistant and shock resistant. Mild steel is
not very corrosion resistant but stainless steel has good corrosion resistance and is therefore suitable
for watches. The glass is heavy enough and is water and • corrosion resistant. Ordinary glass is very
brittle and the effects of engine or flywheel braking (via the clutch and gearbox), aerodynamic
braking systems (eg the spoiler on has fairly poor shock and scratch resistance resistance, although it
is still suitable for watches. Toughened glass is more durable. Aluminum is relatively light and quite
tough. It has good corrosion resistance. Therefore it is suitable for watches. Titanium is very light
and tough and has excellent abrasion resistance. It is also very corrosion resistant and is therefore a
good watch material. very good Gold is very heavy and quite tough, although softer grades of gold
 have poor shock resistance and scratch resistance Gold has excellent corrosion resistance. It is
suitable for more expensive decorative watches.

Unit 3
Components And Assemblies

1. What do you know about the electrical plugs and sockets used in different countries? In pairs, describe
some specific designs.
1) Stker
2) Switch
3) Fitting
4) Socket
5) Power socket
2. A. Jan, a project manager for a firm that manufactures electrical plugs and sockets, is briefing some of
his engineering colle agues. Listen to the briefing and summarise the aim of the project.
= The aim of this project is to formulate a policy that will state their company's recommended plug
and socket configuration, and explain the technical reasons why it is recommended.
B. In pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of the pins and standard configuration
= Pin profile means the shape of each pin, for example a rectangular or circular section. Standard
configuration means uniform arrangement, for example in certain countries all plugs have a standard
layout - they are all exactly the same
C. Erin, an engineer with the same company, is describing different electrical plug and socket formats
during the briefing. Listen and match the descriptions (1-6) to the pictures (a-f).
a) 6
b) 4
c) 5
d) 2
e) 3
D. Complete the following phrases from the descriptions using adjectives based on the words in
brackets.
=
2 rounded
5 rectangular
4 cylindrica
E. Listen and underline the stressed syllable in each of the following words.
= rectangle, rectangle, triangle, triangle, cylinder, cylindrical, line, linear
3. A. Listen to a longer description from the meeting. Which picture (a-f) in Exercise 2c does Erin describe?
= Figure b
B. Complete the following extracts from the description using the correct form of the words in the box.
= 2 ridges; grooves; recessed; flush with; set back
3 oins
C. In pairs, describe the different plug and socket formats in the pictures in Exercise 2c.
= If the plug is already wired then plug it in where there are two holes according to the direction,
that's all. If there is no cable, you must first install it. The trick is to open the bolt or nut to open the
protective surface, then loosen the cable fixing bolt then connect each cable according to its place
then tighten it.
4. A. Andy and Karin, two electrical engineers, are evaluating a plug and socket format in Exercise 2c .
Listen to the conversation and make notes of the advantages and disadvantages of the following features.
1) Plug slots into a recess in the socket:
Advantages _ Disadvantages
Advantage: The plug resists pulling force. Nothing can touch the pins if the plug is partially
removed.
Cons: Hard to pull out.
2) Covers protect live and neutral slot s:
Advantages _ Disadvantages
Advantage: Children can't put things into the socket.
Cons: If the mechanism is too
B. In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the plug and socket formats in Exercise 2c. Use
the following phrases from the convers ation.
 the advantages / disadvantages of this format are ... another advantage / disadvantage is ... the
problem with this system is ... it (form / format / feature) stops ... from ... -wants (form / format /
features) allow her to / help her / make it easy to / difficult ...
5. In pairs, think of some examples of machining operations that are often used in manufacturing
involving metalworking.
=Machining operations are the process of forming a product by cutting and using machine tools. The
machining operation can be divided into several types: lathe process, scrap process, freis process,
gurd process, drill process, file process, saw or grate process.
6. A, B, C Available in google classroom
7. A Read the following extract of promotional literature from a leading producer of ultra-high-pressure
(UHP) waterjet cutting machines. In pairs, explain the phrases in bold.
= secondary operation: additional machining, such as polishing netting parts: parts with accurately
cut edges; often intricate shapes form heat-affected zones: areas modified by high temperature [due
to heat of cutting] mechanical stress: physical forces such as shear forces when sawing or
guillotining of narrow kerf metal: narrow material thickness is removed during cutting; It is very
easy to do with a waterjet with very tight cuts: when several components are cut from the same
material, they can be placed close together, making better use of the material.
B. Evan is talking to Mr Barrett about UHP waterjet cutting. Listen to the conversation and match the
phrases in the box to the extracts (1- 4 ).
1) netting
2) heat affected zone
3) mechanical stress
4) narrow kerf
C. Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the correct phrases.
= 1.especially good when
2.uselessw hen
3.not the best solution
4.ideal for
8. In pairs, assess the different cutting techniques in terms of
• shape/size of cut • material types/characterist ics • cut width /quality. Use the
phrases in the box.
Drilling with a bit is good for cutting blind holes. Drilling with a hole saw is ideal for cutting wood.
Flame cutter is perfect for cutting metal. There is no point in cutting ceramic.
 The mill is perfect for cutting wide kerf. Totally unsuitable if you don't want a heat affected zone.
 Guillotining is great for thinly cutting ingredients. It is not very suitable for cutting thick
materials. Milling is great for cutting metal. It is not at all suitable for cutting wood.
  Punching is suitable for cutting holes. Its useless for cutting blind holes. Saws are ideal for cutting
straight edges. Not so great if you need to cut curved ends..
9. In pairs, think of some examples of ways of joining materials together.
=See audioscript 3.8 on page 88
10.A. Pedro, a purchasing manager with a kitchen appliance manufacturer, is talking to Alicia, a sales
manager from one of their main supplier s. Listen to the conversation and answer the following
questions.
1) . What objective does Pedro describe regarding his company 's relationship with suppliers?
= To involve their suppliers more actively in design
2) . What is Alicia concerned about?
= Do a lot of work with no returns and cover costs
3) . How does he respond to her concerns?
= They want to work with fewer suppliers, so there will be more jobs.
B. Complete the following table using the words in the box.
1) Mechanical fixture: screws, rivets, clips
2) Non-mechanical fixture: weld, adhesive
C. Label the photos (1-6) with the words in Exercise 10b.
1) Welding
2) Bolts
3) Adhesives
4) Screws
5) Concentrate
6) Clip
D. Match the types of connection in the box to the following groups.
= I .ioiningf;i xing
2 bolting;r iveting
3 bonding;w eldingg; luing
11.A Complete the following questions using the words in the box.each other on onto to together
=
I together
2 each other
3on
4 to/onto
B. Complete the following training web page using the words in Exercise 11a.
1) On
2) another one
3) together
4) To / to
5) For
C. In pairs, answer the following questions using the information on the web page in Exercise 11 b.
1) . What are the main advantage and disadvantage of mechanical fi xings?
= Main advantage: They can be removed easily. Main disadvantage: They can come off.
2) . What is the main disadvantage of non-mechanical joint ing?
= It can't be taken off that easily.
3) . What issues can negatively affect mechanical fi xings and non-mechanci al joints?
= Fixation can be tightened insufficiently. Adhesive can be used on surfaces that are not properly
prepared. Welding can be flawed.
12. A. In pairs, discuss the following jointing techniques used in aircraft and say how the parts are fixed
together.
 1) Early air cra ft : timbe r frame I adhesive or screws
= In the early planes, the wooden frames were held together by adhesive / glued together, or screws
that I tightened.
2) Modern jet aircraft : alloy body panels / rivet s
= In jet aircraft, alloy body panels are joined together by rivets / rivets together.
3) Aircraft cabins : seats/fl oor/bolts
= In the aircraft cabin, the seats are attached to the floor with bolts / bolted to the floor.
4) Aircraft cockpit : windshi eld /fuselage/adhesive
= there is an airplane cockpit, the windshield is glued to the fuselage by adhesive / glued to the
fuselage.
B. Your company has launched a competition for its engineers to build a homemade model glider that
is as cheap as possible to assemble. In pairs, discuss what types of materials and joints you could use.
=A model airplane is a small drone or, in the case of scale models, a replica of an existing or
imaginary aircraft. Model aircraft are divided into two basic groups: flying and non-flying. Non-
flying models are also called static, screen, or rack models
13. It's in google classroom
14. It's in google classroom
15. A. In pairs, look at the photo and describe how you think the cluster balloon is assembled from the
following compon ents.
 See audioscript 3.9 on page 88
B. Eva and Lenny, two engineers working for an extreme sports equipment manufacturer , are
discussing cluster ballooning.
Listen to the conversation and summarise what they say about the following issues.
1) Assembly time
= Assembling is quite time consuming.
2) How plastic cable ties are used for each individual balloon.
= A cable tie is tied around the bottom of the balloon, to secure it to the rope.
3) Tree structure
= Balloons are attached to ropes of different lengths, which are tied in groups to ropes, like tree
branches.
4) How water pockets are used to hold the blocks
= Water is carried in a bag, as a weight. The tap on the bag is used to dispense water.
5) The advantages of binding
= The balloons can be released one by one.
6) Problems using netting
= Balloons cannot be released individually.
C. In pairs, discuss ways of overcoming the problems mentioned in the conversation. How could cluster
ballooning be made more accessible to a mass market? What other equipment/assembliescould be
used?
= Helium can be contained in a small number of larger balloons. Balloons can be made of a material
that is stronger than weather balloons, and can be permanently attached to a rope or rope. This will
make it easier for the balloon cluster to stick together and expand. Two or three balloons can have a
valve, allowing helium to be released during flight. This will also allow the balloon to be deflated
after flight, so that it can be reused.
 Unit 4
Engineering Design

1. In pairs, discuss the different types of design information needed on a complex engineering project,
such as the construction of a large cruise ship. How many different drawings do you think might be
produced for such a project? How would they be organised and categorised?
= For a large yacht design, some drawings are needed to be made. This will include drawings of
general arrangements, such as the overall layout plan of each deck, the side heights of the ship, and
cross sections through the ship at various points. This note on general arrangement drawings will
then refer to the detailed assembly drawings in more detail.
2. A. Joe, a technician at a shipyard, is talking to Linda, one of his engineering colleagues in the design
office. He is asking about some information which he can't find on any of the drawings. Listen to the
conversation and answer the following questions.
1) What ship areas did they discuss?
 Passage of the stairs (Stair 3, Deck C)
2) What do technicians need to know?
 Number of panels, and their sizes
B. Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box.
1) floor plan provides views of the entire deck, from above.
2) The height provides an overview of all panels, from the front.
3) the exploded view provides a deconstructed view of how the panels are fixed together.
4) the cross gives the appearance of the joint cut between two panels.
5) the schematic provides a simplified representation of the overhead line network.
6) The note provides a brief description or other related reference image.
7) The specification provides a detailed written technical description of the panel.
C . Which two types of drawing in Exercise 2b are examples of general arrangement drawings, and
which two are examples of detail drawings?
 General settings: plan, height details: burst view, cross section
D. Read the following technical questions that came up during the shipbuilding project and decide
which type of drawing is required to answer each question.
1) How many panels are there on this wall?
 Altitude
2) What profile is this hollow beam: rectangular or round?
 Cross section
3) How are all the spotlights positioned around the deck?
 Plan
4) How many branches have detached from the main sprinkler supply pipe?
 Schematic
5) How do all the internal components of the fan unit fit together?
 Exploded display
3. A. What is meant by scale on a drawing? In pairs, explain how a scale rule, like the one shown in the
picture, is used.
  Scale is the ratio between the size of the item displayed on the image, and the actual size (in
reality). The scale rule has several scales, allowing dimensions to be measured on the image, to
determine the true size.
B. After receiving the drawings for the panels, Joe is now discussing some details with Pavel, a
colleague. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
1).What piece of information is not shown on the drawing?
= The width of the panel at the top.
2) What is the golden ralea mentioned?
= That you should not scale the image down. Mentioned because Pavel recommends measuring the
dimensions in the image with the scale rule to find out the actual dimensions.
C. Complete the following extracts from the conversation and explain what is meant by each one.
1) Is this a sink for the scole?
 Are the dimensions appropriate to scale?
2) That's one to five
 Dimensions on the image are I / 5 of the original size
3) ... you must not eliminate drowning ...
 You must not measure dimensions on images using the scale rule and make them precise.
4) ... that's the actual size, at full scale image ...
 Dimensions on the image are the same as the original size.
4.A. You are engineers on a project to design the metal handrail that will run around the perimeter of the
top, outdoor deck of a large cruise ship. In pairs, discuss what drawings you will need to produce for
manufacturing and installation with regard to the following issues:
• the types of view that will be required and what each one will show
• the approximate scale of different drawings and views
• what written information you will need to provide in the specification.
= The dimensions on the drawing are the same as the original size. Type of drawing required: plan
showing the circumference of the handle (possible scale 1: 100), the height of the short handle
(possibly 1:10 scale) part of the handle (possibly 1:10 scale) details indicating the main connections,
such as those between the handrail posts and the deck, and the top rails and posts) (possible scale -
actual size) Specifications: steel type, weld joint type, bolt type, paint / coating type and color, other
materials such as plastic surround the top rail
5. You are going to provide design information to enable a production team to manufacture a product or
appliance you know well. Make a list of some of the drawings that will be needed, noting what each
one will show.
 Title: Statue
 Stone Sculpture.
 Wooden Sculpture.
 Sculpture of Iron (Metal brass and the like).
 Sculpture from Used Paper.
 Glass Sculpture.
 Clay Sculpture.
 Ice Block Sculpture.
 Cement Sculpture.
6. It's in google classroom
7. A. Mei, a structural engineer, is talking to Lewis, a project manager, about the floor specification for a
manufacturing plant that is currently at design
stage. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
1).What has the client requested with regard to the floor slab?
  Super even coating for the whole floor
2). What are free movement floors and defined movement floors?
 Free moving floors are very flat everywhere. On a defined floor of movement, only certain paths
are very even.
3) What problems do engineers discuss about quality?
= Long and narrow paths allow for a higher quality finish.
4) What options were discussed involving milling?
= This can be done at a later stage to make other parts of the floor very even.
5) What can be done to the reinforcement to enable grinding?
= It can be placed deeper in the concrete
B. Complete the following table using the words in the text in Exercise 6b and audioscript 4.3 on page
89.
Name of dimensionLarge dimension Small dimension
1) Length
2) Width
3) Height
4) Thick
5) Depth
C. Mei has done a revised drawing for the floor slab. Read the extract from her email about the new
design and complete the message using the correct form of the words in Exercise 7b .
=2. width
3.length
4.depth
5.thickness
6.height
D. Which two words in the email relate to circles? What aspects of a circle do they describe?
 Diameter: the maximum width of the circle
 Radius: distance from the center of the circle to
 The circumference (half the diameter)
8. The manufacturing plant in Exercise 7 will be built from a steel frame. The vertical elements of the
frame will be Universal Columns (UCs). Look at the section of a UC. In pairs, describe the different
dimensions that define a UC profile by explaining what the letters on the section refer to.

=The capital letter T refers to the thickness of the flange. The small T refers to the thickness of the
net. The uppercase W refers to the flange width. The small W refers to half the column width from
the center of the netting to the edge of the wing. The small R refers to the radius of the curve at the
joint between the web and wing plates. A capital D refers to the total depth of the column, from the
top of one wing to the base of the opposite wing. The lowercase d refers to the depth of the net,
measured between the ends of the curve at the joint, at the point where the curve is flush with the
face of the net.
9. It's in google classroom
10. A.The following extracts from emails relate to a project to build an indoor ski complex in Australia,
using artificial snow. The messages were circulated by an engineer to members of the design team,
and to a specialist contractor. Read the emails and, in pairs, answer the following questions . Note
that the emails are not in the correct order.
1) The following extracts from emails relate to a project to build an indoor ski complex in Australia,
using artificial snow. The messages were circulated by an engineer to members of the design team,
 and to a specialist contractor. Read the emails and, in pairs, answer the following questions . Note
that the emails are not in the correct order.
 Design information (at different stages of the design process)
2) What types of documents are mentioned?
 Sketch, design summary, revised / modified drawing, substitute drawing, commencement
drawing, working drawing, summary / notes
B. We now have a full set of working drawings for the main ski lift (attached). These incorporate some
amendments requested by the client, which have now been approved. Hard
copies have been forwarded to the relevant con tractors' premises, for fabrication
1) B
2) D
3) C
4) A
5) E
C. Please find attached a full set of preliminary drawings, as submitted to the client for approval /
comme nts. These are for information only at this stage.
= 1.sketch 3 working drawing
2.designb rief 4 preliminaryd rawing
D. Attached are a few rough sketches setting out the overall layout of the ski complex . At this point,
these are initial ideas based on the client's suggestions and the approximate
dimensions specified in the design brief. I look forward to any feedback by the end of this week.
1) Accept / agree
2) Change / revise
3) Approximate / rough
4) Circulating / problem
5) Give feedback / comment
6) Replace / update / replace
7) Country / specify
8) Solve / complete
E. Please note that dwg 18A is currently being revised, to resolve problems encountered during
assembly of the ski lift. Revision B will be circulated next week. Until the amended drawing is
issued, please treat dwg 18A as superseded. If you require specific details urgently, please contact
me, and I will arrange for a suitable sketch to be issued.
1) They found a problem by drawing 63 on the site. The details we specified are not working.
 Images need to be changed / revised.
2) I've done the initial design for the channel layout, but the client hasn't seen it yet.
 Designs must be sent to clients for comments and approval.
3) I feel like the pictures they have on the site are not the most recent.
 Site technicians need to be contacted check which revisions of drawings they have.
4) We recently revised the figure 14. The change will affect three different contractors.
 Three different contractors must be issued with revisions.
5) This is a written design summary of the client. How are we going to start the design work?
 A rough sketch needs to be done first and the client comments on it.
11.A. Leo is the ski complex project manager. With design work about to begin, he is meeting senior
engineers from the design teams to discuss design coordination. In pairs, explain the items on the
meeting agenda and suggest what kinds of issue might be discussed
B. Listen to three extracts from the meeting and match each extract (1-3) to an agenda item (a-c).
1) B
 2) A
3) C
C. Listen again and make notes about the problems discussed in the meeting. In pairs, discuss some
possible solutions to the problems.
D. Listen to Leo summarising the solutions that
have been agreed in the meeting. What has been decided regarding the following points?
1) Decisions the senior engineers in each team have to make, regarding the drawings
 The senior engineer will decide whether or not the team needs further drawing revisions.
2) The circulation procedure to be used for each image
 If a drawing is required, the team will receive copies of all further revisions. Otherwise, no further
revisions will be issued to the team.
3) The role of the M&E coordinator in relation to the senior engineer and project manager
 He will be the liaison between the mechanical and electrical teams, and will report to the project
manager.
4) Arrangements that will facilitate informal communication
 All three design teams will be stationed in one open plan office
E. In pairs, discuss how the design procedures discussed in the meeting will work in the following
situations.
1) Published the first draft of drawings of special hydraulic hoses for ski lifts
= First, the preliminary drawings will be circulated to all senior engineers. The engineers will decide
whether the drawing is needed by their team or not. If not, they will say it is not obligatory and after
that, no more image revisions will be issued to them. If the image was needed, they would say it was
needed. They may comment. It's not an urgent matter. draw and request an amendment or approve it.
They will also receive all further revisions of the drawing, including working drawings.
2) Designing electrical supply systems for some water cooling equipment
= The mechanical and electrical teams will be able to work on the initial design together with ease,
thanks to the open office. As drawings are developed, they will be able to discuss amendments in the
same way.
3) Revised the details of the connection between some of the ski lift machines and their concrete
foundation.
= Mechanical and structural teams will be able to work together to solve problems in the open plan
office and revised drawings will be produced. This will then be approved both mechanically and
structurally by the team. The revised drawing will be published and circulated to all who need it.
12. In pairs, discuss problems that can arise when different drawings that make up a design are not properly
coordinated.

= Often conflicting (different) information is displayed on different images. in one image, the
dimensions of a component may not match that shown in the related image. Clashes are another
common problem - different images may show different components in the same position in an
assembly, meaning the assembIy won't fit together as specified. Key dimensions and assembly
details may also be missing from the drawing set, leaving production with insufficient information
13. A. The following records are from the indoor ski complex project. They show correspondence between
the design team and construction team. Read through the texts quickly and answer the following
questions.
1) What is the general subject of correspondence?
= Design problems and solutions
2) What is meant by queries and instructions?
 = Queries are questions. Instructions are descriptions of what to do / official permission to do
something.
3) Some questions refer to previous conversations. Suggest why this was followed up in writing?
= Written follow-up is essential to keep records for contractual / financial purposes.
B. Read the correspondence in detail. Write the query numbers in Exercise 13a next to the descriptions
(1-5). You will need to refer to some queries more than once.
= 2 869
3 869;870
4 867;868
5 867;868;869
C. Complete the following pairs of sentences using the verbs in the box.
advise clarify clash propose request
=
I clash 4 advise
2 request 5 clarify
3 propose
14.A. In pairs, look at the following plan and sections from a drawing on the ski complex project, showing
steelwork details on part of a ski lift. Examine how the rectangular plate is bolted to the T profile
below it. Can you find the discrepancy between the details, and the clash preventing the connection
from being assembled?
 See audioscript 4.6 on page 89
B. Chen, a technician, is explaining the problem in Exercise 14a to Ron, an engineer. Complete the
conversation using the words in the box.
= 2 c|ariÚ
3 contradicts
4 clash
5 propose
6 alternative
7 as per
I confirm
C. Listen to the conversation and check your answers to Exercise 14b. How does the explanation
compare with your description of the problem?
 A problem is something that must be solved (solved)
D. Write an email from Ron to Chen, confirming the revision agreed in the discussion above.
 Suggested answer As discussed today, I confirm that the connection between the plate and the T
section of the ski lift should have six bolts instead of eight as shown in the details. The two bolts are
shown in detail which will clash with the T section flange not required.

Unit 5
Breaking Point

1.A. In pairs, discuss the technical challenges of endurance car races like the Le Mans 24 Hours sports car
race.
 = Technical challenges in auto racing are engineering enemies such as heat, pressure, vibration,
shock, abrasion / continuous pressure on almost all components, all nuts and bolts in the car. Damage
to the chassis, engine, gearbox and clutch, suspension, brakes, tires, wings and cooling system
B. Sabino, an engineer with a sports car racing team, is giving a talk to some of his team's sponsors at a
test session. Listen to the talk and answer the following questions.
1) What saying emphasises the importance of reliability?
 To finish first, you must finish first
2) What expression refers to things that can cause failures?
 Engineering enemies
3) What expression describes damage caused by normal use?
 Wear and tear
C. In pairs, suggest which engineering enemies in Exercise 2b can be the most problematic for each of
the following car parts.
1) Frame (shock)
2) Engine (hot)
3) Gearbox and (abrasion)
4) Suspense (shock)
5) Brake (abrasion)
6) Clutch tire (abrasion)
7) wings (shock)
8) Cooling system (pressure)
9) Nuts and bolts (vibration)
3.A. Listen to Sabino talking about some technical problems the team have had at the test and mark the
following statements True (T) or False (F).
1 Some liquid was lost from a pipe.
2 A car lost all its coolant with the engine still running.
3 A car's engine stopped on the circuit.
4 Some tyres were damaged .
5 A wheel nut fell off a car on the circuit.
6 A car's suspension was broken.
B. Complete the following extracts from the talk using the worc;ls in the box.
=
I blocking
2 jam
3.bend; snap
4. cracK
C. Complete more extracts from the talk using the correct form of a verb in box 1 and a word in box 2 .
 See audio of 5.2 script on page 89
D. Listen again and check your answers to Exercises 3b and 3c.
E. Read the following comments made by race team technicians. Complete the following sentences
using the correct form of words in Exercises 3b and 3c.
=
2 leakingo ut 6 blocked( up)
3 jammed 7 bent
4 clogged up I worn out
5 worked loose 9 run out
4.A. Read the technical facts about the Italian motor racing circuit, Monza, and summarise how the track
is different from most others.
 In pairs, discuss the technical problems that racing cars could have at Monza as a result of the factors
described in the text.
=Monza has a long straight track and a few turns. This means the car is at full speed longer, and it
needs to do a lot of heavy braking. Problem: The engine can overheat and explode; it is too hot;
riding sidewalks can cause the suspension to crack, bend, or break; • right angles cause the tires on
the left side of the car to wear out faster than the tires on the right; and leaves can block the radiator.
5.A In pairs, discuss a technical problem you've experienced with a device, equipment or vehicle.
Describe the fault, and how you tried to solve the problem.
B. Read the training notes for telephone helpline staff working for a manufacturer of mining plant. In
pairs, discuss what each point means.
= User's obseNations = what the person using the machine has noticed Nature of fault - type of
problem
Circumstanceosf fault = in whatt ype of situationt he faulth appened/happens
Externalf actors- thingsf romo utsidef, or examplet he weathero r somethingh ittingt he machine
Processo f elimination- thinkingo f possible problemsa nd decidingw hicha re not possiblei n
order to reduce the number of oossibilities
ldentifyt he fault - find the fault/ decidew hat the fault is
Determinea ctiona nd urgency= decidew hatt o do about the problem and decide how quickly it
needs to be done
6.A. Mr Rooney , an engineer at a quarry firm, is talking to Al, a helpline consultant, about a technical
problem with a diesel engine. Listen to the
conversation and answer the following questions
1) What is the content of the warning message?
 Check injection
2) What external factors were discussed as possible causes?
 Water in the fuel system
3) Why are these possible causes eliminated?
 Because fuel is fed directly from the shipping tanker
4) Under what circumstances did the error occur?
 When the engine is started from cold
5) What did the consultant identify as the most likely cause?
 Faulty fuel pre-heater plug
6) What action is required, and how urgent is it?
 The plug can be replaced at the next service. This is not an urgent matter.
B. Match the words in the box to their synonyms in the sentences (1- 7) .
defect defective fflttlt faulty intermittently major minor properly systematically
C. Al made the following notes about three engine problems. Match the faults
(1-3) to the possible causes (a-c).
1) B
2) C
3) A
D. In pairs, describe the problems in Exercise Ge using the following phrases.
1) This is a intermittent problem. This may be caused by wear and tear.
2) This is a sudden problem. This may be the wrong part, or an installation problem.
3) This is a systematic problem. This may be a faulty part, or an installation problem.
E. Complete the following table using the phrases in the box from the conversation.
I doubt it's it can't be it could be it might be it m1:1 t be it sounds like it's
=1) It is certain / it is certain
 2) Maybe / It sounds like it.
3) Maybe / Could be / Maybe.
4) Probably not / I doubt that.
5) Obviously not / Impossible.
F. Complete the following extracts from the conversation using phrases in Exercise 2e. Listen again
and check your answers.
7. A. In pairs, analyse the problem described below. Underline the words in the box that describe it.
 Minor, systematic.
B. Read the notes and assess the possible causes of the problem in Exercise 7a using the words in
Exercises 6d and 6e.
= It may not be water in the fuel supply. (This will cause a misfire.) It could be that the fuel filter is
clogged. (The engine is running consistently, but the power is off.) I doubt it's a compression leak.
(This would probably result in an increase in fuel consumption, and would probably cause more
major problems.) This can't be a lubrication problem. (This would cause overheating. .) I doubt there
is a blockage in the exhaust system. (This will cause more big problems).

8. It's in google classroom

9. It's in google classroom.
10. A. Julia, an aircraft service technician, is phoning Alan, a colleague, about a problem with the tyres on
a plane. Listen to the conversation and mark the
statements True (T) or False (F).
B. Complete the following sentences using words in Exercise 9c to make true sentences about the
conversation.
C. In pairs, discuss the possible causes of insufficient tyre pressure in general, and the specific problem
Julia describes in Exercise 1Oa, and say why each general cause you discussed is likely or unlikely in
this case.
= In general, insufficient tire pressure can be caused by: pressure loss over time (all tires lose air
pressure progressively over a period of several months) due to inadequate maintenance, slow
punctures (air leaks slowly from small holes in the tire), air leaking from the valve due to problems
with the valve, for example dirt in the valve preventing it from closing properly; faulty pressure
gauge of the compressor used to inflate the tire, giving an incorrect pressure reading. With this
particular problem, there could be a fault of the compressor used to inflate that tire block - a different
compressor than the one used to pump the other blocks - and this is giving the maintenance
technician the wrong pressure reading when inflating that tire block. It is unlikely that a technical
problem with a tire, such as a slow leaky tire or a leaky valve, will occur in several tires at the same
time and cause the exact same loss of pressure in all tires.
11. A. In p airs, discuss the difference between repairs and maintenance and decide whether the following
words relate to repairs, maintenance or bot h.
B. In pairs, compare car maintenance with aircraft maintenance. Which aspects are quite similar and
which are very different?
 Similarity: parts and fluids are replaced by a planned maintenance program, parts are visually
inspected for wear and damage, and that they are firmly attached, properly aligned / balanced, etc.
The main difference: the standards in flight are much tougher
12. It's in google classroom
13. A. A service technician is examining some machinery and talking to a colleague. What does he say
about each point on the maintenance checklist?
1) Level is okay.
2) The cooler is full of residue / black.
 3) This looks reasonable.
4) OK, no signs of damage.
5) This needs to be seen.
B. Listen again. Do you think the technicians are working on an aircraft or on an industrial machine?
 They work on industrial machinery because their decision not to replace the filter is unacceptable
in aircraft maintenance.
C. In pairs, discuss what maintenance needs to be carried out on the machinery in Exercise 13a,
describing the operations step by step.
 Drain the coolant. Remove the filter, inspect and clean it. Re-enter the filter. Change cooler.
Adjust the blade and screw it in.
14.A. You work for IPS, a producer of industrial packaging machinery. As a member of the global service
team your role is to travel abroad dealing with serious technical problems at your clients' plants.
Read the following email from a plant in Helsinki and summarise the problem.
 A forklift truck hit the IPS 15 engine unit and made a hole in the main panel. The technician at the
factory looked at the engine (he didn't open it or looked inside) and reported that the knife alignment
mechanism was broken and lubricant was leaking from the unit. There is also an electric crackling
sound (possibly caused by earthing / short circuit) when the engine is started.
B. In pairs, describe the sequence of steps you'll need to take to carry out repairs when you arrive in
Finland, using the notes to help you.
Power supply insulation. Disassemble the external panel. Drain lubricant. Check for internal damage.
Remove damaged parts and replace. Add lubricant. Adjust the blades. Install on the external panel.
Reconnect the power supply. Test the engine.
15. Think back to some repairs or maintenance you did, or had done for you, in the past, for example
on a car, bike or domestic appliance. In pairs, explain what servicing or repairs were required, and
the main steps involved in carrying them out.
 To avoid these things, you need to do a fast car wash method. The first step you need to do is to
prepare the required equipment. Meanwhile, the equipment needed to wash a car includes:
• Wipe the chamois plas
• Car wash soap
• Wipe the microfiber
• Bucket
• Small brush
• Hose

Unit 6
Technical Depelovment

1. What is needs analysis? In pairs, discuss why the following factors are important in needs analysis,
giving examples of products and installations.
budget capacity dimensions layout looks performance regulationstimescale
=
 Needs analysis (called requirements analysis / gap analysis) is finding out what the requirements
are for a new project by looking at all the factors involved and how they will interact.
 Budget = how much money is available, for example the budget for designing, building.
  Capacity = how much something needs to be produced or carried, for example how much power
an electric circuit has to carry.
 Dimension = size for testing the diameter of a mountain bike wheel.
 Layout = the overall shape of something and the positions of different parts relative to each other,
for example the layout of the main components of a car engine.
 Looks = what it looks like in terms of aesthetics, for example the appearance of a car in terms of
its body work.
 Performance = similar to capacity, for example how much power the generator needs.
 Regulations = laws and standards to which a design must comply, for example safety regulations
and quality standards.
 Time scale = how much time you have available, for example the schedule for building a new
airport.
2.A, Clauaia, an engineel is asking Kevin and Dave, the managers of a fun park, about their requirements
for a proposed space module simulator called Mars Lander. Listen to the conversation and note the
three main areas
Claudia asks about.
1) capacity
2) graphics
3) time scale.
B. How do Ctaudia and Kevin focus on specific subiects? Complete the
following phrases from the conversation using the words in the box. Listen
again and check your answers.
1) …… with regard to capacity, .... (capacity)
2) …… in terms of number of people ..... (terms)
3)… ... as far as size is concerned. (concerned)
4) ....... And with respect to the graphics ... (as regards)
5) …… regarding schedules ... (regarding)
C. Write questions using the following prompts and the phrases in Exercise 2b.
1) Dimension: what / overall size / module?
 With regard to dimensions, what is the overall size of the module?
2) Material: what is / bodywork made of?
 In terms of material, what is bodywork made of?
3) Schedule: when / work sfart?
 About the schedule, when will the work start?
4) Power: what is the maximum / output / requirement / requirement?
 With regard to power, what is the maximum output required?
5) Heat resistance: what type / temperature / paint / requirement / resistance?
 Regarding heat resistance, what kind of temperature does the paint require?
6) Tolerance: level / precision / you want us / what work?
 In terms of tolerances, what level of precision would you like us to work with?
3.A. Claudia goes on to ask about the physical effects the simulator needs to produce. Listen to the
conversation and make notes on the following points.
1) Possible variations in the simulator motion? Can vary widely
2) How much physical effect is needed? Physical but not so extreme that people don't watch the
graphics
3) The best way to assess physical effects? Best to try the effect in practice because it's hard to do in
theory.
 B. tisten again and exptain what is meant by the words and phrases
in bold.
1) How much. to what extent will you not experience it physically?
2) The degree of movement may vary. total
3) Count is obviously difficult to measure something like this gives a quantity
4) The only way to determine what is correct is to actually sit in the simulator
5) Measure you can judge the possibilities.
C. Following the meeting, Claudia writes an email to update Rod, an
engineering colleague. Read the extract and choose a word or phrase from
Exercise 3b that means the same as the words in bold. Sometimes more
than one answer is possible.
• To assess the dynamic capabilities of the simulator, we looked at the types of effects the simulator
should produce and the extent to which the passengers would experience physical effects. In
particular, the following issues are discussed:
- To what extent should the module produce vibrations, to simulate engine thrust?
- How many beats to simulate? That is, the extent to which the module generates shocks, due to
atmospheric turbulence.
- To what extent will passengers be exposed to constant linear G-force, to simulate retarding?
In order to calculate the magnitude of the above parameters, it was decided that the prototype would
be equipped with variable controls. This will allow the client to
Assess evaluates various levels of severity through trials in the simulator.
4. You are consulting engineers preparlng to work with a space agency to
design an unmanned landing module. The module, which will carry scientific
equipment, is intended to detach from a space ship orbiting Mars and
land on the planet. At this stage, this is all you know about the project. In
pairs, prepare a list of the main questions you will need to ask at the needs
analysis meeting using the following ideas.
• What types of scientific equipment are required?
• What is the size and weight of the equipment?
• Is the equipment used easily fragile?
• How and what should the surface conditions be like at the landing site?
5. In pairs, discuss the following questions about creative thinking.
• What's the most effective way to come up with ideas and come up with ingenious solutions to
technical problems?
• What do you think about brainstorming - generating lots of ideas randomly in a group session,
without any analytical initiative, then shifting each idea to analysis and criticism as a second phase?
• What do you think about evaluating ideas progressively - subjecting them to constant analysis and
criticism?
• When creative thinking is required to solve problems, what are the pros and cons of working
individually, in small groups, or in large groups?
6. A. On google classroom
B. Rick is talking to Gabriella, an engineering colleague, about the problem of placing the statue. Before
you listen, explain what is meant by the following terms and try to guess what the three possible
solutions are.
• drill = cutahole
• horizontal = level
• rod = a long piece of metal with a circular section
 • vertical = at 90 degrees to the ground
• lifting eye = metal ring to which the hook can be attached to lift
• resin = a type of strong adhesive
• handle = mechanical jaw that holds objects to lift them
• friction = resistance to sliding when two surfaces are pressed together.
c. Listen to the conversation and summarise the ideas. How do their ideas
compare with yours? Why is each suggestion rejected?
1) Drill the side of the statue and insert a horizontal bar, which can be used for lifting.
2) Drill the top of the statue and insert the vertical rod with a lifting eye, fixing it into the stone with
resin.
3) Use the handle at the end of the jib crane, to lift the statue by friction.
 1 & 2 were rejected because the hole could not be drilled into the statue (even if filled afterwards,
it will show).
 3 was rejected because the statue was too heavy and wide.
d. Complete the following suggestions from the conversation using the words in
the box.
1) Why not show up wagging at the side of the statue?
2) Well, we are tracing into it, can't we horizontally?
3) We can fill in all the holes, right?
4) Or, alternatively, we can ensure that the holes are not visible.
5) How about drilling upwards, vertically?
6) I think another option is to use some sort of handle, on the end of the crane jib.
7) Why don't we ask them?
e. You are engineers working on the mammoth statue project, with the following
technical requirements. ln pairs, discuss possible solutions to the problem of
placing the statue on the plinth using the phrases in the box.
if not
• Other options are ...
• Can't we ...
• We can ...
• How about... ?
• Why don't we ...?
• Why not... ?
7. The stonemasons suggested a solution to the statue problem. Read their ideaon page 99 and compare it
with your solution. What external factors couldcause some problems with their idea? How could
these be solved?
8.A. In pairs, dscuss what is meant by feasibility Worthiness means the possibility of doing something.
= Feasibilita means the possláilita of doing something.
B. Look at the flow chart and, in pairs, discuss how budgets and schedules affect the technical feasibility
of design, development and manufacturing solutions.
= Budget and schedule can affect the feasibility of development and manufacturing designs because:
• Budget can affect because it will relate to the quality of the materials provided. The bigger the
budget the better the quality and vice versa.
• While the schedule has an effect on the implementation time, the longer the schedule, the more the
work will be completed and vice versa.
9. A. On google classroom
B. ln pairs, compare core drilling and preforming with regard to the following
 feasibility issues. Which technique is most suitable for the situation in
Exercise 9a?
= The main problem here is feasibility and tolerance
• Performance is much cheaper because it only requires a plastic tube and is quickly inserted
• Meanwhile, core drilling will be slow and exhausting. But it will be more accurate.
C. Viftor and Rajesh are assessing the most suitable method of forming
the holes in the walls. Listen to the conversation and compare their
answers with yours.
 The main lazy according to Rejesh in terms of worthiness is tolerance
D. On google classroom
E. Complete the following expressions from the conversation using the words in
the box and indicate the degree of feasibility each expression describes.
1) it will be very easy 
2) it will be a bean cot
3) it would be quite a tiring job
4) it's very feasible
5) it can be achieved, but it stretches it
6) there's no way you can do it 
7) that's the limit
8) that's a difficult command
9) that's a difficult command
10) it will cost you an arm and a leg
F.. How feasible do you thing the following suggestions are? Label ttrem  or  according to the key in
Exercise 9e.
1) Machine parts are difficult to paint with a brush, or to spray. Why don't we dip it in paint?  
2) 100mm diameter steel rod. Can't it be cut by hand, using a hacksaw? 
3) Silver is a good conductor. Why don't we use it for cables, not for copper? 
4) Instead of putting lead ballast in a helium balloon basket, why don't we use a water container? 
5) They are using the wrong kind of fuel in the engine. I recommend removing everything and
cleaning it by hand. 
6) They produce 6,000 units per day and usually carry out quality checks on 1% of the units. Can't
they check every product? 
10. In pairs, discuss the feasibility of the following solutions to the problem of forming accurately
positioned holes through the plant walls in New Delhi.Student A, you are Viktor; Student B, you are
Rajesh. Discuss technical issues, cost and timescale, and rank the solutions in order of feasibility.
1) Is a diamond drill really necessary to go through reinforced concrete? Surely you can drill
concrete with an ordinary drill? Wouldn't that reduce costs?
 The hammer drill will not be suitable for reinforced concrete, as it is not possible to drill through
the steel reinforcing bars. Also, the hole diameter will be too large to drill with a regular drill bit.
This is definitely not a viable solution.
2) Couldn't they make the pre-formed hole any wider than needed, so there's extra tolerance? Then,
after the bolts are installed, the space around them can be filled with cement.
 This could be a viable solution. However, depending on the design of the beam ends, it may be
difficult to gain access to the holes once the beam is installed. This will be tiring work, because the
blocks may cover the holes, making it impossible to put cement in them.
 3) Why not drill holes in the steel beam on site, instead of drilling them first? Then they can be
positioned to fit the location of the pre-formed holes in the wall. That way, it doesn't matter if any of
the holes in the wall are slightly out of position.
 This actually cannot be done, as the position of the hole may be in an inappropriate position on
the beam, for example very close to the edge of the plate. This is unacceptable in terms of structural
strength. Also, drilling a hole through the steel beam on site would be very tedious and time
consuming compared to pre-drilling during manufacture.
4) Instead of bolting the concrete, how about adding an extra wall mounted steel column? The beam
can then be supported on this, and no holes are required through the concrete.
 This should be possible from a structural point of view, but will incur additional costs due to the
need for additional steel columns. Therefore, this is not a viable solution.
11. Look at the slide from an engineers'training course, Total Technical
lmprovemenÚ|.n pairs, suggeste xampleso f technica|i mprovementst o
illustrate each one. Are there other points that could be added to the list?
1) Better quality materials, for example making tools from stainless steel instead of mild steel to
produce corroston ore.
2) Lower unit costs, eg using single-piece components rather than those needing to be assembled
from multiple darts. to make it faster to produce.
3) Make life easier for the user, for example designing a simpler control panel that is faster and easier
to use, or maintenance free components such as bearings that do not need to be regularly lubricated.
Examples of other points that can be added: make a product function more effectively, make it safer,
last longer, make it stronger (stronger).
12.A. Look at the slide from a design meeting at a computer printer
manufacturer.ln pairs, suggestw ayst hat the followingp rinter factors
might be improved in some of the areas on the list.
• Cables / connections: Improve the user interface by making cables easier to connect and disconnect;
reduce environmental impact by making cables only from recyclable materials.
• Case: Enhances aesthetics by offering a wide variety of colors; makes manufacturing easier by
building a case from a small number of components.
• Ink / toner cartridge: Improve user interface by making cartridges easier to remove and replace;
consumables - makes the cartridges larger so they last longer and require less frequent replacement.
• Paper: Increases reliability with a purification mechanism to help prevent paper clogging; increase
the output speed by making the paper flow faster.
• Power: Reduces the environmental impact by turning off the printer automatically when not in use.
• Software: enhances the user interface by making the software easier to use.
B. a manager at the printer manufacturer, is briefing the design
team on key requirements for the redesign of a printer. Listen to the start of
the meeting. Which two areas on the slide in Exercise l2a are discussed?
=2 and 7
C. tisten again and answer the following questions.
1) Will the layout and components of the new printer be much different from the existing design?
Why not)?
 No. The existing design has proven to be effective. The company does not have the resources to
make fundamental changes to the production process.
2) How many times have existing models been repaired in the past?
 Once
3) What are the considerations behind the decision about how different the new software will be?
  Software has become the main weakness of the existing model.
4) How different are new software systems from existing ones?
 Significantly - needs to be simpler to use
D. Look at the following verbs from the discussion and find three examples
where re- means again. Match the other three verbs to the definitions in
the box.
1) Redesign = design again
2) Find back = reverse again
3) Refine = fix the details
4) Revamp = improve overall
5) Rethink = think again
6) Stay = stay
E. Complete the following expressions from the discussion using the
words in the box. Listen and check your answers.
1) Find the wheel again
2) Design everything from scratch
3) room for improvement
4) Achilles heel
5) return to the drawing board
6) quantum lead
7) design the system from scratch
F. Match the expressions (l -5) in Exercise l2e to the definitions (a-0.
a) waste time recreating something that has already been made (1)
b) biggest weakness (4)
c) start again because the first plan failed (5)
d) making great progress (6)
e) design from scratch (2/7)
f) potential to do a better job (3)
G. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the expressions in Exercise l2e.
1) Unfortunately, we had to ditch the concept and start over.
 We have to go back to the drawing board.
2) This problem is the most serious of product deficiencies.
 This is the Achilles oroduct heel.
3) There's no point in redesigning what is already working well.
 There's no point in reinventing the wheel.
4) It's a brand new design - we're starting from scratch.
 We're starting from scratch with this new design.
5) The new design is much better - it's a transformation
 The new design is a quantum leap.
6) I think there is definitely a possibility to get better in this area
 I think there is still room for improvement.
13. A. !n pairs, discuss how computer pointing devices have improved since the
first mouse was invented. Use the language from this section and the
words in the box.
 The first mouse was improved by refining the shape, by adding additional buttons and wheels up
and down. The mechanism was redesigned by using the ball instead of the wheel, although the wheel
mechanism is still used in the mouse, when the ball rolls, it causes the wheel to turn. For an optical
 mouse, the designers used an optical sensor. They also redesigned the connection between the mouse
and computer, making it wireless.
B. You have been asked by a computer hardware manufacturer to think of
some functional improvements and technical solutions for pointing devices.
ln pairs, discuss your ideas.
C. Present your ideas in Exercise I 3b to another pair.

Unit 7
Procedure And Precaution

1. Some engineering or industrial activities are especially dangerous. ln pairs,

think of more examples to add to the following list.
o Manufactur ingp rocessesu singd angerousc hemicals
e Cast inga nd weldingi nvolvingh ight emperatures
 The manufacturing process uses hazardous chemicals
 Casting and welding involving high temperatures
 Work where there is a risk of falling
 Work in quarries and tunnels where there is risk of collapse or noxious gases
 Lifting heavy objects with a crane with the risk of falling objects
 Processes that use high pressure vessels and hoses / pipes at risk of explosion
 Work with high-voltage electrical circuits that pose a risk of electric shock
 Processes that use flammable liquids and gases that pose a risk of fire or explosion
2. A. ln pairs, discuss what is meant by the items on the Health and Safety meeting agenda.
1) Hazardous materials = hazardous materials are materials that threaten such as acids, asbestos
PPE = protective clothing and accessories, for example protective gloves, safety glasses
2) Harmful = dangerous to health, for example chemicals that cause skin rashes.
Smoke = vapor or smoke, for example from a liquid chemical that evaporates at room temperature.
the danger of asohyxia: danger of suffocation, for example due to the concentration of carbon dioxide
/ lack of oxygen.
3) Fire / exolution hazard = substances that can burn or explode if exposed to flames or sparks, for
example petroleum products, butane / propane gas, alcoho.
4) Guards = guards around dangerous engine parts, for example, protection over circular saw blades.
5) Guardrail = safety rails to prevent people from falling, for example along walkways and high-level
platforms
emergency exits: doors to allow quick exit / evacuation, eg fire exits.
6) Electrical installations = situations involving contact with non-removable electrical conductors
such as electrical maintenance or work operations near high noise cabins.
7) Danger of damage = loud damage which can damage hearing, for example a loud engine sound.
B. Rosana, the assistant manager at a Dorian Food Processing plant, is chairing the weekly Health and
Safety meeting. Listen to four extracts from the meeting and match each extract (a-d) to
 a) 2
b) 7
c) 1
d) 3
C. Listen again and match the words from the meeting (l -8) to the
definitions (a-h).
=
2e 5b 4C 5f 6a 7h 8c
D. Which four types of PPE shown in the photos are mentioned at the
meeting?
 Ear protection, gloves, eye protection, masks
E. In pairs, discuss the hazards in the following situations and the precautions
that should be taken.
1) Work in a container with limited air circulation
 This is a confined space. You need to test the air using a CO2 detector.
2) Clean metals using acids which can burn the skin and emit smoke
 It is a corrosive substance. You need to wear gloves and eye protection, as well as a mask for
protection from smoke.
3) Using a grinder to cut steel plates
 This creates sparks and is a noise hazard. You need to wear eye protection, ear protection and
gloves.
4) Apply paint that can cause a painful rash on the hands
 This is a hazardous substance. You need to wear gloves, and if there is a risk of splashing, eye
protection.
3. It's in google classroom
4. In pairs, discuss suitable health and safety precautions and PPE for the following operations on an
existing steel petrol storage tank at a processing plant. Student A, you are a safety officer; Student B,
you are an engineering manager. Use the phrases in the box. Swap roles and practice again.
 One of the main hazards is from petrol fumes in the tank, as there is a risk of explosion due to
sparks and flames. The workers will do this to be careful that there is no gasoline in the tank. The
gasoline must be emptied and the inside needs to be washed with water and detergent. The opening
can then be flame cut through the steel walls of the tank using an oxy acetylene torch.
 The PPE needed for this job is eye protection (welding mask), gloves and heavy movers to protect
workers from molten metal. As an alternative, the cutting can be made with an angle grinder. To be
safe, workers using grinders should wear eye protection, ear protection, gloves and overalls. When
welding new pipes, the welder must wear protective eyes (welding mask), gloves and overalls. When
a shot explodes, the main danger is to the eyes, and from noise and dust. Screens should be placed
around the area and workers should wear eye protection, ear protection, dust masks, gloves and
overalls.Before painting, it is important to read the safety documentation that comes with the paint,
as PPE may be needed - for example, gloves, eye protection and possibly a mask to protect workers
from hazardous fumes.
5. It's in google classroom
6. A. Read the following extract from an electricity company newsletter. What procedure does the article
describe?
 A helicopter hovers between towering masts of extra-high-voltage power lines. In a cradle, hung a
few feet below the plane, stood two rows of men, shrouded in hooded stainless steel threaded hot
suits. Just a few feet away is a live power line, hissing at 400,000 volts. One of the men, holding a
 short metal stick, reached out to the cable. A lightning bolt the size of an arc pocket in the air. There
was no visible electric shock, only a slight tingling sensation. A cable is then clipped to the live wire
to maintain electrical connection to the cradle and helicopter. The power line is now active, and
direct power line maintenance work can begin.
B. In pairs, discuss the main precautions you think should be taken during
live line maintenance work by helicopter with regard to the following hazards.
1) Collision and snagging (caught / trapped)
= It is important for the crew to be informed about the weather conditions. It is very important that
pilots are highly trained and experienced. It is very important that a tension release mechanism exists
2) Danger from electric shock and heat
= Under no circumstances should operators work on the phone without wearing hot clothing and eye
protection. It is very important that the crew is highly trained.
3) Mechanical failure (helicopters and equipment)
= Cables and platforms must be checked each time they are in use. Dual-engined helicopters must be
used and these must be maintained to the highest standards at all times.
7. ln pairs, think of an operation you are familiar with that requires safety precautions. Student A, you
are a safety officer; explain the precautions to a new employee. Student B, you are a new employee.
Swap roles and practise again.
 A collision with a line is dangerous, so it is important to have detailed weather information,
especially wind direction and speed. The cable must have a tension relief system if it gets caught.
 Engineers wear thermal clothing that conducts electricity and has a fireproof coating to protect
against heat.
 Only twin-engine helicopters are used and fully comply with aviation regulations.
8. ln pairs, discuss what is meant by regulations and standards, Íor example safetg regulations and
design standards. Give some examples of organisations and departments in your country and
lnternational bodies that produce these kinds of rules.
 Regulations, they can be fined (financially penalized) and, in serious cases, managers responsible
for rule violations can be given prison terms. Standards, such as quality and design standards, are
sometimes mandatory, for example the design and manufacture of motorcycle helmets or car tires,
but sometimes they are optional, such as ISO quality assurance.
9. It's in google classroom
10.A. Read the extract from a guide to safety in the offshore oil industry. Complete the text using the words
you wrote in Exercise 9d.
= 2 stipulated 5 comply with
3 compulsory 6 requirements
4 legislation 7 obligations
B. Read the following notes on the design requirements for helidecks on oil platforms. ln pairs, discuss
the possible reasons for these design
standards.
1) to provide ground crew access to all parts of the helicopter
2) to avoid the risk of a collision during takeoff / landing
3) to avoid the risk of a collision during takeoff / landing
4) to tie up a parked helicopter
11. Imagine you are training new engineers in your workplace (or a workplace you know). ln pairs,
explain the main requirements of some regulations or standards that are relevant to your industry
using the following points.
• major legal requirements
 • the types of operations that must comply with regulations
• permitted practices / procedures
• prohibited practices / procedures
12. Think of situations where written notices and instructions are used in industry. In pairs, discuss the
following questions.
1) What types of information do they communicate?
 Safety warnings, operating precautions for machines and maintenance instructions for machines
2) What are the characteristics of effective notifications and instructions?
 Effective notifications and instructions are kept as short as possible, use clear language, and
emphasize key points, such as hazards.
13.A. The following warning notices are from a guillotine for sheet metal and a precision weighing device
in a manufacturing plant. ln pairs, discuss whether each notice warns of a problem that could injur
workers, damage the machine. or both.
a) Can do both
b) Could damage the engine
c) Can injure workers
d) Could damage the engine
e) Can do both
b. Look at the first word in each sign and answer the following questions.
14.A. The following extracts are from the instruction manuals of three of the
machines in Exercise | 3a. In pairs, answer the questions (l -6).

1) Because it contains electrical equipment and can cause electric shock

2) Carbon dioxide extinguishers; Carbon dioxide gas does not conduct electricity
3) They are for lifting machines.
4) The machine can be damaged by the lifting force, and if lifted from an unsafe anchor point, it is
obvious that a fall from a height may result.
5) Because it can get off, and injure the person cleaning the machine
6) There may be a sharp metal cut under the blade that could injure the person cleaning the machine.
He needs to wear gloves.
B. Petrus,a n engineerf rom a machinem anufactureri,s giving
instructions about the machines in Exercise l4a to a client. As you listen,
follow the written texts (a-c) and identify as many differences as you can
between the spoken instructions and the written instructions. Use the
following ideas.
1) Sp = active (you must do it)
Wr = passive (must be done)
2) Sp = contraction (should not)
Wr = Pair of words Written in full (not allowed, that's the case)
3) If (sp) = if it happens (wr), because (sp) = as (wr), so (sp) = therefore (wr), can / can, (sp) = maybe
(Wr)
15.A. Read the following spoken explanations of the operating precautions for an
industrialb lower.R ephraset hem as written instructions,m akingc hanges
based on the differences between spoken and written language style you
identified in Exercise l4b.
= Objects must not be placed in front of the air inlet. The inlet grille must be free from obstructions,
and must be cleaned regularly. If damage occurs to the grille inlet, the blower must be stopped
 immediately. Serious damage can be caused by foreign objects entering the duct, as the unit contains
precision engineered components that rotate rapidly, and is therefore highly susceptible to damage.
Before starting the blower, it is important to ensure that the external vent at the end of the air inlet is
open. When opening the vent, the adjustable handle must be fully extended. When closing the vent,
the handle must be turned and allowed to return under the force of the spring. The handle must not be
pushed, as this can overload the spring mechanism, and thereby result in damage.
B. Think of some safety or operating precautions you are familiar with for a
machine or process you know. Write one or two paragraphs of instructions,
explaining the main precautions that should be taken.
C. !n pairs, explain the safety or operating precautions for the machlne or
process using your instructions as a guide.

Unit 8
Monitoring And Controll

1. ln pairs, discuss the difference between an automated and a manual system.What do you think a Building
Management System (BMS) does in intelligent buildings? Suggest some operations that can be monitored
and controlled automatically by the BMS in large buildings such as offices.
 The automatic system can function independently, without human control. Manual systems
require human control. The Building Management System is a centralized computer system that
monitors and controls various functions in a large building, such as lighting, heating, air
conditioning, smoke detectors, fire.
2. It's in google classroom
3. A. RolanA and Saskia go on to discuss an alternative control system in the building. Listen to the
conversation and answer the following questions.
=
I That the green attitude is shared by all the staff, so they would take care to switch off lights etc. and
so there is no need to control everythinga utomatically
2 lnstead of automating everything they would have old-fashion emdanual controls.
3 The advantage of operating the lights,etc.manuallyis that there'sn o needt o supplya ll the
automated controls with electricity Th e money saved by not having to buy all the hi-techg adgets
could be spen to n planting trees, for example.
B. You are in the MörE design team for the new bui|ding project and have received the following email
from the project engineer asking for your input. Read the email and, in pairs, discuss what the
engineer wants you to do.
For Lauren Harvey
Subject: Presence detector
 Can you see the practicality of using presence detectors to control lights in different parts of the
building? We will probably have a mix of • manual switch and detector controlled systems. The
question is, what kind of control do we want to have at each location? (Please see my list below.) A
critical issue would be setting a shutdown delay at a different location i.e. how long the lights remain
on after the last motion was detected. On my last project, we had a lot of complaints from clients
about blackouts while people were still in the rooms. So, can you think about different timer delays
for different locations in the building?
 Main locations: open offices, individual offices, meeting rooms, corridors, shop rooms
 C. Prepare notes for a short talk to brief the proiect engineer using your ideas
from Exercise 3b. Student A, you are an MörE engineer. Brief the project
engineer on your ideas. Student B, you are the project engineer. Listen to
the briefing and ask questions about specific details. Swap roles and practise
again.
 Listen to briefings and ask questions about specific details. Switch roles and practice some more.
4. ln pairs, think of monitoring and control systems that are widely used around the home. Discuss
how the following parameters are measured and/or controlled in these common domestic appliances.
 The thermostat measures and controls the water temperature in the kettle, and sometimes there is
also a pressure sensor for safety. A thermostat measures and controls the room temperature in the
heating system. The refrigerator also has a thermostat to monitor and control temperature and a light
that is activated near an open door. The washing machine has a thermostat to control the temperature
of the water in the machine. Wash cycle times are also controlled. The drum action is connected to a
safety device which prevents the door from being opened while the drum rotates.
5. A, Match the sensor or measuring system (l -5) to the industrial applications (a-e).
= 1e 2b 3a 4d 5 c
B. In pairs, think of other uses for the kinds of sensor and measuring equipment
in Exercise 5a.
1) Pressure measurement, for example monitoring the air pressure in a compressed air hose
2) Temperature measurement, for example measuring the temperature of the water in the boiler
3) Flow, for example monitoring the amount of fuel flowing along the fuel pipe in the engine
4) Level measurement, for example monitoring the fuel level in the fuel tank
6. It's in google classroom
7. A. You and your partner are process engineers working with Jochem and Katerina at the chemical plant.
You need to assess the sensors and measuring equipment required for the steam production facility. ln
pairs, discuss the requirements using the information in the diagram. Make notes of your ideas.
 We need a measuring device / sensor to measure: the water flow rate at the input point; water
temperature at the input point; gas flow rate at the input point; gas stove temperature; water
temperature in the vessel; water level in the boat; vapor pressure in the vessel; temperature steam
inside the ship; steam temperature at the point of output; vapor pressure at the point of output; and
the vapor flow rate at the output point.
B. In pairs, discuss what parameters can be determined for the installation of a
heating cycle using your ideas from Exercise 7a. You should assume that all
the measurements will be recorded against a timescale.
 Cumulative consumption of water and gas; cumulative output of steam; peak levels of water and
gas consumption; peak steam output; frequency of use of burner combustion gas I; the difference
between the input water temperature and the water temperature in the ship; the difference between
the vapor pressure in the vessel and in the outlet pipe; the difference between the temperature of the
steam in the vessel and in the outlet pipe.
8. A. ln pairs, discuss the factors that cause mains electricity consumption to vary
 See audioscript 8.5 on page 92
B. Helen, an electrical engineer at a power station, is giving a talk to a group of visiting investors. Listen
to the talk and note the five factors that influence electricity consumption.
1) Temperature
2) Light level
3) Days of the week
4) Time to eat
 5) Pause commercials on TV
C. Complete the following extracts from the talk using the correct form of the words in the box.
= I increase
2 increasesd; ecreases
3 rise
4 rises
5 falls
6 rise; fall
D. Listen to the next part of Helen's talk and answer the following questions.
1) Why do companies often have significant back-up generating capacity?
 As maximum capacity equals peak demand, there is significant spare capacity during off-peak
periods.
2) What ideal situation did Helen describe?
 Capable of generating power during off-peak periods and storing it for peak periods
3) Why is this ideal situation difficult to achieve?
 Because electric charge is very difficult to store in large quantities.
9. It's in google classroom
10. A. Read the extract from the talk and, in pairs, discuss the following questions.
1) Why do you think this is such a big problem for power plants?
 The power plant has a lot of generating capacity which is often unused.
2) Can you suggest what innovative techniques were used to solve the problem?
 The utility tries to smooth demand - by using spare capacity during demand [at night) to
accumulate energy, which is then used the next day.
b. Helen goes on to describe the solution to the problem. Listen to the talk and make notes on pumped
storage.
 Listen to lectures and take notes on pumped storage.
C. Prepare a short talk on the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric power station for visitors to the
power generation company. Use your notes from Exercise lOb and the words in the box. Student A,
you are an electrical engineer; Student B, you are a visitor on a tour of the plant. Ln pairs, give your
talk and ask and answer questions. Swap roles and practice again.
 Use your notes from Exercise 10b and the words in the boxes. Student A, you are an electrical
engineer; Student B, you are a visitor on a factory tour. In pairs, give your talk and ask and answer
questions. Switch roles and practice some more.
11. It's in google classroom
12.A. Rs part of the company's internat review, an assessment is being made of the hardware and software
that make up the firm's Computer Aided Design (CAD)s ystem.D an, a designe ngineer,i s talking to
Beatrice,h is manager, about the state of the system. Listen and mark the following statements True(T) or
False (F).
= 1.t 2.t 3.f
B. Find words and phrases in audioscript 8.9 on page 93 to match the following
definitions( l -5).
=
1.roughly
2.well over
3.a good
4.the vast maiority
5.next to nothing
 C. Complete the following replies to express the figures in approximate terms
using the words in Exercises | 1d and l2b. Sometimes more than one answer
is possible.
=
2.Pretty much
3Nowhere near
4.Roughly/ somewherein the regiono f
5.Well over
6.Next to nothing
7.Rough|y/ somewherein the regiono Í
8.the vast majority
13. You are setting up a small company of consulting engineers employing seven members of staff - five
engineers and two assistants. You need to rent an office, equip it with a computer network with CAD
system and admin software, and buy other basic office equipment. !n pairs, discuss some ballpark figures
relating to the following questions.
• What computer equipment will be needed and how much will it cost to buy it?
• What other furniture / equipment will be required, and how much will it cost?
• How much floor space do you need in an open office?
• How long will it take to set up the office - install furniture and equipment?

Unit 9
Theory And Practice

1. In pairs, discuss the following tests and experiments and their main advantages and disadvantages.
1) computer models and simulations
• Use software to simulate real life situations. The main advantage of this technique is that testing is
often faster and easier to perform than real-life testing. Variables can also be changed easily. The
main disadvantage is a lower level of realism.
2) small scale testing
• Test small design models. The main advantage of this approach is that model creation is faster and
cheaper than full-sized prototypes. The main disadvantage is that their behavior during testing cannot
perfectly simulate a full-size prototype.
3) full-scale testing
• The main advantage of this approach is that the tests are very realistic. The main disadvantage is
that full-scale prototypes can be expensive to build and test
2. It's in google classroom
3. You are members of a technological research team similar to the one in Exercise 2b. You have been
asked to design a test programme for an experimental system for air-dropping cargo. Read the brief
and, in pairs,discuss the types of test required and their sequence.
• First, the parachute test can be carried out using a ballast to simulate the mass of the container. The
weight must be sturdy and unbreakable. for example one steel block, to allow multiple parachute
systems to be tested sequentially without damaging the case each time. For testing, weights and
parachutes can be dropped from the raised platform attached to the crane. Initially, the aim of the test
was to develop a parachute system that would slow down containers as much as possible to minimize
 vertical landing speeds. Once the parachute system has been developed, and the vertical landing
speed has been determined, testing can then be carried out on the container.
4. A. in pairs, answer the following questions.

1) What types of cargo are sometimes dropped from planes, and why?
• Humanitarian assistance, such as food and medicine. and military equipment is often dropped from
the air, as it often has to be sent to remote locations with limited transport networks.
2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of air drops?
• Its main advantage is that the plane does not have to land and take off again to unload cargo, saving
time and fuel. The main disadvantage is the difficulty of protecting the cargo from the impact of
damage.
B. Read the following predictions of how a container air-dropped with
parachutes might behave while falling, and on hitting the ground. Complete
the predictions by underlining the words you think are correct.
1) The longer the container is in the air, the higher the decreasing horizontal velocity increases.
• Derating - As long as the container remains in the air, its air velocity [velocity relative to air
moving in the atmosphere] will continue to decrease until air velocity is zero - until it is moving at
the same speed and direction as the wind. Therefore, if there is a certain amount of wind, the
container will have a degree of moving velocity (horizontal speed relative to the ground), as it is
moving with the wind. If the airplane is flying into the wind [against the wind] when it drops the
container. and if the container remains in the air long enough, it will slow down until it momentarily
has zero ground velocity. However, if it remained in the air after this point, its ground speed would
begin to increase back in the direction opposite the plane, as it was blown backwards by the wind.
2) Compared with the lowering of the low altitude, the vertical speed of lowering the altitude will be
lower / higher.
• higher - The vertical velocity of the container will continue to increase until, if it remains airborne
long enough, it reaches terminal velocity - the point where aerodynamic drag [air resistance] prevents
it from traveling faster.
3) In case of container damage, the high vertical / horizontal impact speed is potentially worse.
• 3 will depend on the shape of the container file and the weight distribution in it.
4) A very low drop in height will likely cause the container to slip / roll along the ground.
• 4 will depend on the shape of the container file and the weight distribution in it.
C. Arnaud and Jenna, two engineers, are talking at the start of an airdrop
research project. Which predictions in Exercise 4b do they agree on,
and which do they disagree on? How do their ideas compare with yours?
• They agree on the first two points that horizontal velocity decreases and vertical velocity increases.
They disagree on the last two points that are worse, and what will happen on the ground with a very
low drop in altitude.
5.A. Rephrase the words in brackets to complete the following extracts from the
conversation.
=
I theoretically 4 presumably
2 assuming 5 arguably
B. Rephrase the words in bold in the following sentences using the words in
Exercise 5a.
=
I Presumably 4 Arguably
 2 Assuming 5 Surely
3 Theoretically
C. In pairs, decide whether the following words and phrases are used to agree
or disagree. can you think of other phrases for agreeing and disagreeing?
 Agree: Sure; Correct; Correct; Of course Other phrases: I strongly / completely agree Disagree:
I'm not really sure ...; I am not sure; Not necessarily Another phrase: I'm not sure I agree; I do not
agree; I totally disagree
D. Look at the diagram and, in pairs, discuss the following questions.
1) What is the difference between airspeed and ground speed? How do wind speed and wind
direction make the difference between an aircraft's airspeed and its ground speed?
• An aircraft's ground speed is its velocity relative to the ground. The velocity of the air is the speed
at which it passes through the air. Because of the wind, air usually moves. Therefore, if an airplane is
flying above the wind, its air speed will be higher than its base speed. If there is wind behind it, the
airspeed will be lower than the base velocity.
2) If the plane's groundspeed and airspeed are the same, what is the wind? speed of being?
• Zero
3) In theory, an airplane can fly at zero ground speed under certain extreme conditions. How are
these conditions, related to the wind speed and direction of the plane relative to the wind?
• The airplane must fly to the wind, and the wind speed must be very high, higher than the minimum
speed required for the airplane to fly.
4) In order to minimize the horizontal travel velocity of the container dropped in the air on landing,
what direction is the aircraft, relative to the wind?
• It must fly into the wind so the wind helps the container to slow down.
5) If done several drops of air from the same height with different wind speeds. How will higher
wind speeds affect the landing speed of the container?
• As long as the airplane is flying above the wind, a higher wind speed will result in the container
having a lower travel speed on landing. However, above a certain wind speed, the container will
reach zero speed on land, then start moving in the opposite direction. Beyond this point, a higher
wind speed will result in a higher ground speed in the opposite direction.
6.A. in pairs, discuss which of the following options you think is preferable and why.
1) Low level descent with low vertical speed and high horizontal speed
2) High level descent with high vertical speed and low horizontal speed
B. In pairs, discuss how the design of the container used for dropping cargo
would be different for each of the two options in Exercise 6a. For each
situation, consider how the container could be built to cushion the type
of impact. In particular, think about the shape of the container and the
protective structure around it.
• The container can be flat with a low center of gravity so that it can slide along the ground, or it may
be spherical with a deformable protective structure that allows it to roll along the ground.
• The housing may be tall, eg cylindrical, with a protective structure that can be substantially
deformed to absorb vertical impact.
7.A. ln pairs, discuss the difference between expectations and results. Cive an example relating to research
and development (R&D) in engineering.
• Expectations are what you predict, eg how you think the vehicle prototype will behave when tested
in a wind tunnel. The result is what actually happened, for example how the prototype actually
behaved in the wind tunnel, based on the tests that were completed.
 B. Manfred Haug, an aeronautical engineer, describes his early rocket experiments. Read the description
and explain what is meant by the expression in bold. Relying on trial and error isn't always the best
way to improve technology, but I think it's an effective way to develop a rocket. Mainly because
rocket science is foreign territory to me. I was on a steep learning curve, because it was a lot of
blasts.
• Trial and error means testing ideas to see what happens. This statement implies that the testing
process is not very scientific, and is based only on guesswork. Unknown territory means an unknown
subject, an area where a person lacks experience. On a steep learning curve means learning quickly,
often as a result of unusual situations with no required knowledge or experience.
C. Read further descriptions. What types of rockets do they make and how do you think they work?
• I must say that this has nothing to do with NASA, and is happening a long way from Cape
Canaveral. It was just me and a few friends on a soccer field blowing in the wind near Hamburg. But
the plastic bottles of the water rockets we built and launched through an impressive R&D program,
considering we're only 12 years old!

8. A. tisten to an interview with Manfred about building and launching water rockets and answer the
following questions.
B. Read the following extracts from the interview. What is meant by the words
in bold?
9.A. In pairs, discuss two or three solutions to the problem experienced with the rocket, based on basic
materials and simple assembly techniques. For each potential solution, explain how you would
expect the rocket to perform and why, describing potential problems for each solution.
B. Vanfred goes on to describe how he and his friends solved the problem. Listen to the description and
summarise the solution, explaining why it was effective. How does the solution compare with your
ideas in Exercise 9a?
 They put a plastic cup, with water in it, onto the bottle which makes it front heavy and increases
inertia.
C. Usten again and complete the following phrases from the description.
10. A. tn pairs, discuss possible ways of making the water rocket more powerful to allow it to attain higher
altitudes. The basis of the design should be the same and you may only use basic materials .For each
solution ,explainthe following points.
• Why you expected the rocket to be more effective
• Any potential problems
B. tisten to Manfred describing how the rocket was developed and theresults of further tests. Make notes
on the improvements made and their consequencesH. ow do the solutionsc omparew ith your ideas
from Exercise lOa?
C. Read the following phrases that Manfred uses. complete the definitions by
underlining the correct words.
D. ln pairs, discuss the following questions.
• Did you have any experiences building things when you were young that didn't work out the way
you expected? What do you take for granted or are too high? What lessons did you learn the hard
way?
• When you were young, what experiences were most helpful in helping you improve your technical
skills? What technical principles did you learn?
11. Amateur rocket scientists have produced water rockets capable of reaching altitudes of several hundred
metres in competitions. In pairs, think of initial ideas for a suitable design which complies with the
following competition rules' Water Rocket Competition
 • The rocket must be assembled entirely from consumer products purchased from supermarkets or
DIY shops. For safety reasons, no glass or metal components are allowed.
• The rocket will be pressurized, and anchored during pressurization using a compressor and launch
pad provided by the organizer.
• The launch of the rocket will be triggered by the participant, remotely, with a rope, at the time the
participant deems appropriate, based on the reading on the compressor pressure gauge.
12. In pairs, discuss the difference between cause and effect in each of the
following situations.
1) Vehicle tires are too hot
 Possible causes: tire does not inflate or is leaking properly Possible effect: tire may explode
(explode) If the tire is going to wear out quickly, it breaks.
2) The electric circuit is overloaded
 Possible causes: power supply surge, too much requested power, short circuit. Possible effects:
circuit breaker triggered, overheating and damage to conductors and components
3) The hull is rusty
 Possible causes: insufficient paint cover to protect the stomach Possible effects: the stomach will
be damaged quickly / can fail.
13. It's in google classroom
14.A. One popular topic for urban legends is the suggestion that the moon landings didn't really take place
and were filmed on Earth. ln pairs, discuss the following questions.
B. Caroline and Renato, two colleagues at an engineering firm, are talking about the moon landings
during a coffee break. Listen to the conversation and compare what they say with your ideas from
Exercise 14a.
C. ln pairs, discuss any urban legends you have heard relating to engineering and technology. Use the
following ideas to help you.

Unit 10
Pushing The Boundaries

1. A. ln pairs, answer the following questions about wind turbines.

1) What is the function of the wind turbine?
 They use kinetic energy, the movement of the wind, to generate electricity.
2) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines?
 Advantages: They use a renewable, non-polluting energy source that is readily available.
 Cons: Wind is not constant, so the wind turbine can't work all the time. They also have a large
visual impact due to their height and size, and are relatively noisy.
3) What type of location is most suitable for wind farms?
 Locations exposed to wind, such as plateaus, flat areas and coastal areas
B. Vit e, Loreta and Hanif, engineers at a wind turbine constructor, are discussing performance and
suitability issues relating to offshore wind turbines. Listen to the conversation and answer the
following questions.
= The blade rotates due to the airflow generated by the wind. In order to function, they must have a
specially designed aerodynamic profile. They must also be rigid, to avoid flexing and consequently
hitting towers, and relatively light to allow them to turn easily. The tower must be sturdy, to
 withstand the bending forces generated by wind pressure. It must also have a relatively narrow
profile, to minimize the aerodynamic effect it has on the blade. When the blade is in a low position,
parallel to the tower, the wind pressure at the blade decreases, reducing effectiveness and causing
torque to the turbine due to the pressure difference between the higher and lower blades. The turbine
generates electricity from the spinning action. In order to function effectively, it is necessary to
minimize friction. It must also be against the severe weather that is common in the area where the
wind turbines are located.
2. A. Vite, Loreta and Hanif, engineers at a wind turbine constructor, are discussing performance and
suitability issues relating to offshore wind turbines. Listen to the conversation and answer the following
questions.
1) Which wind turbine components do engineers discuss?
=Tower
2) What are the major problems with offshore installations?
= Corrosion due to salt water
3) Which two types of construction materials are compared?
= Steel and reinforced concrete
4) Why is coastal defense mentioned?
= Because on reinforced concrete coasts, steel reinforcement is often exposed, due to erosion, and
rust as a result
5) What's the point of Hanif doing routine maintenance?
= It's just because an installation requires regular maintenance, it doesn't necessarily mean it's
unreliable
6) What comparisons need to be made with respect to age?
= Comparison of difference between RC tower construction cost file and steel tower repainting cost
over the life period of the concrete tower.
B. Match the words (l -6) from the discussion to the definitions (a-0.
1) Match / match
 (b) is good enough for the intended function
2) Consistent / reliable
 (e) make the best use of resources, not wasteful
3) Cost effective / economical
 (c) performs functions properly
4) Effective
 (a) the appropriate solution for a particular situation
5) Efficient
 (f) is not broken, always works the same way
6) Sufficient / adequate
 (d) works quickly and well
C. Make the following words negative by adding the prefixes in- or un-.
1) Adequate, inadequate
2) Fit does not match
3) Consistent inconsistent
4) Economical is not economical
5) Effective not effective
6) Efficient is not Efficient
7) Dependable is not reliable
8) Enough is not enough
 9) Match does not match
3. It's in google classroom
4. A. It's in google classroom
B. What physical forces would act on a solar tower I km high?
C. su, a structurar engineer specialising rn the design of very tail
structures, is giving a talk to a group of engineering students. Listen to the
talk. Which of the forces in the box doesn't she mention?
 He didn't mention centrifugal force.
D. Label the diagrams using the forces in Exercise 4c.
1) Compression
2) Bending
3) Torque
4) Expansion
5) Pressure
6) Tension
7) Slide
8) Friction
9) Contraction
10) Centrifugal force
E. Comptete the following sentences from the talk using the forces in
Exercise 4c. Listen again and check your answers.
= 2 oressure
3 bending
4 compressiont:e nsion
5 shear
6 friction
7 torsion (torque)
I expansionc; ontraction
F. You and your partner specialise in designing structures for electrical
transmission grids. You are currently working on a cable support concept
for power lines near wind farms exposed to severe weather. You have come
up with the following design. !n pairs, hold a short meeting to evaluate your
design concept. Explain the forces acting on the structure.
 When there is no wind, all the columns and legs are compressed. The legs also experience
bending force. The beam is subjected to a vertical bending force. The insulator is under tension. Its
foundation is in compression. There is also a shear force between the feet and the foundation.
 When the wind is blowing from direction 1, the block is subjected to the horizontal bending force
of the wind. Both columns are also bent. Legs 1 and 2 are in tension as a result of the wind. Legs 3
and 4 enter compression.
 When the wind is blowing from direction 2, the two columns and legs can be bent by the wind.
Legs 1 and 3 and column 1 are mainly in wind tension. Legs 2 and 4, and column 2 are in
compression
5. A. In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of air and highspeed rail travel. Focus on trips of
between 500km and I ,500km, the journey length over which planes and trains often compete for the
same passengers.
= Airplanes fly much faster than high-speed trains. The fastest high-speed trains can travel at the
same speed of more than 300 km / hour. Commercial aircraft flying at an altitude of about 30,000
 feet can travel at a speed of about 800 km / hour. Therefore, on the way the ship is usually faster on
the plane. However, rail networks generally connect city centers, which are often more convenient
destinations than out-of-town airports. Planes also tend to be late more often than trains, due to air
traffic jams at airports. Large aircraft cannot take off and land immediately after maturity for safety
requirements, and to allow for air turbulence along the runway after each take-off and landing. Also,
check-in for flights takes longer than boarding the train. For this reason, overall travel times on high-
speed trains can be as short as, or shorter than those on long-distance aircraft of 500 km to 1,500 km.
B. Read the extract from an article about transport in a popular science and technology magazine and
answer the following questions.
1) What factors should be considered in the comparative analysis described?
 Speed, comfort, efficiency and environmentally friendly
2) What is the purpose of comparative analysis?
 It's finding the best way to transport people
3) What suggestions are made about Europe?
 The high speed electric train is the most efficient solution
C. Find words in the text in Exercise 5b to match to the following definitions. Which one of the words
has a plural form?
= I criterion
2 factor
3 variable
6. A. What do you know about France's high-speed train, the TGV? What is its normal operating speed?
What is the approximate length of the train?
 Most TGVs reach 300 km / hr. The newer model runs at a speed of 320 km / h on certain tracks.
Most trains are about 200 meters long.
B. Read the facts about the world speed record set by the TGV. Compare the world record journey with
a normal TGV journey, using your answers in Exercise 5a.
C. Andrej, a consulting engineer specialising in rail technology, is talking about the TGV world speed
record. Listen to the talk and answer the following questions.
1) Overall, how many trains were modified
 It is modified to some extent but, with a few exceptions, basically ordinaryTGV.
2) How long it took TGV to break records
 100 meters
3) Why are some body parts modified?
 To make it a little more aerodynamic
4) Why does the wheel diameter change?
 Reduces rotational speed, limits friction and centrifugal forces.
D. Listen again and complete the following table about the modified TGV using the figures in the box.
= 2 - 50o/o
3 - 15o/o
4 + lgoh
5 + 680/o
E. Complete the following sentences from the talk by underlining the correct
words.
= 2.certain 5 marginally
3.significantly 6 substantially
4.slightlym ore 7 considerable
 F. Rewrite the following sentences to describe the modifications that were made to the TGV for the
record attempt. Use the phrases in Exercise 6e to replace the words in bold.
1) The supply voltage in the catenary cable must be increased from 25,000 to 31,000 volts.
 The supply voltage on the catenary cables must be significantly increased.
2) The oscillation limit, the catenary cable tension should be increased by 60%.
 To limit the oscillation, the catenar cable tension increases substantially
3) On some bends, the track's curvature must be added by a few centimeters.
 The camber of the track is raised slightly at some bends.
4) The record of 574.8 km / h beat the previous record, which was set in 1990, of a speed of 59.5
km / h.
 The previous record was beaten by a large margin.
5) In perfect conditions, the TGV can probably go as fast as 5 to 10 km / hr.
 In perfect conditions, the TGV may be able to travel a little faster
7. In pairs, choose a product or type of technology you know well and compare
its performance and quality with an earlier model, describing the extent of
the differences.
8. A. Look at the photos and read the extracts Írom The Storg of John Paul Stapp, by Nick T. Spark, and
answer the following questions
B. Listen to an extract from a documentary about the experiment and check your answers to Exercise 8a.
C. Complete the following data on the Sonrc Wind test using the figures in the box.
1) Max speed: 1,015 km / h
2) Acceleration from 0 to max speed: 3 seconds
3) Acceleration force: 20 Gs
4) Time of deceleration: 1.2 seconds
5) Deceleration force: 46 Gs
D. ti sten to the next part of the documentary and check your answers to
Exercise 8c.
E. Complete the following groups of synonyms using the words in the box.
F. Complete the following sentences about Sonrc Wind using the correct form
of the words in Exercise 8e.
9. A. You are a consultant engineer and your firm have received an email from an entrepreneurw ith an
ambitiousp lan. Read the followinge mail extractand note the key information.
 Key information and questions The supersonic rocket sled vehicle for tourists will be located in
the Australian desert. That's to carry a pilot and two passengers. It should avoid extreme forces G
under acceleration and deceleration (max 2 G) Max. Track length 16 km. Is it worth having only 10
km of tracks? Is that a sufficient margin of safety? Does the sled have steel sleeves or wheels?
Propulsion will be carried out by rocket or jet engine (checked by someone else). Braking system -
not water brake, because the G force is too much; it may be a friction system (against rails), an
aerodynamic system (a flap or parachute), an engine reverse thrust system or a combination thereof.
B. !n pairs, discuss the key information in Exercise 9a and consider the following points.
• Style level ..
• Safe length for the track
• Feasibility of using wheelg
• Recommended braking system suitability
C. Jasmine and Andrew, consulting engineers, are discussing the issues in Exercise 9b. Listen and
compare what they say with your ideas from Exercise 9b.
D. !n pairs, discuss the points raised in their conversation and make notes summarising your thoughts in
preparation for a meeting with the entrepreneur.
 In terms of basic technology, I consider the most suitable vehicle to be a rail-mounted sled, with
steel skids gripping the track, over and under the rails, to prevent slipping, and to avoid problems
with aerodynamic lift. I'm assuming the wheels won't be worth it given the speed involved, although
I'm not 100% sure about that, Maybe you can give some advice. Propulsion will be provided by
rockets or jet aircraft. I already have a consultant looking for a suitable machine, so that angle is
being looked at.
E. Prepare a short presentation for the entrepreneur using your notes from Exercise 9d. Student A, you
are the consultant engineer. Give the presentation. Student B, you are the entrepreneur.L isten and
ask questions about specific details. Swap roles and practise again.
= As far as your input is concerned, the main area where I need you expertise is in the braking
system. As I said, hard braking is no longer an active question. As I can see, suitable soft options
include systems that apply friction to rails, aerodynamic flaps, parachutes, or reverse engine thrust.
But, again, I am not an engineer, so I look forward to having him discuss your thoughts on this
matter.