AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION
Audio visual aids are being increasingly used in modern educational programmes and have become inevitable to
make the classroom teaching colorful and vivid. These are the devices by which the teacher helps the students to clarify,
establish and correlate the concepts and appreciate them through utilization of more than one sensory channel. They are
means of communication that help to make learning more meaningful, more interesting and more affective. The term
media refers to the channel through which an idea or concept is communicated to the learners. In any instructional
situation, media follows the method and both go hand-in-hand. Audio visual aids are highly exploited in the classroom
situation for effective communication. Audio visual aids supplement the teacher’s explanation and are called “teaching
Aids”, since teachers plan, prepare and use them in the classroom. It is to be remembered that in any situation, teaching
aids can never be able to replace a teacher.

Audio visual aids provide significant gains in instructional learning, relation and real, thinking and reasoning
activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.

The aids are the stimuli for learning why, how, when and where the hard to understand principles are usually made
clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids.
DEFINITION

Audio visual aids are the sensory objects or images which involves or stimulate and reinforce learning.

-Burton

Audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation classification
and stimulation.

-Carter V Good.

Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.

-Kinder S James

Audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which the teacher through utilization of more than one sensory channel
is able to clarify, establish and correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciations.

-Mc known and Robert

Audio visual aids are all the materials used in the classroom or in the teaching situations facilitate understanding of the
written or spoken words.

-Dent
MEANING

The sensory objects or image which initiates or stimulates and reinforces learning. It helps the process of learning
in motivation, classification and stimulation. Audio visual aids are a multisensory material which motivates, classifies
and stimulates the individuals. It makes dynamic learning experiences more concrete, accurate of concepts,
interpretations and appreciation and enables him to make learning more effective, interesting, inspirational, meaningful
and vivid.

It provide significant gains in instructional learning, relation and real, thinking and reasoning activities, interest,
imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.

PURPOSES

 To initiate and sustain attention, concentration and personal involvement of student in learning.
 To practice a basis for more effective perception and conceptual learning.
 To bring remote events in the classroom.
 To increase the meaningfulness of abstract concepts.
 To gain practical skills.
 To save time and energy.
 To provide clear, accurate and vivid images during the process of learning.
 To stimulate thinking and motivate action.
CONCEPTS OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational
materials that appeal to the serves of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

A Chinese proverb: If I hear, I forget

If I see, I remember

If I do, I know says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation.

 Seeing – 87%
 Hearing – 07%
 Odor – 03%
 Touch – 02%
 Taste – 01%

Audio visual aids enhance clarity in communication.

Provides diversity in method.

Increases the forcefulness of the subject being learnt or taught.

Serves in the instructional role in order to supplement and enrich the teachers own learning.

IMPORTANCE OF AV AIDS

 Improve and make teaching effective.

 Enable the audience to look, listen and feel.
 Make learning interesting and profitable.
 Quicken the phase of learning.
 Economize the teacher’s effort.
 Foster / develop the knowledge.
 Add variety of newness to the lesson, provide various experience.
 Overcome possible hurdles during the act of teaching.
 Bring expected behavioral change among the learners.
 Stimulate curiosity.
 Provide concrete experience or direct contact with the reality or serves as a source of information and life likeness in
the teaching learning situation.
 Provide a basis for more effective perception and conceptual learning.
 Provide a basis for the student to acquire clear, accurate and vivid image during the process of learning.
 Add zest, interest and vitality to any learning situation.
 They make the students to learn faster, remember for longer duration, gain more accurate information, understand
the concepts with adequate information, and understand meaning. Thus learning becomes more meaning, enjoyable
and effective.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD INSTRUCTIONAL AID

J.G Aggarwal outlines the qualities of good instructional aid:

 It must be adapted to the intellectual maturity of the student.

 It should be meaningful and purposeful.
 It should be improvised i.e., locally available materials should be used for preparation.
 It should be simple.
 It should be cost effective and cheap.
 It should be up to date.
 It should be large enough to be seen by the whole class.
 It should be easily portable.

SOURCES OF AV AIDS
 Government
 Educational institution
 Professional organization
  Non – governmental organization
 National and international voluntary organizations
 Commercial procedures of educational material.

PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

1) Principle of Selection
 Av aids should suit the teaching objective, according to the group of learners.
 It should stimulate interest and motivation.
 True representatives of real things.
2) Principle of Preparation
 Locally available material should be used.
 Students should be associated with the presentation of audio visual aids.
3) Principle of Physical control
 Arrangement of aids safely to facilitate their lending to the teachers for use.
4) Principle of Proper Presentation
 Carefully visualize the used teaching aid before their actual presentation.
 Adequate handling of the aid to prevent damaging.
 Display properly so that all the students are able to see it and observe it to derive maximum benefit out of it.
5) Principle of Response
  The teacher should guide the students to respond actively to the audio visual stimuli so that they derive the
maximum benefit in learning.
6) Principle of Evaluation
 Continuous evaluation of audio visual material in the light of the realization of the desired objectives.

FACTORS INFLUENCING IN SELECTION OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Audio-visual aids will be used either single or in combination depending upon:

 The objectives of the training programme/the teaching objective.

 The nature of the subject matter being taught.
 The nature of audience.
 Number E.g., small group- flash card, large group-movies.
 Age, educational status,
 socio-economic status,
 interest, experience,
 Knowledge of the subject, intelligence levels.
 Relative cost
 The teacher’s familiarity with originality and skill in selection, preparation and use of aids.
 The availability, functioning or working conditions of aids.
 Knowledge of resources and availability of facilities.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

The teacher has to put the following questions to his mind before selecting any Audio-Visual aid for teaching
activity:

 Do the materials give a true picture of the idea they present?

 Do they contribute meaningful content of the topic under study?
 Is the material appropriate for the learners? (age, intelligence and experience)
 Is the physical condition of the material satisfactory?
 Do they make learners better thinkers with a critical mind?
 Do they tend to improve human relation?
 Is the material worth with the time and efforts involved?
 If the teacher finds satisfactory, then only he has to choose the material for using in teaching-learning process.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS

1) AUDIO AIDS
 Radio
 Tape recorder
 Gramophone
 Compact disc
 Voice mail
 Phonogram
 Megaphone
 Gramophone
 Mike
2) VISUAL AIDS
 Projected aids
 Slides
 Filmstrips
 Over head projector
 Computer
 Internet
 Epidiascope
 Opaque projector
 Non projected aids
A. Graphic aids
 Cartoons
 Charts
 Comics
 Diagram
 Flashcards
 Graphs
 Maps
 Photographs
 Pictures
 Posters
 Printed material
 Flipbook
 Illustrated books
B. Display boards
 Blackborad
 Bulletin board
 Flannel board
 Magnetic board
 PEG board
C. 3D Aids
 Diagrams
 Models
 Mockups
 Objects
 Puppets
 Specimen
 Exhibition
3) AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
 Television
 Video
 Sound motion picures
 Computer floppies
4) ACTIVITY AIDS
 Computer assisted instruction
 Demonstration
 Dramatics
 Experimentation
 Field trips
 Museum
 Exhibition
 Role play
 Story telling
5) TRADITIONAL MEDIA
 Puppets
 Dramas
 Folk songs
 Folk dance
 AUDIO AIDS
RADIO

Radio is the most significant medium of education in its broadcast sense as a supplement to class to which the benefits
are unlimited by utilizing the richer educational and cultural offerings of the radio, children and adults in the community
however remote areas access to the best of the world store of knowledge and art.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO EXPERIENCES THROUGH RADIO AND RECORDING

1. Immediately/immediacy
2. Emotional impact
3. Authenticity
4. Conquest of time and space
5. One – way communication
6. Audition
 USES OF RADIO

1. Bringing the school in contact with the world around us.

2. Enrichment of school curricular program.
3. Furnishing up to date knowledge.
RECORDINGS

Teacher should listen to the records from various sources and select the most useful for the subject and the topics they
are going to teach. The voices and speeches of many professional leaders can be heard on records and discs, classroom
teaching can be extended and made more interesting and meaningful by their appropriate use.

Record players are a means of audio play back. “8”, “10”, “12”, and “16” records are in the common size. The use of
recorded pieces in education has a great value in language learning..

TYPES OF RECORDING

 Phonograph records or discs recordings

 Wire recording
 Tape recording

ADVANTAGES
 Recordings are two way communication
 Recordings can be stopped at will
 To discuss passages
 To answer questions
 To clarify certain points
 It can eliminate the time adjustment problems of radio
 Recordings can be made to play at desire and teaching need.
 Recordings can be heard and evaluated.
 Recordings offer a wide range of helpful materials
 The school can have its own recordings

USES OF RECORDINGS

 For introduction of a lesson

 For illustrating some facts and skills
 For enhancing classroom activity
 For summarizing up a topic.
 GRAMOPHONE

A gramophone record commonly known as a phonograph record, vinyl record or simply record is an analog sound
storage medium consisting ofa flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the
periphery and ends near the centre of the deic. Phonograph records are generally described by their shape, size . the
rotational speed at which the are placed etc., their time capacity , their reproductive accuracy or fidelity or the number of
channels of audio provided.

USES OF GRAMPHONE RECORD

 To end speech defects in one’s own language

 To teach good pronunciation in foreign language
 For co-curricular activities in the school, eg: dancing, background music.
 To initiate a love for good music, to listen to songs, hear spiritual speech, famous speeches to learn languages and good
pronunciation.
 TAPE RECORDER
An audio tape recorder, tape deck or tape machine is an audio storage device, the records playback sounds,
including articulated voices, usually using magnetic tape either record on a real or in a fluctuating signal by making the
tape across a head that polarizes the magnetic domains in the tape in proportion to the audio signal. Tape recording
devices include reel to reel tape deck and the cassette deck.

USES OF TAPE RECORDER

 It is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes and songs with clarity.
 Gramophone like radio gramophone are also important teaching devices.
 Helps to listen to famous speeches.
 To teach good pronunciation in a foreign language.
 MICROPHONE
A microphone colloquially mic or mike is an acoustic to electric transducer or sensor that converts sound in air
into an electrical signal.

TYPES OF MICROPHONE
A microphone is also called mic or mike. There are 4 types:
1. Condenser microphone
2. Electric condenser moicrophone
3. Dynamic microphone
4. Piezo electric microphone

USES OF MICROPHONE

 Used in many applications such as “telephones”, hearing aids, public address systems for correct halls and public events.
 Live and recorded audio engineering, two way radios, microphones, megaphones, radio and television, broadcasting and
in computers for recording voice, speech recognition and for non acoustic purposes.
 Microphone is typically needed to be connected into a pre amplifier before the signal can be amplified with an audio
power amplifier or recorder.

MEGAPHONE

DEFINITION

A megaphone speaking trumpet, ball horn or loud hailer in a portable, usually hand held cone shaped, acoustic horn used
to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds and direct it in a given direction.

USES OF MEGAPHONE

 Used in many applications such as public address systems for concrete halls and public events along with
microphone.
 Used for the long/large group of students or public
 Used mainly by the police men for controlling traffic
 Used in mainly educational programmes
 Used to give information in the villages.
 VISUAL AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS
DEFINITION
Projected aids are pictures shown upon a screen by the use of certain type of machine.

ADVANTAGES
 Provides greater enjoyment in learning
 Stimulates more rapid learning
 Increases retention
 Compels retention
 Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects
 Brings distant past and the present into the classroom.

OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
 The over head projector is the most used of AV aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant ideas, images
suitable for use in alighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparent sheets while
he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.
An OHP is an important electronic teaching aid.
An OHP will be advisable to switch off the bulbs for mins after every 10mins of use.
PREPARING OF TRANSPARENCY

 Preparedly writing on cellophone sheets with the help of an OHP pens

 Coloured pens
 Xeroxing from any printed material
 Besides single transparency can be used on a sheet.
RULE OF 6 FOR PREPARING A TRANSPARENCY

 Six lines per transparency

 Six words per line
 Six mm per line smallest letter size
 Six cm (3x3 on each side) margin.
SCREENS FOR PROJECTIONS

 Aluminium coated
 Glass board
 Flat white screen
 Screens should be mounted properly and at a proper angle.
DURING PRESENTATION

 Keep the screen above the head level of the participants

 Keep the screen in full view of participants
 Make sure you are not blocking anyone’s view when presenting
 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming nearby
 Turn off the screen between slides if you are going to talk for more than two
 Talk to the audience, not to the screen.
PURPOSES OF OHP

 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area

 To male marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher, that can carry without expressing
to the class
 To test the students performance while other classmates observe
 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting clour
 To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.
ADVANTAGES OF OHP
  It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to
point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the
same
 Gains attention of the students.
OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES

 Transparencies are popular instructional medium

 They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the overhead projector which is
light weight.
 10” x 10” sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed in the platform of the projector and a
large image is projected on a screen behind you.
GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES

 Have the main ideas on each transparencies

 Include only related figures and diagrams
 Use simple lettering style in writing
 Use diagrams in proportion to its lettering
 Keep the message clear and simple
 Emphasize the key message
 Use color and lettering with discretion.
ADVANTAGES
 Permit face to face interaction with the students
 Can be used in daylight condition
 Can present information in systematic development sequence
 Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive method
 Easily available.

SOME DO’S AND DON’T’S WHILE USING OHP

DO’s

 Focus and position images before presentation

 Stand to the side of the screen
 Turn off projector when not in use
 Letters are larger the better
 Use color to attract attention
 Put captions on top
 Have images in to two-thirds of visual position, image ate the top of the screen
 Use pen or ruler to point.
DON’T’s

 Don’t walk or stand in front of the screen

 Don’t leave the projector on when you have finished talking about something
 Don’t write closely on the whole of the transparency sheet
 Don’t have image type written or too small
 Don’t use black and white visuals only
 Don’t use fingers to point
 Don’t use only capita letters.

OPAQUE PROJECTOR
A device which displays opaque material by shining a bright lamp on the object. A system of
mirrors, prisms and or imaging lenses is used to focus on an image of the material on to a viewing screen.

The opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials
The opaque projector, endioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials
by shining a bright lamp on to the object from above.
An epidiascope is an optical device for projecting light flat opaque images like post cards, prints, photographs , pages of
books but also 3D project objects like coins, insects and leaves on to a screen.
The object is usually placed upside down mostly at the near of lantem, sometimes at the bottom or top as the image will
be invested by the projection lens.
 An epidiascope is a projector for showing both transparent slides and opaque objects
Nowadays episcopes are still in use by painters and drawers by for copying or enlarging drawings by tracking the
projected images.

CARE OF EPIDIASCOPE
 Handle carefully
 Protect from breakage
 Away from moisture
 Keep it clean
 Preferably kept in cool room
 Switched off when not in use.

ADVANTAGES

 Stimulates attention and arouses interest

 Graphic aids are projected with the magnification
 Tracing enlarged images
 No need of clipping picture from book sources
 Can project a wide range of materials like flat specimens like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc.
 Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps
 Do not require any written or typed material
 Simple operation
 Seen conveniently by a large number of students.

DISADVANTAGES

 Demands total darkness

 Bulky machine
 Electricity required
 Difficulty maintenance
 Costly equipment
 Needs to use it with care.

ROLE OF NURSE TEACHER

 Seating arrangement should be semi circular

 Don’t allow the students to sit very close to the screen
 Optical built in a pointer to focus attention
 Every picture with commentary
 Testing purposes.

SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or sense or graphic image has
been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still
pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The
standardized size of the slides are 2” x 2” and 35mm will make satisfactory slides.

TYPES OF SLIDES

1) Photographic slides : 2” x 2” ;3” x 4”

 Black and white
 Coloured
2) Handmade slides:
 Acetate sheet
 Plain glass
 Cellophane
 Etched glass
 Lamarith

ADVANTAGES

 Require only filming, processing and monitoring by self or laboratory

 Result in colorful, realistic reproduction of original object
 Preparation with only 35mm camera for most effective uses
 Easy to revise and update
 Easily handled, stored and re arranged for various uses
 Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion
 May be adopted to group or individual use.
 FILMSTRIPS
Filmstrips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tape record narration
can be synchronized with filmstrip. Each strip contains from 12-18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related
skills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

TYPES OF FILMSTRIPS

1) Discussion filmstrip
It is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence usually with the explanatory titles.
2) Sound slide filmstrip
It is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recording explanation is audible which is
synchronized with pictures.

ADVANTAGES
 They are compact, easily handled and arranged in a proper sequence
 Can be supplemented with the recordings
 Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required
 Are useful for group or individual study and the projection rate are controlled by instructional uses
 Are projected with simple light weight equipment.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Liquid crystal display is largely superseded by data projection:

 When connected with a computer will enable to project computer generated image onto a display screen
 Modern equivalent and of the slide projector or the overhead projector.

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

 Alternative to using OHP

 Production of interesting and visually attractive presentation
 Graphics , drawings , tables and organizational charts
 Keeps presentation simple and clear

GUIDELINES FOR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

1) Limit the number of slides; not more than 12 for 10minute presentation
2) Ensure text contrasts with the background
3) Avoid patterned background
4) Comply with copyright law, when pictures, tables or diagrams are used
5) Standardized position, color and styles
6) Use of one colour, combinations or transitional effects.
8 RULES FOR BETTER POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Remember that you are the presenter, not PowerPoint
1) Don’t make your audience read the slides either
2) Make sure your presentation is easy on the eyes
3) Never include anything that makes you announce “I don’t know if everyone can read this…”
4) Leave out the sound effects and backgroung music
5) Stick with simple animations if you sense them at all
6) Proof read, proof read, proof read
7) Practice, practice, practice.

ADVANTAGES

 If you get lost, you can casually look at the PowerPoint for guidance
 People can register the information more as they can observe the PPT
 Looks more professional

DISADVANTAGES

 You will not be able to change any slide during the presentation
 Time consuming
 Technically faults can rise.

NON PROJECTED AIDS

GRAPHIC AIDS
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of
relationships between the key facts and ideas.
It includes the following:
CHARTS
These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other services in explaining
subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear
summary.
DEFINITION
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in systematic way to
summarize, compare.
 PURPOSES
 To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words
 To highlight important words
 To provide outline for materials covered in the presentation
 To show continuity in the process
 For creating problems and stimulating thinking
 For showing development of structure.

TYPES OF CHARTS

1) Narrative Chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or development of a scientific issue to its point of
resolution .
2) The Cause And Effect Chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex
of conditions and change or conflict .
3) The chain chart
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
4) The evolution chart
 Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning data and its projections into
future.
5) Strip tease chart
It enables the speaker to present the information step by step.
6) Pull chart
It consists of written massages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
7) Flow chart
Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administration or functional relationships.
8) Tabulation chart
It shows the tabulation schedule of an activity or of an individual.
9) Flip chart
A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hung on a supporting stand.
10) Pie chart
A chart in which circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections, each section will be coded
differently and the code key will be given at right corner of the chart as legend.
11) Job chart
Job responsibilities of specific categories will be listed out and circulated among its members.
12) Tree chart
To show the development or growth or the types in the form of a tree.
13) Overlay chart
It consists of illustrated sheets which can be placed one over the other conveniently and in succession.
14) Genealogy chart
To represent historical facts or growth and development of the family.
15) Family tree
A family tree or pedigree chart ,is chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree.
FLASH CARDS

DEFINITION

“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence”.

PURPOSES

 To teach the teacher

 To give health education
 Useful for small group

PRINCIPLES

 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content will be written in few lines at
the back of the card.
 10” x 12” or 22” x28” is commonly used size.
 10 – 12 cards for one health talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better visualization.

USING THE FLASH CARDS

For the classroom instruction, the flash cards are to be properly used. The following steps are used while displaying the
flash cards:

 Give brief introduction to the students about the lesson.

 Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
 Flash the cards I front of the class by holding it high with both the hands so that all the students can see it.
 Review the lesson by selecting flash cards.

ADVANTAGES

 Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.

 It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations.
 It can be used to review a topic.
 To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.

DISADVANTAGES

 It cannot be used for a large group.

 Prone to get spoiled soon.
 Preparation is time consuming.

POSTERS

DEFINITION

Posters are the graphic aids with short, quick and typical messages with attention capturing paintings.

PURPOSES

 To provide general motivation.

 To create an aesthetic or atmospheric effect.
 To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for leading to action.
 For classroom and community.

ADVANTAGES
 It attracts attention.
 It conveys the message very quickly.
 It does not require a detailed study.

DISADVANTAGES

 Posters do not always give enough information.

 When a poster is seen for a longer time than it cannot be attractive. So it should be dynamic.

DIAGRAMS

It is a simplified drawing designed to show the relationship primarily by means of lines and symbols.

Examples: stick figures, science figures, geometry diagrams, facial expressions.

Drawings can be done by hand to convey a variety of ideas, concepts and situations. It can be better used for summary
and review.

STANDARDS OF A GOOD DIAGRAM

 Technically correct.
 Neatly drawn in proper proportion.
 Well labeled and explained.
 It can be moved and seen from all angles.

GRAPHS
DEFINITION

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting the trends or changes of certain
attributes.

METHODS OF PREPARATION

 Before making the bar chart make a rough sketch of it in a notebook.

 For drawing the bar graph, use the chart paper of 50 x 72 cm size.
 Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.
 The bars should be equi-shaped.
 Write the key to the bar graph in abox on the right hand side corner of the chart paper.
 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars be on the top of the bars.

TYPES OF GRAPHS
1) Pie graph
These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented through the selections of portions of a circle.

2) Line graph
To show trends and relationships by using a single line.
3) Bar graph
The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along with the length of the bars.
4) Pictorial graph
Pictures are used for the expression of ideas. They are more attractive and easily understood.
5) Histogram or column diagram
It presents an accurate picture of the relative proportion of the total frequency from interval to interval.
6) Ogive
To determine quickly and accurately the statistical data like percentile, median, quartile deviation can be used.
7) Frequency polygon
 A line drawn for the graphical presentation of the frequency distribution.
8) Cumulative frequency graph
A line graph drawn by plotting actual upper limits of the class interval on the X – axis and the respective cumulative
frequencies on the Y – axis.

CARTOONS
The word cartoon has various meanings based on the several very different forms of visual aids, art and
illustration.

DEFINITION
“A cartoon is numerous caricatures which gives a subtle message.”
In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols.

PRINCIPLES

 The quantity of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectiveness.
 The symbols used should be familiar and present a concept or idea to which students can react intellectually.

ADVANTAGES

 A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.

 It can be used for making the lesson lively and interacting.

MAPS
DEFINITION
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionally as a diagram the surface of earth, word or parts thereof.

TYPES OF MAPS
1. Political maps
These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.
2. Physical maps
These maps show the physical contour of a place, area and region.
3. Relief maps
 It shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area and region.
4. Weather maps
Shows the amount of rains, temperature, and humidity in an area, region and country.
5. Population maps

Shows the distribution of population in various parts of regions and country.

6. Picture and tourist maps

Shows the historical spots, monumental sites, etc.
7. Road maps
Shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.
8. Railway maps
Shows the railway lines between various points.
9. Air maps
Shows the air routes between various points.
10.Sea route maps
Shows the sea routes between various points.
 NEWSPAPER
It can furnish health messages in local languages which can reach the public easily. The information will be
available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language, the people may learn to read and interpret the
contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.

ADVANTAGES

 Best method to reach a large group.

 Pictures will help in easy understanding.
 Attractive and easy to understand.
 Lot of information can be obtained in various fields.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Useful for literatures only.

 Detailed information cannot be produced.

COMIC STRIPS
DEFINITION
A comic strip fires the imagination of children. A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or
sketches of some character and events full of action.

USES OF COMIC STRIPS

 Comic strips fire the imagination of the children.
 It boosts the courage of the children and builds up the spirit of adventure.
 Its communication is detailed and vivid.
 It stimulates reality and involvement.

LIMITATIONS

 Comic strips misguide children by depicting character with supernatural powers from the realities of life.
 Comic strips hamper the development of languages of the children.
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore or bypass the original work.
 Comics can soon become an observation with young children and they tend to avoid serious studies.

DISPLAY BOARDS

CHALKBOARD/BLACKBOARD

DEFINITION

A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made with chalk or other
erasable markers.

USES OF CHALKBOARD
  It makes the group instruction more concrete and understandable.
 If it is used properly, it can set standards of neatness, accuracy and speed.
 It can restore the attention of the group.
 Initiates aural, visual sensation in learning.
 The teacher can erase and start fresh.

RULES IN USING BLACKBOARD

 Board should be kept clean always and uniform strokes with eraser can be made to clean the board.
 Write the letters and drawings in large size, and it should be legible.
 Avoid spelling mistakes.
 Writing should be in straight rows.
 Do not talk while writing on the board.
 Face the group after writing and continue the discussion.
 Do not fill the board.
 Do not use abbreviations.
 Practice using the blackboard.
 Used in conducting literacy classes.

TYPES OF CHALKBOARD
1) The ordinary chalkboard held by easel
A portable and adjustable blackboard put on awooden easel can be taken out of the classroom while taking class in open.
2) Roller chalkboard
Made of thick wrapped on a roller.
3) Magnetic board
Board is made up of steel on which magnets can be fixed.
4) Black ceramic unbreakable board
It will be framed with aluminum or teak wood frame as per the requirement.
5) Black or green glass chalkboard
It will be framed with teak wood and available in black or green color.
6) Lobby stand board
It is useful in lobby. Alphabets and figures are changeable. It is lightweight and easy to carry. Stand height is 6 ft.
7) Exhibition board
It can be folded and expanded easily. Both the sides are reusable.
8) Double side stand board
One side white board for marker writing and other side blackboard for chalk piece writing. It is fixed on a wheel stand. It
can be moved from one place to another.
9) Reception board
Gold color, powder coated aluminum frame. Golden letters can be fixed on this board.
10) Tariff board
Useful for price list, reception, welcome to delegates and wedding.
11) Paging board
One side marker pen writing and one side letters interchangeable. It is useful at public places to receive the VIPs.
12) Dressing graph perforated board
It can be used vertically, horizontally in any place like educational institutions, administrative office.
13) Write and wipe off white board
It can be used for marker pen writing and it can be erased easily with duster or ordinary cloth.
14) Information notice board(open type)
It is framed with aluminum frames, notices can be fixed with pushpins, available with green, blue and maroon color.
BULLETIN BOARD
DEFINITION
It is a soft board which will hold pins or large tags almost suitable, simple device placed either indoor or outdoor.
Items generally displayed are photographs, publications, posters, newspapers, cutouts etc.

ADVANTAGES
 Explains important events, reports special activities.

DISADVANTAGES
  Not effective for illiterate group.
 Takes a lot of preplanning and preparation.

USES OF BULLETIN BOARD

 To communicate the ideas.

 To describe the ways of doing a particular item.
 To follow up instructions on things demonstrated and emphasized.
 Photographs to show local activities.
 To local announcement of importance to all.
 To motivate the learner.
 To provide information.
 To supplement and correlate instruction.

TYPES OF BULLETIN BOARD

1) Flannel board

The rigid material covered with the flannel cloth/felt sheet/cotton/paper/suede cloth.

2) Magnetic board
 Iron board coated with porcelain in dark or green color.

3) PEG board

It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix certain letters into the holes which is used in the offices to
display certain items, name of the personnel or faculty members.

4) Movable board
5) Folded board

LEAFLET

Single sheet of paper folded to make a full page of printed matter on single side.

PAMPHLET

Paper can be folded into two or three or five on which the matter will be printed either single side or both sides.

HANDOUT / HANDBILL
The briefing of a session in a single sheet, use of simple clear language with short sentences. If needed sketches, graphs
should be drawn and labeled. Give titles and subtitles, underline the keywords. Suitable colors can be used.

Handouts maybe given well in advance to orient the group about the purpose, aims and objectives of presentation or after
completion of presentation to leave a record of lesson and for follow up.

PHOTOGRAPHS

Exact visual recordings of things which will occur in real life situation.

It maybe white and black or colored or mounted or unmounted photographic prints.

THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS

The three dimensional aids represent the real things. They reduce large objects to a size convenient for observation and
produce interior view of the objects which are normally covered or are invisible.

The main three dimensional aids are:

MODELS
DEFINITION

A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, i.e height, width and depth is felt as reality.

TYPES OF MODELS

1) Scale model

Correct idea of an object can be displayed.

Eg. Dam/project.

2) Working model

Gives an idea of an external form of an object. E.g. Animal, bird, fish.

3) Simplified model

To demonstrate in a simple way of an operation or a process.

Eg. Foetal circulation

4) Cross-sectional model

Inside of an object is visible immense value will be observed in sciences.

Eg. Cross section of blood

 5) Cut way and X-ray model

Replicas of original thing made to show internal parts of a thing. These are difficult to make in the classroom. It
requires expertise to construction them.

Eg. Cross sectional model of human body.

ADVANTAGES
 Illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.
 Explains complex operations in a simplified way.
 Cheaper teaching aids.
 Easy to make with help of discarded material like empty boxes, pins, clips, rails, clay.

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

DEFINITION

Object : A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects.

Specimen : A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.

ADVANTAGES

 Requires student’s interaction.

  Students have satisfaction.
 It heightens the reality in the classroom.
 Involves all five senses of learning.
 It makes learning lively.

MOCK UPS

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability.

Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful in the purpose of instruction.

Eg. An artificial kidney to demonstrate dissection.

EXHIBITION

Many times in the school a department of the school or a class put up their work for showing it to the people outside the
school and such a show is called exhibition.

The process of work done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

REQUISITES FOR EXHIBITION

 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention to a particular concept.
  The exhibits should be clean, labeled properly.
 The exhibit should be so placed so the most visitors can see them.

ADVANTAGES

 Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a sense of involvement.
 Couple information with pleasure.
 Foster creativity among students.

DISADVANTAGES

 Requires thorough preparation

 Time consuming

MUSEUMS
DEFINITION
A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of acts, works of
science, literature and other artifacts of general interest.
Museum can be useful both for public education and specific classroom instructions.

DIORAMAS
DEFINITION
A dioramas is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects, models and cut outs to illustrate a central theme
or concepts.
The object and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a glass covering and backgrounds
printed with a shade or a score.
Eg. A harvest scene, a planting scene etc.

ADVANTAGES
 Provides a good opportunity to learn
 Interesting and enhances creativity.

DISADVANTAGES

 Needs expatriation for preparation

 Sometimes cost effective.
 Requires budget.

MOULAGE

Mould made up of plastic material to stimulate some life object.

 Eg. Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical intervention.

IMAGE PERSPECTIVES OF MOULAGE PROCESS

 The basic material can use to create our soft tissue injuries is very inexpensive , it costs onlt pennier per
simulation.
 If someone walks with a simulation it can be created in amatter of minute.
 You are not limited to mass-produced later or plastic “one-size fits” all injuries. You determine the type, shape
and size of the injuries and create as many as you wish in whatsoever size you need.
 Our simulations can be handled and bandaged with care, as you would a real injury. The simulations will not shift
and / or be damaged when bandages are removed, the injury simulation will remain intact. The simulations can be
made liquid proof and with care reusable.
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
TELEVISION
DEFINITION
“Television is the electronic means by which sound and light is transmitted from one place to another”.
 Technically it is an electromagnetic system of converting the energy contained in sound and light patterns into
electrical and electromagnetic energy when it is then reconverted back into sound and light.
 Television is the electronic blackboard of the future.
  Television is the multidimensional and general medium of communication.

Two kinds of licensed television stations:

A. Commercial
B. Educational
 Instructional television
 Enrichment television :
Eg. Demonstration of nursing procedures.

SOUND AND MOTION PICTURES

Communicating through sound and light simultaneously the motion pictures blends pictures, words, objects,
motion and even color to make impact on the children’s mind.

EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF MOTION PICTURES

 It enriches the learning process and leads to greater all round achievement.
  It directly modifies, briefs in desirable directions and causes students seek additional information about subject
studied.
 It compels attention.
 It makes experience almost first hand.
 Offers satisfying experience.
 It is an edited version of reality.
 Brings variety to instructional material.

USES OF MOTION PICTURE

 Films can teach factual material effectively.

 Films can be effective in teaching perceptual motor skills.
 Films can modify motivations, interests, attitudes and opinion.

VIDEO

Video is electronic motion picture equipment which scans pictures from magnetic tape on a cathode rays tube
screen. The video cassettes are compact aids which have the recordings of motion pictures and sound. Because of its
compact size, a video cassette is like a motion and sound book.
 Video recording are easy to do and require a small studio and outdoor recordings can be done without elaborate
arrangements. Using video cassette recorder, good programmes can be taped from television for the use at appropriate
time.

Operating a video is very simple as only a cassette is to be inserted into the video player and a button is to be
pressed. Also, no dark room facilities are required for video classes.

A video cassette player combines the advantages of both motion pictures and tape recorder. For teaching and
training, these days videos are being used extensively specially in the field of open education.

ACTIVITY AIDS

These are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct experiences can be easily
incorporated, these are called activity aids.

FIELD TRIPS
DEFINITION

Field trips maybe defined as an educational procedure by which the student studies first hand objects and
materials in their natural environment.

 Hedgerken

TYPES OF FIELD TRIPS

Depending upon the place of visit and its duration field trips are mainly of the following four types, namely:

 Local school trips

 Community trip
 Educational trips
 The natural hunt.

ADVANTAGES

 It provides learning experience in the real life situation by direct contact with objects.
 It provides meaningful direct experience.
 The students learning can be easily directed towards effective learning.

DEMONSTRATION
 Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid because of its wide use in the teaching of nurses. In nursing
education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinical, conferences, laboratory class, symposium, autopsies,
explanation and exhibition and teaching of health to patients.

METHODS

 Explanation
 Exhibition

ADVANTAGES

 It activates several senses. This increases learning because it gives a better opportunity for observational learning.
 It clarifies underlying principles by demonstrating the why or how of the procedure.
 It provokes interest by use of concrete illustration.

EXPERIMENT

An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret observations using measuring
instruments to reach some conclusion.

STEPS

 Objectives of the experiment

  Apparatus required
 Procedure or methodology
 Observations of data
 Computation of the observation
 Results or conclusion
 Precautions
 Ideas for future work

The student performs the experiment and write a report on it showing cause and effect relationship.

DRAMATIZATION
Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the classroom instruction lively and interesting when a teacher
dramatizes a lesson the students becomes both the spectators and participants. This makes learning easy and permanent.

TYPES OF DRAMATIZATION
  Role play
 Play lets
 Pantomime
 Tableau

ADVANTAGES
 Dramatization gives an added advantage of student working as both observers and doers unlike in experiment
where they are just doers and in demonstration where they are just observers.
 Dramatization makes learning a pleasure, as children love to act and show off.
 It involves students totally and they appreciate lessons; remembers it better
 It makes student creative, sensitive and alert.
 It develops the social skills required.

TRADITIONAL MEDIA
PUPPETS
DEFINITION
 A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as a puppet. A good
puppet has to blind his art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is used to as an effective teaching aid for
languages and social sciences.

TYPES OF PUPPETS
1. String and marionettes puppets
Marionettes consist of puppet with body parts which are controlled by 9 strings to produce required
movements.
2. Stick puppet
These are painted cutout of attached sticks. The actions are manipulated by hiding behind a screen.
3. Shadow puppet
These are silhouette of cardboard which produce shadows on white screen.
4. Finger puppet
These are round balls painted as head with overflowing colorful costumes worn on fingers which operate
movements.

ADVANTAGES
 Creates interest
 Motivates students
 FOLK DANCE OR FOLK SONG
DEFINITION
Indian folk and tribal dances are specific dances and are performed to express joy. Folk and tribal dances are
performed to every possible occasion to celebrate the arrival of season, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals.

 The dances are extremely simple with the minimum of steps or movements.
 The dances burst with the verse and vitality. Men and women perform some dances exclusively while in some
performances men and women dance together.
 On most occasions the dancers sing themselves while being accompanied by artists on the instruments. Each form
of dance has a specific costume.
 Most costumes are flamboyant with extensive jewels while there are numerous ancient folk and tribal dances,
many are constantly being improved. The skill and the imagination of the dances influence the performance.

CONCLUSION

Audio visual aids a very useful for the teaching process and are good tools to catch the audience attention. It is
important to use variety of teaching methods for students with various preferences. It is not a distracter for students from
learning process. So, it is very important to have audio visual aids in the teaching process and it is good aid in learning
experience of a student.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) K.P Neeraja “Textbook Of Nursing Education”, First Edition 2003; JayPee Brothers Medical Publishers, New
Delhi, Page No.: 206-230.
2) R Sudha “Nursing Education -Principles And Concepts”, First Edition, 2013; Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers, New Delhi, Page No.: 119-154.
3) Francis M Quinn’s “The Pricnicples And Practice In Nursing Education”, Third Edition, 1997, Stanley Thrones
Publications Ltd, United Kingdom Page No.: 227-265.
4) Loretta E Hedigerkins “Teaching And Learning In Nursing Education”, Twelfth Edition 2003, Kmark
Publishers Ltd, Delhi Page No.: 1-22.
5) Basavanhappa BT “Nursing Education”, First Edition, 3002, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi,
Page No.: 582-645
6) Basavanthappa BT “Textbook Of Communication And Educational Technology For Nurses”, Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers, New Delhi, Page No.:227-278.
7) Website : Adram Audio Visual Aids
8) Website : Google Search