CHAPTER 5: PHONON II:

THERMAL PROPERTIES
Points to ponder

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Background

Here we review some basic ideas of quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and

statistical physics, which will be used in this chapter.

A quantum of energy or a quasiparticle

associated with a compressional wave
such as sound or a vibration of a crystal
lattice.

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Name one character of fictional hero who use phonon (sound wave) as his power

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What is temperature?

The temperature (T) measures how widely the particles are moving in a system.

At higher T, atoms move more widely. At lower T, atoms don’t want to move much.

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For elastic waves, this means that at higher T,
the amplitude of sound waves are larger (more
phonons). At lower T, the amplitude is smaller
(less phonons).

We have more phonons at high T and less

phonons at low T.

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 HEAT CAPACITY

Heat capacity, or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity of heat energy
required to change the temperature of an object by a given amount.

The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin, J/K

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 CLASSICAL THEORIES AND THEIR DIFFERENCES

Q: Two approches to calculate heat capacity of solids

Classical thermodynamics Classical statistical mechanics

1-D harmonic oscillator= mean energy 1times

3-D harmonic oscillator= mean energy 3times

*1 mol oscillator= 3R=24.9J/K Dulong-

(R is universal gas constant)
Petit Law

The heat capacity has to vanish at 0T Predict a T -independent heat capacity

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 Liquid nitrogen T

Room T

value drops value approaches Dulong -Petit value

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According to the classical theory, the
average energy of each harmonic
motion is kBT. If there are N atoms in
a solid, there will be 3N harmonic
vibrations then the average energy can
be given as 3N kB.

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 EINSTEIN MODEL

T Heat capacity, C obeys Dulong- Petit Law

(Means T must be at least as high as the Einstein T)

Which correspond to oscillators vibrational freq.

T Heat capacity, C drops to 0.

** - Thermal energy is much bigger then the spacing between the energy level

- Thermal energy is much smaller then the spacing between the energy level,
where if very small T is increase, nothing will change.

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 DEBYE MODEL

The Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912

for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid.

The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity,
which is proportional to – the Debye T3 law.

Just like the Einstein model, it also recovers the Dulong–Petit law at high temperatures.

The Debye model treats atomic vibrations as phonons in a box (the box being the solid).

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Low temperature limit

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 QUESTION 1

NaCl has same structure as KCl.

The Debye temperature of NaCl and KCl are

281K and 230K, respectively.

If the lattice heat capacity of NaCl at 5K is

1.6 x 10-2 J/mol/K, estimate the heat capacity
of KCl at 5K and 3K.

Given: TD (NaCl)= 281 K, TD (KCl)=230 K

Cv (NaCl) at 5K=1.6 x 10-2 J/mol/K

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 Debye versus Einstein
Q: So how closely do the Debye and Einstein models correspond to experiment?

A: Surprisingly close, but Debye is correct at low temperatures whereas Einstein is not.
Debye was correct on metal and non-metals at both high and low T.

Q: How different are the models?

A:

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 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal conductivity (κ) is the property of a material to conduct heat.

Heat transfer occurs at a higher rate across materials of high thermal conductivity than across
materials of low thermal conductivity.

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IS IT TRUE THAT METALS ARE MUCH BETTER THERMAL CONDUCTORS THAN
INSULATORS?

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 DONT BE CONFUSE!!

There are two types of conductivity.

Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity

is a measure of how well a material conducts heat. expresses how well a substance conducts electricity.

Question: Is Diamond a Conductor?

Diamond conducts heat well as a result of the strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms
in a diamond crystal.
Thermal conductivity of natural diamond is around 22 W/(cm·K), which makes diamond five
times better at conducting heat than copper.
The high thermal conductivity may be used to distinguish diamond from cubic zirconia and
glass.
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But diamond is an insulator for electricity conductivity because of no free electron flows.
DIAMOND STRUCTURE

Because of high thermal conductivity

experts use this characterise to distinguish
diamond from cubic zirconia and glass

Q: Determine the volume density of the atom if the given lattice constant is 5.45 Å.

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Diamonds are Better Heat Conductors than Metal-Four times more conductive
than copper, diamonds help distribute heat evenly across the surface of the pan.
Diamonds also allow the pan to brown food like stainless steel, creating a "fond"
that can be used for gravy- or easily washed away with warm soapy water.

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MODE MUHASABAH DIRI

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 THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of solid depends on T

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 DAILY LIFE EXAMPLE OF THERMAL EXPANSION

• "What's more, the aircraft expands by 15-25 centimeters during flight

because of the scorching heat created by friction with air.
Designers used rollers to isolate the cabin from the body, so that stretching doesn't rip the
plane apart."
Helen Pearson "Concorde wings its way into retirement." Nature Physics Portal.
October 2003.

• "Concorde measures 204ft in length - stretching between six and ten

inches in-flight due to heating of the airframe. She is painted in a specially developed
white paint to accommodate these changes and to dissipate the heat generated by
supersonic flight."

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TUGASAN 6