FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT

FOR B. TECH

1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:

The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as
follows:

1. Cover Page & Title Page

2. Bonafide Certificate
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables
6. List of Figures
7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
8. Chapters
9. References

The table and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.

2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:

The dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be
bound using flexible cover of the thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in
black letters and the text for printing should be identical.

3. PREPARATION FORMAT:

3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project
report are given in Appendix 1.

3.2 Bonafide Certificate – The Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing using Font
Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14, as per the format in Appendix 2.

The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature and shall be followed by the supervisor’s
name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of administrative nature),
department and full address of the institution where the supervisor has guided the student.
The term ‘SUPERVISOR’ must be typed in capital letters between the supervisor’s name
and academic designation.

3.3 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line
spacing, Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14.

3.4 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any
material which precedes it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place
 among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower
case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this
head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Appendix 3.

3.5 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the
tables in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this
head.

3.6 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the
figures in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this
head.

3.7 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be
adopted or typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be
used.

3.8 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii)
Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided
into several divisions and sub-divisions.

 Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

 Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the
reference where they are cited.

 Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed
directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.

3.9 Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is

included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.

 Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix

2, etc.
 Appendices, Tables and References appearing in appendices should be numbered and
referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.

 Appendices shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be made
in the contents page also.

3.10 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading
“REFERENCES” in alphabetical order in single spacing left – justified. The reference
material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author. The name of the
author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details.

A typical illustrative list given below relates to the citation example quoted above.
 REFERENCES

1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) ‘Transport Phonomena of Sm Sel – X

Asx’, Pramana – Journal of Physics Vol.42, No.1, pp.421-425.

2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution Operators to

Problems in Univalent Function Theory’, Michigan Mach, J., Vol.27, pp.81–94.

3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of
Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego,
CA, pp. 1231-1236.

3.10.1 Table and figures - By the word Table, is meant tabulated numerical data in the body of the
project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the body of
the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams
may be designated as figures.

4. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS:

The impression on the typed copies should be black in color.

One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall be
typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 14.

*****
 APPENDIX 1

TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT

<Font Size 18><1.5 line spacing>

A PROJECT REPORT
<Font Size 14>

Submitted by
<Font Size 14><Italic>

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S)

<Font Size 16>

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

<Font Size 14><1.5 line spacing><Italic>

NAME OF THE DEGREE

<Font Size 16>

IN

BRANCH OF STUDY
<Font Size 14>

NAME OF THE COLLEGE

<Font Size 14>

UNIVERSITY NAME
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

MONTH & YEAR

<Font Size 14>
 PROJECT TITLE

A Project Submitted

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Computer Science & Engineering

by

STUDENT NAME

(Enrollment No. ……………)

Under the Supervision of

<<Guide Name>>

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

TULA’S INSTITUTE
THE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE
(DEHRADUN)
Jan, 2021
 APPENDIX 2
(A typical specimen of Certificate)
<Font Style Times New Roman>

UNIVERSITY NAME
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -18>

CERTIFICATE
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -16>

<Font Style Times New Roman – size -14>

Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”

is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S).…………”

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

<<Signature of the Head of the Department>> <<Signature of the Supervisor>>

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

<<Name>> <<Name>>
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

<<Academic Designation>>

<<Department>> <<Department>>

<<Full address of the Dept & College >> <<Full address of the Dept & College >>
 APPENDIX 3
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -16>

<Font Style Times New Roman – size -14>

UNIVERSITY NAME
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -18>

CERTIFICATE DECLARATION
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -16>

<Font Style Times New Roman – size -14>

I declared that this written submission represents my work and ideas in my own words and where
other idea and work are also have been included, I have adequately citied and referenced the source.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principle of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/facts/source in my submission. I understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the University and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)
<<Student Name>>
<<Student Id>>
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Date: __________
 APPENDIX 4
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -16>

<Font Style Times New Roman – size -14>

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to remember the Almighty and my parents, who bestowed strength, courage
to perseverance to undertake the present course of study and complete it successfully.
First and Foremost, I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and sincere regard toward
Director, for his sustained guidance, meticulous supervision, and constant encouragement during
my dissertation work.
My special thanks to Mr. Lokesh Kumar (HOD, CSE) , Mr. Sachin Kumar (Project
Coordinator, CSE) and Ms. Akansha Singh (Project Co-coordinator, CSE) who help me in the
execution of this work and for providing necessary facilities with full cooperation, bestowing his
excellent guidance, encouragement, inspiring motivation, valuable suggestion and painstaking help
throughout this project work.
I express my heartfelt and sincere thanks to my project guide <<Guide Name>> (Tula’s Institute
of Engineering and Management, Dehradun) for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and
providing me an excellent atmosphere for completion of this dissertation project.
I also thank my teaching and non-teaching staff members of the department for their kind
cooperation and others who helped me through the course of the minor project work.
Finally, I will always remember the blessings of especially my father <<FATHER NAME>>.

Concerning this venture without their encouragement, patience, and moral support it would not have
been possible for me to complete my dissertation.

Date: _/_/2021
Submitted By –
<<STUDENT NAME>>
<STUDENT ID>>
 APPENDIX 5
<Font Style Times New Roman – size -16>

<Font Style Times New Roman – size -14>

ABSTRACT
 APPENDIX 6
(A typical specimen of table of figures)
<Font Style Times New Roman>

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Pg. No.

 APPENDIX 7
(A typical specimen of table of contents)
<Font Style Times New Roman>

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE xvi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 .... ......... 2
1.2.1 General 5
1.2.2 ........... 12
1.2.2.1 General 19
1.2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3 ............ 30
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 45
1.4 .................. 58
2. REVIEW 69
2.1 GENERAL 75
2.2 .......... 99
2.2 ……………. 100
 Introduction

The work proposed in this paper focus mainly on various data mining practices
that are employed in heart disease prediction. Human heart is the principal part
of the human body. Basically, it regulates blood flow throughout our body. Any
irregularity to heart can cause distress in other parts of body. Any sort of
disturbance to normal functioning of the heart can be classified as a Heart
disease. In todays contemporary world, heart disease is one of the primary
reasons for occurrence of most deaths. Heart disease may occur due to
unhealthy lifestyle, smoking, alcohol and high intake of fat which may cause
hypertension [2]. According to the World Health Organization more than 10
million die due to Heart diseases every single year around the world. A healthy
lifestyle and earliest detection are only ways to prevent the heart related
diseases.

The main challenge in today's healthcare is provision of best quality services and
effective accurate diagnosis [1]. Even if heart diseases are found as the prime
source of death in the world in recent years, they are also the ones that can be
controlled and managed effectively. The whole accuracy in management of a
disease lies on the proper time of detection

of that disease. The proposed work makes an attempt to detect these heart
diseases at early stage to avoid disastrous consequences.

Records of large set of medical data created by medical experts are available for
analysing and extracting valuable knowledge from it. Data mining techniques are
the means of extracting valuable and hidden information from the large amount
of data available. Mostly the medical database consists of discrete information.
Hence, decision making using discrete data becomes complex and tough task.
Machine Learning (ML) which is subfield of data mining handles large scale well-
formatted dataset efficiently. In the medical field, machine learning can be used
for diagnosis, detection and prediction of various diseases. The main goal of this
paper is to provide a tool for doctors to detect heart disease as early stage [5].
This in turn will help to provide effective treatment to patients and avoid severe
consequences. ML plays a very important role to detect the hidden discrete
patterns and thereby analyse the given data. After analysis of data ML
techniques help in heart disease prediction and early diagnosis. This paper
presents performance analysis of various ML techniques such as Naive Bayes,
Decision Tree, Logistic Regression and Random Forest for predicting heart
disease at an early stage [3].
Machine learning can be defined as the identification of

patterns, functions or inferences from a set of varied data

in order to compute similar tasks automatically and solve

statistical problems. The importance of machine learning

in healthcare is its ability to process huge datasets, and

then provide analysis of the data that can help doctors in

planning and providing care ultimately leading to lower

costs of care, and increased patient life expectancy.

The paper

consists of two major sections: Heart disease

prediction based on medical records and Heart Sound

Classification based on Heart Sounds. The project ta kes

data sets from two Sources The first dataset has been

taken from the University of California Irvine repository's

Cleveland database PASCAL Challenge indudes a data set

that was obtained from the general public using an iPhone

app called iStethoswpe and a clinic trial using the

DigiScope digital stethoscope.

The proposed system is intended to be used by doctors,

physicians as well as normal users. The users can give

input to the web portal Using the input provided by the

users, the Machine Learning model can easily predict

whether the user is diagnosed with heart disease or not

The doctors can use the sound recorder present in the

stethoscope to give the input to the classification model

which will classify the patient's heart sound as healthy or

murmur.

Heart is an important organ of the human body. It pumps blood to every part of our anatomy. If it
fails to function correctly, then the brain and various other organs will stop working, and within few
minutes, the person will die. Change in lifestyle, work related stress and bad food habits contribute
to the increase in rate of several heart related diseases. Heart diseases have emerged as one of the
most prominent cause of death all around the world. According to World Health Organisation, heart
related diseases are responsible for the taking 17.7 million lives every year, 31% of all global deaths.
In India too, heart related diseases have become the leading cause of mortality [1]. Heart diseases
have killed 1.7 million Indians in 2016, according to the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Report,
released on September 15,2017. Heart related diseases increase the spending on health care and also
reduce the productivity of an individual. Estimates made by the World Health Organisation (WHO),
suggest that India have lost up to $237 billion, from 2005-2015, due to heart related or
Cardiovascular diseases [2]. Thus, feasible and accurate prediction of heart related diseases is very
important. Medical organisations, all around the world, collect data on various health related issues.
These data can be exploited using various machine learning techniques to gain useful insights. But
the data collected is very massive and, many a times, this data can be very noisy. These datasets,
which are too overwhelming for human minds to comprehend, can be easily explored using various
machine learning techniques. Thus, these algorithms have become very useful, in recent times, to
predict the presence or absence of heart related diseases accurately.