School of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

15FMCE211
Engineering Fluids and Applications
Experiment No.

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Contents
I. OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................4

II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY................................................................................5

III. APPARATUS.................................................................................................................7

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE.......................................................................9

V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS..................................................................................10

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS...........................................................................................11

VII. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS.................................................................................13

VIII. DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................14

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................15

X. REFERENCES..............................................................................................................16

XI. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET................................................................17

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure1. BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE……………………………………………………. 5

Figure(2a). VENTURI METER SCHEMATIC………………………………………………. 6

Figure(2b). SIMPLE-FORM VENTURI METER…………………………………………….

6

Figure3. VENTURI METER WORKING PRINCIPLE…………………..………………. 6

APPARATUS USED TO INVESTIGATE VALIDITY OF BERNOULLI’S

Figure4.
EQUATION………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

Figure5. HYDRAULIC BENCH ASSEMBLY…………………………………………. 7

Figure(6a). DEMONSTRATION OF CAP NUT………………………………………..….. 9

Figure(6b). DEMONSTRATION OF VENT VALVES…………………..………………... 9

Figure7. FLOW VELOCITY IN VENTURI NOZZLE……………………………………. 11

Figure8. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN VENTURI NOZZLE…………………………... 12

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I. OBJECTIVES
 To verify experimentally the validity of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow.
 To record pressure measurements along a venturi nozzle.
 The principle behind the working of venture meter is Bernoulli’s effect. To validate
Bernoulli’s principle the experiment is performed in which fluid is passed through
confined area and pressure difference is calculated.
 The purpose of performing this experiment is that venturi nozzles allow the
measurement of flow rates in different areas of the pipelines with reference to change
in fluid pressure when it passes through a constricted area. With venturi meter we will
be able to record better pressure recovery as compared to other devices.

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II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

THEORATICAL BACKGROUND
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli's equation states that pressure head, velocity head and potential head is consistent
along a smooth line for steady, incompressible and in viscid flow of fluid.

The formula of Bernoulli’s principle is given as:

1 1
p1 + ρ v 21 + ρ g h 1= p2+ ρ v 22+ ρ g h 2 (1)
2 2

Where,

p1=¿ Pressureenergy at point 1 ¿

p2=¿ Pressureenergy at point 2 ¿
v1=¿ Velovityat point 1 ¿
p1=¿Velocity at point 2¿
h1=¿ Elevation at point 1 ¿
h2=¿ Elevation at point 2 ¿
ρ¿ Density of the fluid
g¿ Gravitational acceleration

Figure1. Bernoulli’s Principle

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VENTURI METER
Venturi meter is flow measurement device that is used to measure flow rate of fluid when fluid passes
through converging section of pipe which results in increase in flow velocity and decrease in pressure
energy and through that pressure difference flow rate of the fluid is deduced.

Figure(2a). Venturi Meter Schematic Figure(2b). Simple-Form Venturi Meter

The principle behind the venture meter working is Bernoulli’s effect. As fluid enters from
section 1 of the venture meter with pressure P1 and velocity V 1 at this point the fluid pressure
is higher than velocity as fluid passes through throat area A¿ the pressure energy drops and
velocity of fluid increases this generates in pressure difference and through this pressure
difference fluid flow rate is calculated.

Figure3. Venturi Meter Working Principle

Let Point 1 be the stagnation point in above figure and Point 2 be the static point. In a Pitot
tube, the air speed at the stagnation point is zero while the air speed at the static point is
steady. The height of the two points is the equivalent. In this case if the pressure at the
stagnation and static focuses is estimated, the speed at the static point can be calculated from
equation.

Dynamic pressure head (h dyn) = htotal - h static (2)

Mean Velocity (V mean) = √ 2 g h dyn (3)

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Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)

Theoretical Velocity (V calc ) = (4)
Area( A )

Dynamic pressure is difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure.

APPARATUS
The apparatus used in this experiment is volumetric flow rate test bench.

Figure4. Apparatus Used to Investigate Validity of Bernoulli’s Equation

Figure5. Hydraulic Bench Assembly

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In order to complete the experiment, we need a number of pieces of equipment.

1 Assembly board
2 Water pressure gauge
3 Discharge
4 Exhaust valve
5 Venturi meter with 6 measurement points
6 Compression gland
7 Probe for measuring pressure
8 Water supply
9 Inlet valve
10 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in the Venturi nozzle)

After the experiment is performed we will be able to calculate dynamic pressure head h dyn
(mm), mean velocity (m/s), theoretical velocity (m/s) and volumetric flow rate (l/ s).

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III. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

 Arrange the setup HM 150 in such a way that the water is discharges into the
channels.
 After that connect HM 150 to HM 150.7.
 Allow the fluid to discharge from HM 150.
 Set cap nut (1) of compression gland such that resistance is observed on moving
probe.
 Now open both inlet and exhaust valves properly.
 Turn on the pump and slowly open the main cock of HM 150.
 Open vent valves (2) on water pressure gauges.
 Close the outlet valve until pressure gauges are flushed.
 After setting inlet and outlet valves change simultaneously the water level such that
neither upper nor lower limit is undershot or overshot.
 Record pressure difference at each point and slight the pressure probe to the
measurement level and observe the overall pressure.
 Calculate volumetric flow rate. For this purpose setup time using stopwatch required
for increasing the fluid level in the tank of HM 150 from 20l TO 30l.

Figure(6a). Demonstration of Cap Nut Figure(6b). Demonstration of Vent Valves

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IV. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

From the data collected as a result of experimental results:

h dyn = htotal -h stat

h dyn=183 mm−130 mm

h dyn=53 mm

h dyn = 0.053 m

V meas = √ 2 g h dyn

V meas = √ (2)(9.81)(0.053)

V meas = 1.01973 m/s

Volumetric Flow Rate

V calc =
Area

V 0.000120 m3 /sec
calc =¿ 2
¿
0.000338 m

V calc = 0.355 m/s

Q̇ = V calc * Area

Q̇ = 0.355 (m/s)*0.000338 (m2)

Q̇ = 0.00011999 m3/sec ≅ 0.00012 m3/sec

Q̇ = 0.12 liter/sec

From the calculations it can be clearly seen that is slight difference between experimentally
measured values and calculated using formulas as total pressure head remains the same but
static pressure head and dynamic pressure head does not remain constant so there is
difference in measured and calculated velocities that causes to fluctuate the results.

By following the same pattern the other values are calculated.

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V. RESULTS AND GRAPHS

TABLULAR DATA
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 t for 10 Q̇ in
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) liters l/s
(s)
htotal 183 183 183 183 183 183
(mm)

h stat 130 120 25 80 90 95

(mm)

h dyn 53 63 158 103 93 88

(mm) 84 0.120

V calculated 0.355 0.515 1.418 0.705 0.470 0.355

(m/s)

V measured 1.019 1.111 1.760 1.421 1.350 1.313

(m/s)

GRAPHICAL RESULTS
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Flow velocity

1
(m/s)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Measurement points i on Venturi nozzle

Figure7. Flow velocity in Venturi nozzle

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180

160 static
pressu
140 re
head
pressure head in (mm)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Measurement points i on Venturi nozzle

Figure8. Pressure distribution in Venturi nozzle

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VI. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS

h dyn = htotal -h stat

h dyn=183 mm−120 mm

h dyn=63 mm

h dyn = 0.063 m

V meas = √ 2 g h dyn

V meas = √ (2)(9.81)(0.063)

V meas = 1.111782 m/s

Volumetric Flow Rate

V calc =
Area

V 0.000120 m3 /sec
calc =¿ 2
¿
0.000338 m

V calc = 0.355 m/s

Q̇ = V calc * Area

Q̇ = 0.355 (m/s)*0.000338 (m 2)

Q̇ = 0.00011999 m3/sec ≅ 0.00012 m3/sec

Q̇ = 0.12 liter/sec

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VII. DISCUSSION
 The experiment successfully validates Bernoulli’s principle which states “Increase in
velocity of fluid causes decrement in static pressure and potential energy of fluid” so
as we can see when the fluid enters into the Venturi where area is maximum
(338.6mm2) with initial velocity of (0.355m/s) pressure head is also maximum
(130mm) as fluid passes through the confined area A* (84.6mm2) velocity of fluid
increases (1.4184m/s) and static pressure decreases (25mm), so this proves that
increase in velocity of fluid results in decrease in static pressure and vice versa.
 The fluid velocity initially increases up to 3 data points and then decreases and finally
discharges with same speed as at inlet of the Venturi this is because of dynamic
pressure head which is “difference of total and static pressure head” as dynamic
pressure head increases velocity also increases and vice versa.
 There is a difference between V calculated and V measured this difference could because of
dynamic pressure head and flow area of the pipe but both velocities follows the same
pattern of initially increasing up to 3 point and then decreases until fluid discharges.
 There is an inverse relationship between static pressure head and dynamic pressure
1
head (h stat ∝ ¿ as static pressure head decreases at different area points dynamic
hdyn
pressure head increases and vice versa.
 There are some chances of error is also present while performing experiment those
errors could be “systematic” or “personal” which can lead to inaccurate results.
¿
% Error = ¿ E−A∨ A ¿
¿
% Error = ¿ 1.760670−1.41843∨ 1.760760 ¿ * 100
% Error = 19.43%

In order to avoid to avoid such errors the apparatus should be well calibrated and
person performing the experiment should perform it carefully.

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VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Through experiment it is concluded that Venturi meter validates the Bernoulli’s principle it
can be seen from the tabular and graphical results as the velocity of the fluid increases the
static pressure head decreases this shows an inverse relationship between fluid velocity and
static pressure head and also an inverse relationship between static pressure head and
dynamic pressure head. The fluid velocity and pressure also depends upon the area of the
Venturi meter as area decreases at the section (throat section) velocity increases and static
pressure head decreases and vice versa.

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Bernoulli’s equation has wide number of application in daily life some of them are:

 Sizing of pumps
 Flow sensors
 Ejectors
 Carburetor
 Pitot tube
 Siphon

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IX. REFERENCES
 Rivera, C 2017, Bernoulli’s principle for incompressible in viscous fluids, Cambridge
University press, Cambridge, UK, 1999, page 23.
 Ivanova, 2002, A variational principle for incompressible viscous fluids,
Developments in theoretical and applied mechanics, River cross publishing, Orlando,
FL p. 480-488.

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X. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET

READ AND DELETE: (5 Mark)

 It contains the original data sheet for the experiment (Lab Worksheet).

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