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Geodesytriangulation 151125092103 Lva1 App6892 PDF
Geodesytriangulation 151125092103 Lva1 App6892 PDF
N.M.A. Wijeratna
Institute of Surveying and Mapping
Diyatalawa, Sri Lanka
Triangulation
Classification and Accuracy
Design and Layout
Strength of Figure
Scale and Azimuth Controls
Stations, Signals, Beacons
Indivisibility between triangulation stations
Triangulation theodolites
Etc….
Geodetic Surveying
Geodetic Surveying – surveying
technique to determine relative positions
of widely spaced points, lengths, and
directions which require the consideration
of the size and shape of the earth.
(Takes the earth’s curvature into
account.)
Geodetic Survey :- When survey
extends over a large areas more than 200
sq. km. and degree of accuracy is also
great. The curvature of earth is also
taken into account.
TRILATERATION
TRIGONOMETRIC
HEIGHTING
TRAVERSING
BAROMETRIC
ASTRONOMICAL
LEVELLING
POSITIONING
Horizontal Control
Established using
Traversing
Triangulation
Trilateration
Astronomical Positioning
Centered system
Grid iron system
Grid iron system
Primary triangulation is laid in series of
chains of triangles
Usually run roughly along the meridians
(north-south) and along the perpendiculars
to the meridians (east-west) throughout the
country
Distance between two chains may vary
from 150 km to 250 km
Area between the parallel and
perpendicular series of primary
triangulation are covered by the
secondary and tertiary triangulation
systems.
Where
D = number of directions observed
excluding the known side of the given
figure
δA- Tabular difference for 1” error in
distance angle A (Difference per second
in the sixth decimal place of logarithm of
sine of the distance angle A)
δA- Same as for A but for distance angle
B
C = number of the geometric conditions
(Angles + sides)
C (n
' s
'1)(n 2s3 )
Where
Example
Calculate the strength of the following
figure ABCD for each of the four roots by
which BD can be computed from the
known side AC. All stations were
occupied and all angles were measured
Station marks
• Object of station marks is to provide a surface
mark with a permanent mark buried below
the surface on which a target or instruments is
to centered over it
• Should be bronze or copper marks cemented
into rock or concrete surface
• Normally station marks are buried below the
ground surface to protect from the
disturbances
• Control points can be constructed in concrete
with center mark in bronze or copper and
buried at the required place
r cos ( / 2) r cos ( / 2)
2 2
e 206265 sec onds
d sin 1" d
O O'
A
Tower
A tower is erected at the triangulation station
when the station or the signal or both are to
be elevated to make indivisibility between
station
2 1 2m
1 x
2 2
h hB hA hB hA s x cos ec
1
2 2 s 2R
105 Km
MT PT PM PT 38 Km 3
QT QP PT
QT 105Km 54.45Km 50.55 Km
QQ' 0.06735 50.55 m 172.10m
2
hC = 301 m
M0
P’ T
M’ Q’
M
105 Km
P Q
1
Q' Q0 M ' M 0 Q' Q0 M ' M 0
P' Q' P' M ' PQ PM
Q' Q0 QQ0 QQ' 995m 172.10m
Q' Q0 822.90m
PM
M 'M0 Q' Q0
PQ
38
M 'M0 822.90m 297.81m
105
MM 0 MM ' M ' M 0 18.23m 297.81m
MM 0 316.04m
• Elevation of the line of sight at M is 316.04m
but elevation of peak is 301m
McCaw’s method
Measurement of Horizontal Angles
• Required instruments with great degree of
refinement
• Early days greater refinements was obtained by
increasing the diameter of the horizontal circle
• Later it was obtained by micrometer theodolites
• At present micrometer theodolites were replaced
by double reading theodolites with optical
micrometer
Characteristics of optical micrometer
theodolites
• Small and light
• Graduations are on glass circles and much
finer
• The mean of two readings on opposite sides is
read directly in an auxiliary eye piece generally
beside the telescope
• They are electrically illuminated
• Completely water and dust proof
Triangulation Theodolites
• There are two types of triangulation
theodolites used for precise work
–Repeating Theodolites
–Direction Theodolites
Repeating Theodolites
• Examples:
– Wild T-2 theodolites
– Wild T-3 precision theodolites
– Wild T-4 Universal theodolites
Methods of Horizontal Angle
Measurements
• Two methods for observing
angles in triangulation
–Repetition method
–Direction method
• In repetition methods each angle is measured
number of times using different parts of the
circle independently with a vernier theodolite
1 1
wA wB
CoA d CoB d
1 1 1 1 1 1
wA wB wC wA wB wC
1
wC
CoC d
1 1 1
wA wB wC
γ
β
A
• Spherical excess in Seconds = 2 180 60 60"
R
A
648000"
R 2
A
2 206265"
R
Where A = area of the spherical triangle (Km2)
and R is the radius of the earth(Km)
Adjustment of Quadrilateral
• Let eight angles of a quadrilateral are
measured independently
• Angles should be corrected for spherical
excess
3 4
2 5
1 6
8 7