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Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure
Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure
Metal Recycling
Opportunities, Limits,
Infrastructure
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 von Blottnitz, University Cape Town, South Africa; Patrick
Editor: International Resource Panel, Working Group on the Waeger, EMPA, Switzerland; Philippe Wavrer, BRGM, France;
Global Metal Flows Rolf Widmer, EMPA, Switzerland; Patrick Wollants, Leuven
University, Belgium and Guomei Zhou, Ministry of Environmen-
This summary booklet was prepared by M. Buchert, C. Merz (both
tal Protection, China.
Öko-Institut e. V.) and M. Reuter.
We would like to thank Christian Hudson and Marinus Kluijver
Tomas Marques, UNEP and Philip Strothmann supervised the
for providing scientific and English editorial support for the full
preparation of this summary booklet and provided valuable
report.
input and comments.
Photos: istockphoto.de: © Harrie Marinus (cover_1, p. 3), © Jon-
Thanks go to Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker as co-chair of the
ceclearvision (cover_2), © Milos Peric (cover_3), © JDNY59
Resource Panel and Thomas E. Graedel as leader of the Global
(cover_4), © Marco Hegener (cover_5); © zora zhuang (p. 7_1), ©
Metal Flows Working Group, the members of the Resource
Morton Photographic (p. 7_3), © JohnnyG (p. 7_4), Sergei Devy-
Panel and the Steering Committee for fruitful discussions.
atkin (p. 9_6), © deepblue4you (p. 10), © iSci (p. 12_1), © assalve
Lead author of the report metal recycling – opportunities, (p. 12_2), © urbancow (p. 13), © ugur bariskan (p. 14), © Jörg
limits, infrastructure: Markus Reuter Reimann (p. 15), © Rob Belknap (p. 18), © Caboclin (p. 19_1), ©
Report authors: Markus Reuter, Outotec Oyj, Finland and Aalto Dejan Ristovski (p. 19_2), © studio9 (p. 19_3), © Ivan Stevanovic
University, Finland; Christian Hudson, DIW, Germany; Antoi- (p. 22_1), © Richard Clark (p. 22_2), © Pete Saloutos (p. 23), ©
nette van Schaik, MARAS, Netherlands; Kari Heiskanen, Aalto sturti (p. 24_1), © Irochka (p. 24_3, p. 28_3), © Stefanie Angele
University, Finland; Christina Meskers, Umicore, Belgium and (p. 24_4). Öko-Institut e. V. (p. 9_3, p. 9_4, p. 9_5, p. 11_2, p. 11_3,
Christian Hagelüken, Umicore, Germany. p. 11_4). photocase.de: © Norman Bates (p. 9_1). pixelio.de:
© Marcus Stark (p. 2), © Oliver Moosdorf (p. 7_2). Fotolia.com:
Contributors (Alphabetical): Helmut Antrekowitsch, Univer-
© HandmadePictures (p. 16), © Stefanie Angele (p. 24_3), © To-
sity Leoben, Austria; Diran Apelian, WPI, USA; Bo Bjorkman,
bif82 (p. 31). Shutterstock.de © Tobias Machhaus (p. 26). Umicore
Luleå University of Technology, Sweden; Bart Blanpain, Leuven
Precious Metals Refining (p. 22_3, p. 24_2, p. 28_1).
University, Belgium; Françoise Bodenan, BRGM, France; Mieke
Campforts, Umicore, Belgium; Amélia Enríquez, UNEP, Brazil; Design and creativ concept: www.3fdesign.de
Bernd Friedrich RWTH Aachen, Germany; Stefan Gössling- Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation
Reisemann, University of Bremen, Germany; Daniel Froelich, of the material in this publication do not imply the expression
ENSAM, Chambéry, France; Tom Jones, Leuven University, of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations
Belgium; Yasushi Kondo, Waseda University, Japan; Jinhui Li Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any
Tsinghua University, China; Hans-Rainer Lotz, Volkswagen, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning
Germany; Stefan Luidold, University Leoben, Austria; Elisabeth delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views
Maris, ENSAM, Chambery, France, Kazuyo Matsubae, Tohoku expressed do not necessarily represent the decisionor the
University, Japan; Nourredine Menad, BRGM, France; Shinsuke stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme,
Murakami, Tokyo University, Japan; Kenichi Nakajima, NIES, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes con-
Japan; Tetsuya Nagasaka, Tohoku University, Japan; Shinichiro stitute endorsement.
Nakamura, Waseda University, Japan; Sheraz Neffati, ICDA,
ISBN: 978-92-807-3267-2
France; Shuji Owada, Waseda University, Japan; Jim Petrie,
University of Cape Town, South Africa; Georg Rombach, Hydro Job Number: DTI/1535/PA
Aluminium, Germany; Susanne Rotter, University of Berlin, Ger- UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and
many; Mathias Schluep, EMPA, Switzerland, Guido Sonnemann, in its own activities. This publication is printed on FSC-certified
University of Bordeaux, France, Philip Strothmann, UNEP, paper with 80 % recycled fibre, using eco-friendly practices. Our
France; Pia Tanskanen, Nokia, Finland; Karel van Acker, Leuven distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint.
University, Belgium; Jacques Villeneuve, BRGM, France; Harro
2
The following is an excerpt of the Report 2b
of the Global Metal Flows Working Group
Metal Recycling
Opportunities, Limits,
Infrastructure
3
Preface
Preface
Increasing demand has revealed that metals any stage of recycling limits performance,
are a priority for decoupling economic growth and shows as well that basic thermodynam-
from resource use and environmental deg- ic, technological, and economic limitations
radation. Metal recycling is increasingly pro- may prevent metallurgical metal recovery for
moted as an effective decoupling approach, some combinations of metals and materials.
but there is little systemic information avail-
The complementary Material-Centric recy-
able regarding recycling performance, and
cling view point, as presented in the first re-
still less on the true recycling rates that are
port, has the capability to answer the ques-
possible and on how to improve recycling
tion of how much is recycled, but does not
systems. The former topic was the subject of
pretend to answer why and what should be
an earlier report from the International Re-
done to improve recycling of metals. This
source Panel. The present report address-
new report sheds light on how to improve the
es the second topic, discussing the benefits
recovery of all metals, but especially those
and necessity of approaching recycling from
critical technology elements that were shown
products by considering them as complex
to have low recycling rates. It presents a
“designer minerals”.
physics-based approach to Design for Recy-
This Product-Centric approach therefore cling and for Resource Efficiency, as well as
takes account of the complexities of mod- for estimating opportunities and limits of re-
ern products (often much more complex than cycling. These techniques can aid decision-
geological minerals), and the ways in which makers in arriving at improved recycling ap-
non-traditional mixtures of elements are now proaches.
common. The approach gains much useful
perspective from experience in classical min- Prof. Ernst U. von Weizsäcker
erals and metallurgical processing. Co-Chair of the
International Resource Panel
Modern technology systems require not only
efficient End-of-Life collection of products
Prof. Thomas E. Graedel
but also effective sorting after collection
and an optimum suite of physical separa- Leader of the
Global Metal Flows Working Group
tion, modern metallurgical technologies, and
integrated infrastructure for an economi-
cally viable recovery of metals from sorted Prof. Markus Reuter
recyclates. The report shows how failure at Lead Author
4
Preface
Preface
The challenge of sustainable development at products to the recycling and collection indus-
the beginning of the 21st century has become try to the consumers. As recycling is primarily
a systemic one, with environmental, social an economic industrial activity, economic driv-
and economic dimensions on an equal footing. ers must align with long-term economic goals,
UNEP and the UNEP-hosted International Re- such as conserving critical metal resources for
source Panel consider that our contributions future applications, even if their recovery may
also need to be systemic, for example through be currently uneconomic.
the promotion of resource efficiency, improved
Getting all stakeholders on board is crucial if
materials recycling and life-cycle thinking.
we want to meet the increasing metal needs
This report from the Panel provides unrivalled
of the future in a sustainable way. A wide, sys-
science to inform policy makers about how
temic approach based on the solid under-
the recycling of metals can be optimized on an
standing of the industrial and economic fac-
economic and technological basis along prod-
tors driving recycling will be needed. Such
uct life cycles in the move towards sustainable
knowledge base will require coherent regula-
metals management.
tory frameworks and powerful incentives for
The report shows that sustainable metals all stakeholders to participate as we move to-
management requires more than improving wards an inclusive, low carbon and resource
recycling rates of selected materials. We need efficient global Green Economy.
to change the whole mindset on recycling of
metals, moving away from a Material-Centric Achim Steiner
approach to a Product-Centric approach. Re- UN Under-Secretary General and
cycling has become increasingly difficult to- Executive Director UNEP
5
UNEP
UNEPIRP’s activities
IRP’s activities on metalson metals
6
7
Objectives
Objectives ofof
the the
ReportReport
8
Geological Designed
Copper Mineral Copper “Mineral”
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
9
Recycling economics
Recycling economics, technology and legislation
10
Creation of a level playing field
There is a need to create a level playing field The technology required for each step (collec-
within the recycling sector through the inter- tion, pre-processing, recycling) can vary consid-
nalization of external costs. In some cases the erably: while for the pre-processing stage care-
support of promising recovery solutions is nec- ful manual dismantling offers very high recov-
essary even if they are currently not economic ery rates, for the recovery of critical metals from
so as to prevent recycling practices which can special metal fractions high-tech and large-
harm human health and the environment. scale metallurgical refining plants may be the
best solution. These plants are often operated
Common international standards have to be de-
by companies with large experience in metallur-
fined and to be agreed upon for pre-treatment
gy of primary as well as secondary material.
and refining processes/plants. This helps stake-
holders in the recycling system to operate on a Concerning the collection of waste by private or
‘best practice’ basis, along social, environmen- public operators economic incentives are need-
tal, technological and economic considerations. ed which guarantee that all components arriv-
In this regard, the design ing in the waste streams are collected and pro-
of policies and regulations cessed to the next stages in the BAT recycling
Messages
results must be supported by sponsibility, deposit schemes, and the fair dis-
thermodynamics and
thermodynamics and realis- tribution of the profits obtained from the recy-
realistic economics
tic economics. cling of the valuable fractions among all actors
in the recycling chain.
Promotion of best available tech-
niques (BAT)
In the first place a much wider use of Best Avail-
able Techniques (BAT) is necessary to increase
metal recovery rates. These BAT should be de-
fined as the processes which promise the high-
est material efficiency with lower overall envi-
ronmental impacts along each step of the recy-
cling chain.
11
Adaptive infrastructure
Adaptive infrastructure and technology
Taking the
multi-material- Product-Centric Approach
composition of Initial general question Steel (Fe)
modern products
How can we use a product as resource? Aluminium (Al)
into account,
the Product-
Centric approach Cobalt (Co) | Nickel (Ni)
answers the
Precious metals | Copper (Cu)
question of how
to best recycle Others, e.g. Indium (In)
a product in
order to achieve EoL Product Pre-treatment Metallurgical Processing
maximum
resource
efficiency. Less waste
12
Messages
>> Create the right environment to promote >> Use physics depth to understand the
a Product-Centric approach-based recy- metallurgical complexity to create metals
Policy
cling system from recyclates
13
Examples
Examples offor carrier
carrier routes
metal routes
Fe Au Ag W Mn Nb Mo Si
l
eta )
M
rie l (
r Fe Au Ag Pt Pd Rh Cu Si
Ca tee
r
S Steel recycling route Au Ag Pt Pd Rh FeOx FeOx
Steel, which predominantly consists of iron along with some other alloying elements, is the metal with
Cu
the largest global volumes and its recycling infrastructure has been established for centuries.
Au Ag Pt Pd Rh FeOx FeO Today
up to 90 % of the steel reaching its End-of-Life is recycled. However, various steel incompatible metals
x
through incomplete liberation, mixed recyclates, complex product designs etc., which enter the steel
recycling route are not recoverable. While in some cases they still contribute to the functionality of the
recycled steel as alloying elements (e. g. silicon, molybdenum, niobium, manganese and tungsten, if
Fe
they dissolve and do not oxidize to slag or volatilize) other elements (e. g. copper or platinum-group
metals (PGMs)) are lost and even detrimental to the quality of the recycled product.
In very specific PM and PGM recycling processes iron can serve as a solvent and then be sent to the cop-
Au Ag Pt Pd Rh Cu Si
per route in which the precious metals are recovered and the small quantity of iron used is lost to slag.
Cu Au Ag Pt Pd Rh FeOx FeOx
)
r Me
tal
r (Cu
rr pe
ie
C op
a Copper recycling route
C The physico-chemical properties of copper make it act as a collector for many precious metals (e. g.
gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium) during pyro-metallurgical processing (metal smelting).
These metals, e. g. present in complex products and recyclates such as printed wiring boards and elec-
tronic components, which have high value but in commercial products generally occur in trace quan-
tities only, are concentrated in the copper phase during smelting and can subsequently be recovered
through further hudro- and pyrometallurgical technology. Also nickel can be won back this way after
dissolving in the copper and recovered through hydrometallurgical methods. Aluminium, rare earths or
lithium accumulate as oxides in the slag and are generally not recovered due to the high related effort.
Slags are generated in pyro-metallurgical processes in large volumes and today are mainly used as low-
grade products e. g. in road construction. Copper metallurgy is a key for the recycling of various metal
mixtures occurring in complex recyclates. Its infrastructure and deep know-how are therefore a prerequi-
ste for a sustainable society, as it has the robustness to take care of the recyclates shown on page 9.
14
tal
Me e)
ie l (F
r Al2O3 V2O5
MgO SiO2
rr
Ca ee
SrO SrO
CaO CaO KCl
St
WO FeO REOs
3
CaF2 x BaO
TiO2 ZrO2 MgO
In2O3
K P Cd Hg Al2O3
BaO
Ga2O3
Na F ZrO2
ThO2 Cl Na
REOs Hg Ag Bi Pb P TiO2
Ta2O5 As K
Nb2O3 Pb
Cd Au Sn Zn Ti Sb Cr
CaF2 Zn Sb SiO2
Fe Mn
Br REs
Ta
Th Si Mg
Ni Nb V
Al2O3 Co Sn Ni Cr
W Cu B
Cu Ti Au V Nb Al2O3
Pd
Mo Si Pd Cr Ag Zr
Pt Mo Cl
SiO2 Pb Rh Sn Si Zn FeOx
Al Pt Al Al
CaO Fe Remelt Ti REs
Th MgO
F Fe Steel (BOF&EAF)
Refine Pyro
Si F/Cl
Metallurgy
Zr Al
FeOx Mn Remelt
Mg
Br
CaO
Cl Ni TRIP Steel Hydro Metallurgy
Austenitic Remelt
The “Metal Zn
K/Na
P2O5
MgO Fe
Ni/Cr Li
Wheel”, based on Cr
An
Hydro&Pyro MnO
Stainless Steel metallurgy
primary metal-
lurgy but equally Co
Zn EoL RE
Hydro-Metallurgy
AIXy Cu Al2O3
Product
RLE/Fume MgO
RE(O)s Sb2O3
All steps are relevant tion is hence a crucial issue in order to improve
resource efficiency but the establishment of a
Recycling is a chain of activities: collection, pre- suitable collection infrastructure still poses chal-
processing (separation & sorting), and final pro- lenges, mainly from an economic point of view.
cessing (recycling & refining). The overall recov- Additionally, consumer acceptance plays an im-
ery efficiency for each material results as the portant role.
product of the efficiencies of each step. Thus, its The main metal-containing resources for post-
optimization requires the combination of the re- consumer waste are cars, electronic applianc-
spective best-performing technologies, both in es, packaging and diverse small metal products,
terms of recovery efficiency and environmental e. g. toys or bikes. The main collection options
soundness. for these goods are collective municipal or com-
mercial collection, individual producer and re-
Collection is key tailer collection, and collection by the informal
sector. Charity initiatives, small-scale pilot proj-
As collection stands at the beginning of the re- ects, or event-based collection can also contrib-
cycling chain it is a prerequisite in order to en- ute to the collection of electrical and electron-
able any subsequent activity. Moreover, especially ic equipment waste (WEEE), which in terms of
in industrialized countries, it often constitutes a metal recovery constitutes a high-value stream
Material-Centric- weak link in the overall recycling chain. Collec- (depending of precious metal content).
Recycling-Chain
All steps in the
recycling chain System Collection Pre-processing Final processing Net yield
are relevant
for the overall
recovery efficiency Formal
(Europe, formal mainly
– illustration integrated
UNU 2008, 60 % take-back 25 % mechanical 95 % smelter 15 %
based on the Chancerel system processes
example of gold et al. 2009)
recycling from
printed wiring
boards by a formal
Informal manual
system in Europe individual backyard
and the informal
(India, Keller
80 % collectors 50 % sorting and 50 % leaching 20 %
2006) dismantling
sector in India.
16
Collection
Collection as part of the recycling system
The balance between these collection routes costs and effort and can, in general, be econom-
depends on the policies and economics of the ically and environmentally feasible. The opti-
different countries. Thus, in OECD-countries mal ranges for segregation are affected by poli-
in general the formal sector prevails while cies and collection schemes as well as recycling
developing countries have a strong informal technology, economics and metallurgical infra-
sector. As an example, in Europe, the con- structure.
sumers pay for collection, whereas in devel- In any case, the identification of the suitable
oping countries usually the waste collectors waste stream for an EoLproduct requires data
pay consumers for their obsolete appliances on its compositional structure. To date, informa-
tion on product composition is still incomplete,
and metal scrap. In the latter case often im-
but it is indispensable for optimizing recycling
pressive collection rates are reached because
systems with suitable process simulation tools
poor people rely on the income generated
that map the complete recycling chain.
from the valorization of the waste. This shows
how strong economic stimulus for collection
is a key factor. Quantitative aspects of collection
The economics of recycling depend on the avail-
Qualitative aspects of collection able quantities reaching the pre-processing and
recycling facilities. The supplies, which need to
A large variation in the properties of the col-
be assured by the appropriate collection sys-
lected waste will adversely affect product qual-
tems, have to be sufficient in volume and stable
ity and recovery, thus increasing losses, during
in order to provide economic reliability.
the subsequent processing steps. The streams
In many developing countries the establishment
may even become economically unviable for
of a formal sector is hampered by the fact that
processing when incompatible materials and
collectable waste volumes are insufficient for
compounds are mixed. In general products to
economic operation because they are recovered
be recycled must be separated, liberated, sorted
by the informal sector at higher prices.
etc. into recyclates streams that can be treated
economically in appropriate BAT metallurgical
infrastructure. Thus source-segregated collec- >> Enhance availability of information on
Messages
tion offers the quality that is best suited for the material composition of products
subsequent steps if the recyclate mixtures are
Policy
>> Process metallurgy must be under-
compatible with Carrier Metal process metal-
stood by all actors
lurgy with a Product-Centric context. However,
it is constrained by stream values and collecting
17
Collection
Collection as part of the recycling system
Messages
creased material recovery rates as well as eco- structures for consumer goods to
logical harmlessness. design collection schemes
Policy
18
Consumer behaviour
The collection of consumer waste (as opposed to
e. g. industrial waste) forms an especially difficult
logistical challenge. While there are the collec-
tors on the side where the waste streams enter
the recycling chain, there are billions of consum-
ers where products leave their use phase and
become waste. One aspect to facilitate increased
collection is to improve the performance of this
interface: educating and changing the behaviour
of individuals can lead to better recycling.
The keys are convenience and awareness. The
opportunities and infrastructure of the system
need to be transparent and accessible. As an
example, to enable the consumer to contribute
to source segregation, clear guidance is need-
ed concerning the composition of End-of-Life
products and the corresponding adequate fate
in the (separated) waste streams. Marketing and
social media can be used to influence personal
attitudes and motivate individuals towards recy-
cling.
In different countries different ways of commu-
nicating, providing incentives and motivating
consumers are established. Thus, even if recy-
cling is a global issue it needs local execution.
Messages
towards recycling
Policy
>> Guarantee convenient collection,
e. g. by easy access to collection points
19
Design
Designfor Resource
for Resource Efficiency
Efficiency (DfRE)
Recycling starts with product design during mechanical pre-processing. Apart from
technical design, economic realities play a cru-
Design for Resource Efficiency (DfRE) describes cial role here: if careful dismantling becomes
a holistic technology- and economy-driven con- too costly, e. g. because labour costs exceed
cept which aims at utilizing the combined capa- the value that can be recovered for the extract-
bilities of the production and the complete re- ed components, the lack of economic incen-
cycling chain in order to maximize resource ef- tives becomes critical/counter-productive to in-
ficiency. It requires a Product-Centric approach creased recycling.
which takes into account the complexity of prod-
ucts to allow for the optimized recovery of all el-
ements contained within. As it is impossible to Design for Recycling
optimize one factor without considering the oth- Design for Recycling takes into account the
ers a lifecycle perspective is required: product physical and chemical realities of metallurgy as
designers, as well as collectors and processors well as the technological and economic possibil-
of End-of-Life products must be aware of the ities of recycling and refining operations. Based
whole system. Modern product design should thereon it tries to avoiding incompatible material
consider the complexity of recycling multi-mate- mixes so that the elements contained in the dif-
rial products, and avoid designs that hinder re- ferent metal streams can be recovered as pure
cycling. This is not always possible because the metals or in alloys by BAT practices to a maxi-
primary function of the product will always pre- mum extent. Of course, this approach is equally
vail but, if necessary, policy should reinforce this limited by the functionality demands of a prod-
point. Moreover, product designers should scru- uct which might dictate that certain metals and
tinize their designs within realistic boundaries of materials must be combined. Joints/constructs
product functional demands. affect dismantle-ability and therefore material
liberation. Linked materials in turn affect their
Design for Dismantling respective recovery during process metallurgy.
As one sub-aspect of DfRE Design for Disman- Tools to aid decision making
tling aims at designing products so that com-
patible groupings of metals are easy to disman- Metallurgical realities are concisely reflected by
tle so that they can be directed into the correct the Metal Wheel, which indicates the possibili-
metallurgical processes. This means, for ex- ties of combined metal recycling, refining and
ample, constructing bondings or joints between recovery for various metallic elements. Physics-
components in a way that they can be opened based recycling simulation tools capture the ef-
20
Example of
existing software
for flowsheet
design, based on
compositional
data for a
product, which
lead to simulated
resource
efficiency data
that, in turn, lead
to a recyclability Product + Dismantling & + Metallurgical = Recyclability
index based on Composition Physical Separation Recovery Index & Rate
environmental Design & functionality Physics, economics & Thermodynamics, Sum of recovery
analysis – a flow sheet controls technology & econo- of all elements
Detailed composition
losses mics & materials
metallurgical of all materials
Connection and material Non-linear interac- Link to GaBi deter-
processing liberation affect srap tions determine mines true environ-
qualitiy recovery mental impact
infrastructure is
prerequisite.
Messages
interactively with ecological (LCA) and economic >> Set realistic recycling targets based on
assessments tools which evaluate the proposed the interactive physics-based simulation
Policy
processes from a lifecycle perspective. Thus of production and recycling systems
DfRE should drive the creation of a BAT-based
recycling system.
21
Bulk
materials
(Steel, stainless
steel, plastics,
glass, copper)
Messages
economics
Policy
>> Adapt the legislative framework
accordingly
23
Metal & Energy Recovery
Heat
100°F 50°F
Heat
24
Education, Information
Education, Information and R&D and R&D
Messages
>> Quantify the metals and their “mineralogy” in market products
Policy
>> Deep process metallurgy and technology knowledge is critical for recycling and a
sustainable society
25
The figure presents information for the metals in whatever form (pure, alloy, etc.) recycling occurs.
To reflect the reliability of the data or the estimates, data are divided into five bins: > 50 %, > 25 – 50 %,
> 10 – 25 %, 1 – 10 % and < 1 %. It is noteworthy that for only eighteen of the sixty metals the experts es-
timate the End-of-Life recycling rate to be above 50 %. Another three metals are in the 25 – 50 % group,
and three more in the 10 – 25 % group. For a very large number, little or no End-of-Life recycling is oc-
curring today. To increase these Material-Centric determined recycling rates, an in-depth understand-
ing of physical separation, process metallurgy, metallurgical infrastructure, product design and com-
position/mineralogy and economics is required. The Product-Centric approach discussed in this report
shows how to increase recycling rates using process simulation and other deep technological know-how.
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Magne- Aluminum
sium
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manga- Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germani- Arsenic Selenium
nese um
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybde- Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium
num
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismut
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
> 50 % 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
> 25–50 % La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Lantha- Cerium Praseo- Neodymi- Samarium Europium Gadolini- Terbium Dysprosi- Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
> 10–25 % num dymium um um um
< 1 % Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
26
Outlook
Outlook
27
28
Outlook
Outlook
The role of research and education Policy actions across the global system are
necessary to overcome the bottlenecks that
Research and education are key for addressing currently hold back optimized recycling. That
the increasing variability and complexity of prod- means that the existing legislative systems for
ucts and hence (metals) recycling in the future. waste management and recycling have to be
Quantification of the “urban orebody” and its monitored regarding room for improvement
“mineralogy” in products needs to be simulat- to enhance the End-of-Life recycling for many
ed on the basis of rigorous simulation as used metals, namely critical metals like rare earths
in the metallurgical processing industry. This which show significant environmental impacts in
should be consequently linked to the design of the primary production routes by the generation
recycling tools that provide physics based re- of radioactive waste streams and by hazardous
cyclability indexes. Rigorous understanding of emissions into air, soil and groundwater.
thermodynamics, kinetics, metallurgical pro-
cess engineering as well as physical separation This includes enhancing the availability of in-
physics and process economics is a pre-requi- formation on material composition of products.
site to increase recycling rates. Recycling-friendly product design has to be sup-
ported as well as the setting of realistic recy-
cling targets based on the interactive physics-
The role of policy and legislation based simulation of production and recycling
systems. A better quantification of the metals
Policy and legislation have to create a global
contained in market products is a necessary
level playing field for all stakeholders and have
policy action to promote recycling.
to promote the use of Best Available Techniques
(BAT) on a Product-Centric basis (equivalent to Policy should apply multidisciplinary systemic
geological minerals based processing), multi- education and should promote a robust systemi-
material/metal system economics, and efficient cally linked metallurgical infrastructure without
collection systems. In addition, Design for Re- which no metal recycling is possible.
source Efficiency capturing all inherent material
and metal connections and non-linearities (e. g.
by adoption of life cycle management) and defi-
nition of suitable key performance indicators for
recycling capturing the multi-material intercon- >> Maintaining deep process metallurgy
Messages
nections that maximize resource efficiency, is and technology knowledge at
essential. engineering faculties is critical for
Policy
recycling and a sustainable society
29
Categories
Categories of of Metals
Metals
30
31
THIS BOOKLET SUMMARIZES Report 2b: Metal Recycling – Opportunities, Limits, Infra-
structure of the Global Metal Flows Working Group. The full report is available on CD-Rom (see page 31
of this summary booklet). UNEP’s International Ressource Panel addresses the metals recycling chal-
lenge comprehensively.
A Product-Centric approach is necessary to promote metals recycling in the 21st century. This means
the application of economically viable technology and methods throughout the recovery chain to ex-
tract metals from the complex interlinkages within designed “minerals”, i. e. products, derived from the
thorough know-how of recovering metals from complex geological minerals. These products can be re-
garded as designed “minerals”, which provide the basis for recycling as geological minerals provide the
basis for extracting metals from minerals. Adaptive and robust recycling and metallurgical infrastruc-
ture, systems and technology as well as thorough knowledge are essential to gain economic success
and the required resource efficiency. It is therefore essential to use and evolve existing thorough eco-
nomically viable metallurgical process knowledge and infrastructure. Both are available in the primary
and secondary metals processing industry, which thus needs to be preserved in order to allow for the
most resource efficient recycling of increasingly complex End-of-Life products.