Module 1

Quiz 3 Total marks: 10

Answer the question:
1. How larynx helps us to talk? 2

Ans: The larynx, also known as the voice box is the area between the pharynx and
trachea. A major region of the larynx is the Ventricles which is the portion where the
vocal folds/vocal cords lie which contains the vocal ligaments. There is a gap between
two vocal folds known as glottis. The expansion and contraction of vocal folds is caused
by the vocal ligaments and muscles. While breathing, air flows through glottis which
causes the vocal cords to vibrate which produces sound. Depending on the movement
of mouth and tongue, different sounds can be produced at different tones and volumes.
That's how we speak.

2. Which part of the pharynx present digestive system? 1

Ans: Oropharynx present digestive system.

3. Name the microscopic structure that lining the villi and help to absorb the nutrients in
food? 1

Ans: Microvillus.

4. Which type of WBC helps to create immune memory cell against pathogens? 1
Ans: Lymphocytes help to create immune memory cells called B cells to fight against
pathogens.

5. Which part of our brain basically works as a controller of autonomic nervous system? 1

Ans: Hypothalamus works as a controller of autonomic nervous system.

6. Are the external anal sphincters (outside’s ring of muscles of anus) voluntary? 1

Ans: Yes. The external anal sphincters are voluntary.

1 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20
 7. Which blood cells form from the remnants of giant stem cells? 1

Ans: Platelets / Thrombocytes.

8. Why our body or blood needs to maintain a narrow range of pH? 1

Ans: To maintain homeostasis. The normal pH range of our body is 7.35-7.45. If pH falls
below 7.35, it leads to a condition called acidosis which means excess acid in blood and
If it rises above 7.45, it leads to a condition called alkalosis which refers to excess base in
blood. Acidosis and alkalosis disrupts the normal function of our body causing
homeostatic imbalance.

9. If any tiny blood vessels rupture in brain and cause hemorrhage, what is the name of the
pathological disorder? 1

Ans: Stroke.

Module 2
Final assignment Total Marks: 35

Answer the Questions:

1. Why it is said that the function of Glucagon is just opposite or vice versa of Insulin? 3
Ans: Insulin is responsible for cells to be able to use glucose and also for storing glucose
into the liver and muscles as the form of glycogen by a process called glycogenesis.
Insulin prevents breakdown of glycogen in the liver and releases glucose in the
bloodstream.

Glucagon is responsible for the liver to break down glycogen and convert it into glucose
by a process called glycogenolysis and release it into the bloodstream.

2 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20

 So insulin converts glucose into glycogen in the liver which reduces the blood sugar
levels and glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to form glucose which
increases the blood sugar levels. So their functions are opposite to one another.

2. What is the name of the flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backward &
how many of them are present in the heart? Mention their names. 3

Ans: The flap of tissue is called Valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
There are 4 valves present in the heart. There are 2 atrioventricular valves and 2
semilunar valves. The atrioventricular valves are- the mitral valve which is bicuspid and
the other one is the tricuspid valve. The semilunar valves are- the aortic valve and the
pulmonary valve.

3. Describe why individual develops hypothermia after severe injury? 3

Ans: Hypothermia occurs when body temperature falls below 95 degrees fahrenheit and
body becomes colder than normal. Homeostasis is maintained by the body for many
factors like temperature. The thermo regulatory center(TRC) of hypothalamus controls
the body's core temperature. The body has two thermoreceptors that signal the TRC.
Blood vessels and sweat glands respond according to TRC in different situations. Severe
injury can disrupt normal body function like - It can change blood flow to skin which
increases heat loss to the environment. If blood vessels are damaged, they cannot
constrict to cause vasoconstriction which occurs to retain heat when body temperature
falls. Head injuries can cause the TRC to not respond properly in stabilizing temperature
so it doesn’t react to cold environments. So severe injury can cause homeostatic
imbalance which may lead to hypothermia.

4. Delineate the mechanism of Insulin resistant diabetes. 2

Ans: Insulin resistant diabetes is the Type-2 diabetes which is also known as non-insulin
dependent diabetes. It generally occurs in people who are overweight. Resistance to
insulin is the most common factor in which the cells, muscle and liver don't respond to
insulin properly and are unable to use glucose from blood to produce energy. That’s
why the pancreas makes more insulin which increases blood sugar levels causing insulin
resistant type-2 diabetes. So this mainly causes because of a defect in transportation of
glucose in skeletal muscles.

5. Why pancreatic enzyme needs to deliver HCO3- to the duodenum? 2

3 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20

 Ans: Pancreas regularly produces pancreatic juice/fluid into the duodenum which
contains pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonates(HCO3-). Pancreatic fluid is alkaline
because of these high concentrated bicarbonate ions(HCO3-). The acidic gastric juice
which contains H+ ions enters the small intestine from the stomach. The bicarbonate
ions(HCO3-) neutralises the H+ ions to maintain equilibrium. That’s why pancreatic enzymes
deliver HCO3- to the duodenum to neutralize the acid.

6. Why the heart is divided into four chambers? 3

Ans: Heart is made of a special kind of muscle called myocardium which continuously
and rhythmically provides the pressure needed to keep the blood flowing through the
entire body. It is divided into 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles. The atria receives the
blood and the ventricles pump the blood. The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood
from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle who then pumps it to the lungs. The
left atrium collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
who then pumps it to the body. There are valves in between these chambers so that the
blood pumped from the atria to the ventricles cannot flow back to the atria again. So
each chamber has its own job that’s why the heart is divided into 4 chambers.

7. What is the name of the blood cell that does not have any nucleus? Distinguish its
functions in human body. 3

Ans: Red blood cell doesn't have any nucleus. Stem cells called hemocytoblast in the red
bone marrow produce erythroblast which is immature erythrocyte with nucleus. By
losing the nucleus it becomes a red blood cell/erythrocyte. The number of these
flattened, doughnut shaped blood cells are the highest in our body. It contains a protein
called hemoglobin whose color is red because of the presence of iron. Red blood cells
receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and form oxyhemoglobin by joining it with
hemoglobin. While passing through the body it breaks down and releases oxygen to the
body tissue and carries carbon dioxide from the body tissues back to the lungs. That’s
how red blood cells function in our body.

8. How does kidney helps in maturation of red blood cells? 2

Ans: Kidney when detects low oxygen level using it’s specialized cells, produces a kind
of hormone called erythropoietin(EPO) also known as hematopoietin. Erythropoietin
stimulates stem cells of the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells and also

4 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20

 helps in development of these red blood cells. The process is called erythropoiesis.
Because of more red blood cells, it increases oxygen transport in blood.

9. What is the name of the muscle which situated inferiorly to the thoracic cavity and
below the lungs that helps with breathing? 1
Ans: Diaphragm.

10. If a person has arteriosclerosis and he is under the coverage of blood thinner what
initiative the doctor needs to take before doing any surgical procedure? 3

Ans: Blood thinner is a type of medication that slows the body’s ability to form blood
clots. People who have heart related diseases use blood thinners to keep the smooth
flow of blood in their body . Because these blood thinners prevent blood from clotting,
during surgery like arteriosclerosis it can cause too much bleeding. So before any
surgical procedure the doctor needs to prescribe a change of routine on taking these
blood thinners to the patients who take these routinely by keeping in mind the balance
between preventing clots and too much bleeding. Usually doctors prescribe to stop
taking blood thinners 24 hours prior to the surgery.

11. If someone donates blood to a different blood group individual, what problem could
observe? 2

Ans: Red blood cells contain proteins called antigens and the body's immune system
produces antibodies against any antigens that the blood cell does not contain. Which
means the body's immune system will eliminate any received blood cells that don't have
the same antigen as the body's blood cells. So if someone donates blood to a different
blood group individual as example- a person has type A blood and another person has
type B blood. The person with type B blood has B antigen and A antibody. So if the
person with type A blood group donates blood to the person with type B blood group,
the immune system of type B blood will destroy the new blood cells that contain A
antigen.

12. If a mother got gestational diabetes during first pregnancy, why during 2nd or 3rd
pregnancy the risk of developing diabetes is less? Why a diabetic patient got
hypoglycemic attack more often rather than a healthy individual? 4

Ans: Hypoglycemia is a condition that happens when the glucose level in blood becomes
too low. Hypoglycemia occurs in people without diabetes if the body cannot stabilize

5 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20

 blood sugar level or produces too much insulin after a meal which is rare. But it is more
common in people with diabetes. Diabetic hypoglycemia mainly causes because of
taking too much insulin or other oral diabetes medication. Because a lot of diabetes
patients depend on insulin doses, hypoglycemic attack occurs more often for them than
healthy people.

13. Why a diabetic patient feels thirsty always? 3

Ans: The most common signs of diabetes are extreme thirst and frequent urination also
known as polydipsia and polyuria which causes because of too much glucose in blood. In
diabetes, because of insufficient insulin production the cells cannot absorb glucose
properly to make energy. For which sugar level rises in blood and pressures the kidney
to work more to get rid of the extra glucose. As a result the kidneys make more urine to
pass out the extra glucose which causes frequent urination. This uses up more water
from tissues to make that much urine. So because of the body is losing too much water,
the patient feels thirsty all the time.

14. What is best follow up diabetes diagnostic test? 1

Ans: Fasting plasma glucose test.

6 MjH1/BIO 103/ Assignment/ Spring 20