Flujo compresible

Enero 05 de 2021
 Compressible flows

◼ Flows when the density varies by more 10-20%

during a particular application
◼ Refers: ◼ Applications:
◼ Gases ◼ Flow in nozzles
◼ Supercritical fluids ◼ Flow in orifice
◼ Multiphase flows ◼ Compressor
containing gases ◼ Nozzle
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Compressible flow
◼ Compressible flow calculations are further
complicated by other system parameter variations.

density

Diameter
Friction factor
mass flowrate viscosity

T,P
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 Compressible flow
◼ For flow of an ideal gases with friction and heat
transfer, we consider the one-dimensional flow of a
v
compressible fluid in the variable area conduit.

dx

◼ Classification:
◼ Compressible fluid is considered to behave
◼ Flow of gas
as an ideal gas undergoing such processes
◼ Flow of two-phase mixture ◼ as isothermal
(steam-water) ◼ adiabatic, or isentropic.
◼ Two phase flow mixed with non- ◼ In general, flow of gases in pipelines is
condensable gases associated with heat transfer and friction.

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Compressible flow
𝑑𝑃 −𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝑄 𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝐴 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑎2 + 1 𝑑𝐹
= + −
𝑃 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐴 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇

𝑑𝑇 1 − 𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝑄 (𝛾 − 1)𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝐴 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑎2 + 1 𝑑𝐹

= + −
𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐴 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇

𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑𝑄 1 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝐹
= + −
𝑉 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐴 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇

𝑑𝜌 1 𝑑𝑄 1 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝐹
= + −
𝜌 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐴 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇
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Pressure drop for flow of compressible
fluids
𝑑𝑃 −𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝑄 𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝐴 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑎2 + 1 𝑑𝐹
= + −
𝑃 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐴 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇

𝑑𝑃 −𝛾𝑀𝑎2 𝑑𝑄 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑎2 + 1 𝑑𝐹
= −
𝑃 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝑅𝑇

−1
𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑓 𝑃
= 1− 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝐷 𝜌𝑣

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 Isothermal process for compressible flow
◼ Pressure drop for flow of compressible fluids in pipelines

1 𝑑𝑃 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝑃 𝑅𝑇𝑖 𝑃𝑒 𝑥𝑒
𝑑𝑥
+ − 𝑑𝐻𝑓 = 0 −න + න 𝑃𝑑𝑃 + න 𝑓 =0
𝑔 𝜌 𝑔 𝑃 𝑃 𝑉
𝑖 𝑖
2 2𝐷
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑥𝑖

𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2
𝑑𝐻𝑓 = 𝑓 2 2
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑃𝑒 𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑒 𝐿
− ln − 2 1− +𝑓 =0
𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐷
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2
+ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 + 𝑓 =0
𝜌 𝐷 2𝑔
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 Problema 1
◼ Air flows isothermally in a smooth 1 ft diameter, 1500 ft long
horizontal pipe at a rate of 7500 CFM. Air enters the pipe at
600 psia and 300 ºF.
◼ Find the pressure drop in the pipe

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Mach number

◼ Dimensionless number 𝑣
𝑀𝑎 =
given by: 𝑐
◼ Ma > 1 supersonic
◼ Ma = 0 critical or sonic 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝑐=
◼ Ma < 1 subsonic 𝑀𝑤

𝐶𝑃
𝛾=
𝐶𝑣
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Problem 2
◼ Methane enters a pipeline at a rate of 50 kg/s. The pipe is
1200 m long, having an inside diameter of 0.5 m.
◼ Find
◼ the pipe length.
◼ Pi=0.5 MPa

◼ Ti=27°C

◼ f=0.015

◼ 𝛾𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 1.3

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Isothermal flow
◼ Laminar flow of gases in pipes and other conduits,
the pressure drop is:
2 8𝜇𝑅𝑇𝐺 8𝐿 𝑅𝑒 𝑃1
◼ 𝑃1 − 𝑃22 = + 𝑙𝑛
𝑔𝑐 𝑀𝑤𝐷 𝐷 3 𝑃2

◼ G = mass flux
◼ Mw = molecular weight Used when
Ma < 0.5
◼ D = pipe/conduit diameter
◼ L = pipe/conduit length
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Isothermal flow
◼ Flow of gases in pipes and other conduits, the
pressure drop is:
2 4𝑓𝐿𝑅𝑇𝐺 2 2𝐷 𝑃1
◼ 𝑃1 − 𝑃22 = 1+ 𝑙𝑛
𝑔𝑐 𝑀𝑤𝐷 𝑓𝐿 𝑃2
2𝑓𝐿𝐺 2
◼ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 =
2𝑔𝑐 𝜌𝑎𝑣 𝐷

𝜋 𝑃12 −𝑃22 𝑔𝑐 𝐷5 𝑀𝑤
◼ 𝑚ሶ =
8 𝑓𝐿𝑅𝑇
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Adiabatic flow
◼ Te different Ti
◼ dQ= 0
𝑑𝑃 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑎2 1 𝜌𝑣 2
=− 𝑓
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑀𝑎2 𝐷 2

dMa ΔP T ρ velocity friction

Subsonic >0 dP/dx < 0 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓
Supersonic <0 dP/dx >0 ↑ ↓ ↑

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 Adiabatic flow
◼ Flow arises from the 𝛾−1
adiabatic expansion of 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝛾
the gas through a =
𝑇2 𝑃0
frictionless nozzle
leading from an inlet
source where the 𝛾−1
velocity is negligible 𝑃0 𝐺 2 𝛾 − 1 𝑅𝑇1 𝛾
= 1+
encountered in 𝑃1 2𝑔𝑐 𝛾 𝑀𝑤𝑃12
practice.
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 Problem 3
◼ Calculate the pressure drop in the pipeline between the
successive pumping stations
◼ The pumping power for each pumping station for given pipe
diameter

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 Flowrate measurement of compressible fluids
◼ The pressure drop associated with the flow of compressible fluids, especially
through a thin-plate orifice, causes the flow to expand adiabatically and density
to decrease downstream of the throat.
◼ Assume:
◼ Ideal fluid
◼ The flow velocity is less than the speed of sound in the fluid
◼ Process is steady as well as isentropic

2 𝛾−1
1 1 2 2𝛾 𝑟 𝛾 1−𝑟 𝛾
2 2 − 2 2 𝐹 = 2𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝐹 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴2 𝑃𝜌
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝛾−1 1 1 2
1− 𝛽4 𝑟 𝛾
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 Adiabatic flow
◼ Adiabatic expansion factor or net expansion factor
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑌=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

2 𝛾−1
𝛾 𝑟𝛾 1−𝑟 𝛾 1 − 𝛽4
𝐹 = 𝛼𝑌𝐴2 2𝜌1 ∆𝑃 𝑌𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖 =
𝛾−1 2 1−𝑟
1− 4
𝛽 𝑟 𝛾

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1−𝑟
𝑌𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 1 − 0.41 + 0.35𝛽
𝛾 17
Adiabatic expansion factor 18
Problem 4
◼ Find the mass flowrate measured in a Venturi
◼ The inlet diameter and of the throat is 5” and 2”
◼ Pressure in the inlet is 150 psia and in the throat is
145 psia

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Problem 5
◼ Air in an isentropic process and at a rate of 5 kg/s
is expanded through the throat to an exit Mach 2.
The air pressure and temperature at the inlet are
P0= 550 kPa and T0= 250ºC.
◼ Find:
◼ The throat area
◼ The air pressure ant temperature at the exit
◼ Exit velocity and exit area
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 Problem 6
◼ Pressure in a large tank containing air is maintained at 50 psia and 120
F while air is discharged to the atmosphere through a 1” clean
commercial steel pipe.
◼ The 50 ft long pipe includes 4 90-degree elbows and a fully open globe
valve.
◼ Find the mass flow rate of air

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Problem 7
◼ Based on data of problem 5 for a tank pressure of 450 psia.
◼ Find:
◼ The maximum mass flow rate of air

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 Fans

pressure
Fans operation, Blowers heads in Higher
used for generally generally
Compressors
low the 2.0- when pressure
pressure below 2 employed required
for 14.7-psi operations
(drop) psi.
range.

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Fans

◼ Design to move large volume of gas at near

atmospheric pressure
◼ The pressure developed is low due to the
large clearance between the impeller and the
casing

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How does the fan work?
◼ Gas flows along the fan
shaft, turns 90º by the
impeller which imparts
kinetic energy to the gas
as it flows radially outward
◼ The gas velocity is
converted to pressure as it
leaves the fan parallel to
the shaft

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Fans applications

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 Problem 8
◼ A fan will pneumatically convey 1360 kg/h (2300
Ib/h) of a powdered resin from a storage bin to a
mixer. The duct diameter is 15.2 cm (6 in).
◼ Assume an electrical-motor efficiency of 95%. If the
air flow rate needed to convey the resin is 1670
m3/h (983 ft3/min) at 300 K (540 °R) and 1.013 bar
(14.7 psia). The radial efficiency is 65%.
◼ The pressure drop in the duct system is 0.0893 bar
(1.29 psi), what is the required fan power?
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Compressors
◼ Compresion goes from below atmospheric
pressure (vacuum pumps) or above atmospheric
as in the majority of process applications

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How does the compressor work?
◼ Compressors find only limited and specialized application.
◼ Primarily employed to increase the pressure of a fluid in some types
of systems:
◼ This can be accomplished through the use of a high pressure stream of air or
steam that impinges on the liquid stream and atomizes it. The pressurizing of the
air or steam is accomplished through the use of compressors.
◼ Compressors are also used for atomization on certain types of air
pollution control devices such as venturi scrubbers, which depend on fine water
droplets to remove particulates from the flue gas stream.

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 Compressor
◼ For adiabatic work

γ−1
𝛾RT 𝑃2 𝛾
𝑊𝑠 = −1
𝛾−1 𝑃1

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 Adiabatic process
◼ Temperature ratio across a compression stage
𝛾−1 𝑁−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝛾 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑁
= =
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃1

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