CHAPTER 1 LECTURE OUTLINE Matter

1
CHAPTER 1: MATTER

 1.1 Chemistry in context

 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties

2
WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?

3
FIGURE 1.4

The scientific method follows a process similar to the one shown in this diagram. All the key
components are shown, in roughly the right order. Scientific progress is seldom neat and clean: It
requires open inquiry and the reworking of questions and ideas in response to findings.
CHEMISTRY DOMAINS
Macroscopic:
 Greek for “Large” scale
 What we see everyday
 Glass of water, breeze, Texas, or a bag of Skittles

Microscopic:
 Greek for “Small” scale
 Must magnify to see
 Viruses, chemical compounds, individual atoms, and polymer chains

5
FIGURE 1.15

The decomposition of water is shown at the macroscopic, microscopic, and

symbolic levels. The battery provides an electric current (microscopic) that
decomposes water. At the macroscopic level, the liquid separates into the gases
hydrogen (on the left) and oxygen (on the right). Symbolically, this change is
presented by showing how liquid H2O separates into H2 and O2 gases.
1.1 CHEMISTRY—THE SCIENCE OF EVERYDAY
EXPERIENCE

•Chemistry is the study of matter—its composition,

properties, and transformations.

•Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume.

•Matter can be:

7
 FIGURE 1.5 STATES OF MATTER

(a) Moisture in the air, icebergs, and the ocean represent water in the macroscopic domain.

(b) At the molecular level (microscopic domain), gas molecules are far apart and disorganized, solid water molecules are close together and
organized, and liquid molecules are close together and disorganized.

(c) The formula H2O symbolizes water, and (g), (s), and (l) symbolize its phases. Note that clouds are actually comprised of either very small
liquid water droplets or solid water crystals; gaseous water in our atmosphere is not visible to the naked eye, although it may be sensed
as humidity. (credit a: modification of work by “Gorkaazk”/Wikimedia Commons)
 1.2 STATES OF MATTER
The Solid State:

• A solid has a definite volume

and shape.
• It maintains its shape regardless
of its container.
• Solid particles lie close together
in a regular pattern.

9
 1.2 STATES OF MATTER
The Liquid State:
• A liquid has a definite volume
and indefinite shape.

• It takes the shape of its

container.

• Liquid particles are close together

but can move past one another.

10
 1.2 STATES OF MATTER

The Gas State:

• A gas has an indefinite
shape; it assumes the shape
of its container.

• It has an indefinite volume;

it assumes the volume of its
container.

• Gas particles are very far apart

and move around randomly.

11
FIGURE 1.6

The three most common states or phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

All matter can be classified as either a pure substance

or a mixture.
I. Pure Substances
• A pure substance is composed of only a
single component (atom or molecule).
• It has a constant composition, regardless of
sample size or origin of sample.
• It cannot be broken down to other pure
substances by a physical change.

• Example: Table sugar (C12H22O11) or water (H2O)

13
 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

All matter can be classified as either a pure substance

or a mixture.
II. Mixtures
• Mixtures are composed of more than one
component.
• They can have varying composition (any
combination of solid, liquid, and gas).
• Mixtures can be separated into their components
by a physical process.

• There are two types of mixtures...

14
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

II. Mixtures

• Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the

composition varies from point to point.

• Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the

composition is uniform and appears visually the
same throughout.

15
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a one or more
solute(s) and a solvent.

Solute- a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower

quantity. (Lesser amount) This is the component that is dispersed in the solvent.

Solvent- a component of a solution that is typically present at a much higher

quantity. (Greater amount) This is the medium in which the solute is dispersed.
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A pure substance is classified as an element or a

compound.

I. An element is a pure
substance that cannot be
broken down by a
chemical change.

17
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A pure substance is classified as an element or a

compound.

II. A compound is a
pure substance
formed by
chemically joining
two or more
elements.

18
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

19
1.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical change-A change in the state or properties

of matter without any accompanying change in its
chemical composition (the identity of the substance
remains the same).

• In other words, it is a change that alters the

material without changing what it originally was
made from.

20
1.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Characteristics that enable us to distinguish one
substance from another are called Properties.

Physical properties- A •boiling point

characteristic of matter that is
not associated with a change in •melting point
its chemical composition. •solubility
•color
In other words, the substance
can be observed or measured •odor
without changing its
•state of matter
composition.
21
1.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• Chemical change- always produces one or more

types of matter that differ from the matter present
before the change.

• In other words, the chemical reaction that

occurs converts the substance into something
completely different.

22
 1.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Characteristics that enable us to distinguish one
substance from another are called Properties.
• Chemical properties- •Toxicity
The change of one type of •Reactivity
matter into another type
(or inability to change) •Types of chemical bonds
formed
• Helps us to determine •Oxidation states
how a substance can be •Flammability
converted into another
substance. •Chemical stability
•Acidity or basicity
•Radioactivity 23
1.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of Matter:
Extensive Property- depends on the amount of
matter present.
 Mass, Volume, heat

Intensive Property - does not depend on the amount

of matter present.
 Density, temperature

24
 REVIEW
Classify each of the following as either a Physical change (PC) or Chemical
Change (CC).
1. ___water evaporating
2. ___melting butter
3. ___cooking an egg
4. ___burning incense
5. ___deposition of iodide
6. ___iron rusting
7. ___spoiled milk
8. ___bread molding
9. ___cutting an apple
10. ___water condensing

25
 REVIEW
Classify each of the following as either a Physical property (P) or Chemical
property (C).
1. ___density
2. ___flammability
3. ___color
4. ___acidity
5. ___odor
6. ___melting point
7. ___oxidation number
8. ___radioactivity
9. ___state of matter
10. ___solubility

26
REVIEW
Elements:
A pure substance containing only one kind of ____________.
An element can be separated into simpler materials. T/F

Compounds:
A pure substance containing two or more kinds of ____________.
Compounds can be separated by physical means. T/F

Mixtures:
Mixtures can also be non-uniform (called ________________________).
Mixtures can be separated into their components by chemical or physical
means. T/F

27
 REVIEW

A B C D E

___1. Pure Element – only one type of atom present.

___2. Mixture of two elements – two types of uncombined atoms present.

___3. Pure compound – only one type of compound present.

___4. Mixture of two compounds – two types of compounds present.

___5. Mixture of a compound and an element.

28
 REVIEW
Classify each of the following as elements (E), compounds (C) or Mixtures (M).
1. ___Air
2. ___Steam
3. ___Sodium (Na)
4. ___Ammonia (NH3)
5. ___Alcohol (CH3OH)
6. ___Dirt
7. ___2% Milk
8. ___Italian Dressing
9. ___Dry Ice (CO2)
10. ___Silver (Ag)

29