DISEASES TRASMISSION,

DEFENCE MECHANISM ,
IMMUNITY AND
IMMUNIZATION

Presented By:
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Roll no. 11 to 20
 DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• Transmission is the passing of pathogens

causing communicable disease from an
infected host individual or group to a
particular group, regardless of weather the
other individuals was previously infected.

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DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION

• That occurs there is physical contact between

an infected person and susceptible person
including sexual contact.

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INDIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION

• That occurs when there is no direct to

human contact but occurs from reservoir to
contaminated surface or object or to vectors
such as mosquitoes, mites, ticks, rodents,
dogs etc.

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 ROUTE
• The route of transmission is important to epidemiologists
because patterns of contact vary between different
population and different group of population depending
upon socio-economic, cultural and other features
• For e.g.: low personal and food hygiene due to lack of a
clean water supplied may result in increased transmission
of disease by the fecal oral route such as cholera.
• Polio is more common in cities under-developed countries
without a clean water supply than in cities with a good
plumbing systems, we might advance the theory that
polio is spread by fecal oral route.

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Direct and Indirect contact Transmission:-

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DEFENCE MECHANISM OF A BODY

• Body has a two line defense system against

pathogens (germs):
1. First line of Defense mechanism
2. Second line of Defense mechanism

• FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE MECHANISM:

The first line of defense (or outside defense
system)includes physical and chemical barriers
that are always ready and prepare to defend the
body from infection this include ;

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 FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM:

• Skin
• Tears
• Mucus
• Cilia
• Stomach acid
• Urine flow
• Friendly bacteria

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 FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM:

Skin
• It is the largest organ of your body. It acts as a
barrier between invaders( pathogens) and your
body. Skin forms a waterproof mechanical barriers
micro-organisms that live all over your skin cannot
get through your unless its broken.

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 FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM:

Tears, Mucus and Saliva

• Your nose , mouth and eyes are obvious entry
points for pathogens. However, tears, mucus and
saliva contain an enzyme that breakdown the cell
wall of many bacteria. Those that are not killed
immediately are trapped in mucus and swallowed.
Special calls line and protect the nose, throat and
other passage within your body. The inner lining of
your gut and lungs also produce mucus to trap
invading pathogen.

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 FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM:

CILIA
Very fine hair ( cilia) lining your windpipe move
mucus and trapped particles away from your
lungs. Particles can be bacteria or material such
as dusts or smoke.

URINE FLOW
Your urine flow flushes out pathogens from the
bladder area.
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 FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM:

BENEFICAL BACTERIA(Friendly bacteria):-

You have beneficial bacteria growing on your skin in
your bowel and other places in the body( such as the
mouth and the gut), that stop other harmful bacteria
from taking over.

STOMACH ACID:-
Stomach acid are acidic in nature. That kills bacteria
and parasite that have been swallowed.

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SECOND LINE DEFENCE MECHANISM

• The second line of defense is a group of cells,

tissue and organs that work together to
protect the body. This is the immune system.

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 SECOND LINE DEFENCE
MECHANISM

• Cells
• Neutrophils
• T-helper cells
• Cytotoxic( killer) T- cells
• Macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• B-cells
• Suppressor T- cells

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 SECOND LINE DEFENCE
MECHANISM

CELLS:-
• The cells involved are white blood cells(leukocytes),
which seek out and destroy disease- causing organisms
or substances.

NEUTROPHILS:-
• Important role in the defense of the body
• It is defense against invading microorganism
• Their granules contain enzymes and microbicidal
substances

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 SECOND LINE DEFENCE
MECHANISM

T-HELPER CELLS
• These cells are likely the bosses. They give instructions
to other cells by producing signals. Each T helper cell
only looks out for one type of pathogen. Many T helper
cells are needed to watch for many different diseases or
invaders.
CYTOTOXIC CELLS
• These are killers cells. They punch holes in the walls of
the pathogen cells so that the contents ooze out.

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 SECOND LINE DEFENCE
MECHANISM

MACROPHAGES
• Macrophage means big eater. These cells eats( ingest)
or clean up the mess of dead cells.

DENDRITIC CELLS
• These cells are like the spies. They notice if there is an
invader and then present evidence of the invader to T
cells in the lymph nodes.

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 SECOND LINE DEFENCE
MECHANISM
B-CELLS:-
• These produce antibodies, which lock onto the antigen of
invading bacteria and immobilize them until the
macrophage consumes them. Some B cells becomes
memory cells after being activated by the presence of
antigen. These cells are able to live for long time and can
respond quickly following a second exposure to the same
antigen.

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 IMMUNIZATION

• It is the process by which acquired immunity is

induced.
• Specific defense immunity

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 IMMUNIZATION

VACCINES
• Immuno-biological substance designed to be
produce a specific protection against a given
disease.

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 LIVE VACCINE:-

• There are prepared from live( generally attenuated)

organisms.
• These organisms have been passed repeatedly in
the laboratories in the culture or chick embryos and
have lost their capacity to induce full- blown disease
but retain their immuno - genecity.
• In general live vaccines are more potent immunizing
age that killed vaccines.

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 LIVE VACCINE:-

a. Live organisms multiply in the host and the resulting

antigenic dose is larger than what is injected.
b. Live vaccines have all the major and minor antigenic
components.
c. Live vaccines engage certain tissues of the body eg;
intestinal mucosa by the oral polio vaccine.
d. There may be other mechanisms such as persistence of
patent virus.
Live vaccine should not be administered to persons with
immune deficiency disease or to persons whose immune
response may be suppressed because of leukaemia, lymphoma
or malignancy or because of therapy with corticosteroids.

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 LIVE VACCINE:-

• Contraindicated in pregnancy unless the risk of

infection exceeds the risk of harm to the foetus of
some live vaccines.
• Immunization is generally achieved with a single
dose produce a duratle immunity, but not always as
long as that of the natural infection.
• Reversion to virulence.
• Difficulty in storage.

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 Live Attenuated Vaccines

1. Bacterial
BCG, Typhoid oral
2. Viral
Oral polio, measles, mumps, yellow fever,
Rubella, chicken pox, Influenza
3. Rickettsia
Epi-typhus

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 Killed or Inactivated Vaccines:-

• Organisms killed by heat or chemicals, when

introduced into the body stimulates active immunity.
• Usually safe but less efficacious than live vaccines.
• Usually requires a primary series of 2 or 3 doses of
vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response,
and in most cases booster infections are required.

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 Killed or Inactivated Vaccines:-

May be contaminated with dangerous

infectious agents.
Killed inactivated vaccines:-
1. Bacterial
Typhoid, cholera, Pertussis, C.S meningitis, Plague.

2. Viral
Rabies, Infulenza, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Polio.

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 IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME 2019

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IPV in Nepal
On 18th September 2014, Nepal became the first country in South Asia
region to launch IPV as a part of the global roll out of the vaccines.
The ministry of Health (MOH) and population has successfully
conducted training for all health counters in all 75 districts on
successful IV administration.

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 Thank you !!

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