Jay Leno Questions:
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
6. ________________________________
Latitude/Longitude Practice
Find the coordinates for the following cities
and write them in the blank provided before
each number. Use the maps in the Atlas to
help you.
Example: _18N, 98W__
Mexico City, Mexico
1. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
_____________________
2. Cape Town, South
Africa___________________
3. Tokyo, Japan
____________________________
4. Washington, D.C., USA
____________________
5. Stockholm,
Sweden_______________________
6. London,
England_________________________
7. Montevideo,
Uruguay_____________________
8. Sydney,
Australia________________________
7. ________________________________
8. ________________________________
9. ________________________________
10. ________________________________
11. ________________________________
12. ________________________________
Use the coordinates give to locate the city.
In the blank provided, write the name of
the city AND the country. Use the Atlas to
help you.
Example: 16 N, 122 E
Manila, Philippines______
1. 1 S, 78 W
________________________________
2. 19 N, 75 E
________________________________
3. 56 N, 38 E
________________________________
4. 38 S, 147 E
________________________________
5. 38 N, 8 W
_________________________________
6. 50 N, 121 W
_______________________________
7. 9 S, 39 E
__________________________________
The Physical World: Themes of Geography
Definition of Geography:

Difference between historians and geographers:

Look through the lens of… To understand…
Historians
Geographers

Therefore, to think like a geographer, you must think SPATIALLY.

Five Themes: MR. (HE)LP:

The Physical World: Geographer’s Tools
Answer these questions from “Introduction to Maps” PowerPoint or use Vocabulary assignment:
1. What are two ways Earth is represented?
2. Fill in the blanks: Cartographers use different _________________________ to reduce the
_________________________ of maps.
3. Define projection:
4. Define distortion:
5. Which is the more accurate way to represent Earth?
6. Fill in the table below:
ASPECT GLOBE MAP
DIMENSIONS
REPRESENTS
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE

7. Label these common projections and list the pros and cons:
 Looking at the illustration, what are two biases of the
mapmaker?

8. Where do you think this cartographer is located and what

makes you think that?

9. Label the types of maps and describe what they show.

10. What are elements of a map?

•
•
•
•
 11. Fill out chart on Latitude and Longitude
Latitude/Parallels: Longitude/Meridians:
Runs:
Measures:

12. Earth’s Grid:

Label and write measurement of the follow:
Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle
Prime Meridian Tropic of Cancer Antarctic Circle
International Dateline

13. What is the purpose of the Prime Meridian?

14. Highlight or color the time zones of the United States.

15. What causes seasons? 17. Define equinox:

16. What causes day and night? 18. Define solstice:
19. What is significant between the seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?

How to outline chapter: You need to write out the headings/sub-heading and summarize information below. In future chapters, you will need to write the headings/sub-heading.
Chapter 3: Climates of the Earth
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
Climate and Weather:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Climate is long term, while weather is a short term aspect of climate. Climate is the term for weather patterns that an area
_________________________________________________________________________________________
typically experiences over a long period of time. Whether a climate in a region is cool or warm, or humid and dry is
_________________________________________________________________________________________
determined by many long term factors
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Earth’s Tilt and Rotation:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Earth's tilt is one of the reasons for the earth's variation in sunlight. This is due to the 23.5 degree tilt on the axis, The angle of
_________________________________________________________________________________________
the tilt also affects the earths temperature. How much light an area on earth recieves is based on its rotation. The earth
_________________________________________________________________________________________
ompletes a rotation every 24 hours rotating east to west and alternating between day and night.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Earth’s Revolution:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The earth travels in an orbit around the sun which takes 365 days, or one year to complete. The revolution and the tilt is
_________________________________________________________________________________________
responsible for seasons because of how much subnlight each area recieves. The seasons are reversed north and south of the
_________________________________________________________________________________________
equator.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn:
They are located on 23.5 degrees latitude North AND South. When the suns rays hit directly on 23.5 degrees north and south,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
,that marks either summer or winter solstice, and when the sun directly hits the equator, it marks the fall or spring equinox. The
_________________________________________________________________________________________
cycle repeats every year.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The Poles:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
For six months of the year, one pole is titled towards the sun while the other pole receives little to no sunset, vice versa. At the
_________________________________________________________________________________________
north pole, the sun never sets from March 20th to September 23. At the south pole the sun never sets from September 23 to
_________________________________________________________________________________________
March 20th.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The Greenhouse Effect:
the apping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere, due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. This part of the atmmospher provides enough
_________________________________________________________________________________________
insulation to promote life on earth.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
Latitude and Climate:
Low Latitudes:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Area between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn. this area has a warm to hot climates
_________________________________________________________________________________________
High Latitudes:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
This it the earths polar areas. Whichever tilt is facing away or from, it either receives 6 months of continuous sunlight or
_____________________________________________________________________________
twilight.
Mid-Latitudes:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Area between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic circle or the Tropic of Cancer and arctic circle. In summer areas receive
_____________________________________________________________________________
warms from tropics and in winter it receives cold masses from high latitudes.
Elevation and Climate:
The earth's atmosphere thins as altitude increases and as the elevation increases, the temperature decreases. There is a
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
relationship between elevation and temperature.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Wind and Ocean Currents:
Wind Patterns:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Global winds blow in fairly constant patterns called prevailing winds. Winds are often named for the direction they blow in.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The Horse Latitudes:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The calm areas of air that encircle the globe right above the tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Ocean Currents:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Cold and warm streams of water move in patterns known as currents. Earths rotation, change in air pressure, and differences inc
_____________________________________________________________________________
water temperature, and salinity are all factors of what makes an ocean current
Weather and the Water Cycles:
With temperature, condensation creates precipitation, moisture falling to the earth. As cold temperatures cool moist rising air,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
vapor condenses into clouds. Further cooling causes rain to fall ,which can lower temperatures
El Nino:
A recurring phenomena that causes a periodic change in pattern of ocean currents and water temperawtures in the mid pacific
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
region. In the western pacific, the air pressure rises, while in the eastern the pressure lowers.
Mid-Latitudes:
Area between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic circle or the Tropic of Cancer and arctic circle. In summer areas receive
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
warms from tropics and in winter it receives cold masses from high latitudes.
Landforms and Climate:
The surface features of the earth can affect and be affected by the climate. The climate of places onvt he same latitude can be very
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
different depending on the absence or presence of certain landforms.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
Climate Regions:
Tropical Climates:
Found in or near the low latitudes, the tropics. Are hot and wet throughout the year. Very green and has lush vegetation that
_________________________________________________________________________________________
grow thickly.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Dry Patterns:
Dry areas with sparse rainfall. Temperatures can vary and vegetation consists of plants that tolerate low humidity and wide
_________________________________________________________________________________________
temperature ranges.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Mid-Latitude Patterns:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Includes four temperate climate regions and has a variety of natural vegetation. Has variable weather patterns.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
High Latitude Patterns:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Freezing temperatures are common throughout, due to lack of direct sunlight. Has a limited variety of vegetation.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Highlands Patterns:
Elevation can determine a climate region, regardless of latitude. The more higher up, the cooler the temperatures. The natural
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
vegetation also varies based on elevation.
Climatic Changes:
Climate changes over time, although the causes are unclear. One scientific explanation is that during the ice age the world
_________________________________________________________________________________________
absorbed less solar energy. Human interaction with the envirojment also affefcts climate. Over the last few centuries, greenhouse
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
gasses have increased due to pollution.
____________________________________________________________________________
Climate and Weather Writing Assignment:

Question: ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
The Physical World: Earth’s Structures
1. Define lithosphere:
2. Define hydrosphere:
3. Define atmosphere:
4. Define biosphere:
5. Label the spheres correctly:
a)
b)
c)
d)

6. What are the layers of the earth?

7. Which scientist put forth the idea of the super continent Pangea?
8. What do scientists believe causes the continents to move?
9. Summarize the Plate Tectonics Theory.

10. Fill in the table below about plate boundaries.

DIVERGENT
Where plates are
_________________________.
Most plate material is
_________________________.
Spreading can cause a
_________________________ on
land.
PLATE BOUNDARIES
CONVERGENT
Where plates are
_________________________.
Most plate material is
_________________________.
Convergent Collision- forms
_________________________
Convergent Subduction- forms
_________________________
FAULT
Where plates
_________________________
along a fault line, or fracture, in
the crust.
Causes
_________________________
along the boundaries.
11. Label the plate boundaries:
Word Bank: collision mountains; continental plate; fault line;
a) oceanic plate; rift valley; subduction; volcanic mountains; volcano
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Define volcanism:
12. Where do most volcanoes and earthquakes happen in the world?
13. Define weathering:
a. Mechanical weathering
b. Chemical weathering
14. Define erosion:
15. What are the two main types of erosion?
16. What does LACEMOPS stand for?
a. L e. M
b. A f. O
c. C g. P
d. E h. S
17. Which factor influences climate the most?
18. If air takes on the characteristics of the land or water it passes over, does the temperature of
air change quickly or slowly?
19. Which position on the continent has a more extreme climate?
20. Why are there snow-capped mountains on the equator if latitude is the strongest influence
on climate?
21. What is the rain shadow effect?

22. Label the illustration of the rain shadow effect:

23. What is the importance of ocean currents?

24. What is the process of circular heating and cooling called?
25. What causes storms?
26. What is the difference between cyclonic storms in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
27. What is one of the major factors in establishing civilizations?
28. Define source of river:
29. How do rivers flow?
30. Define mouth of river:
31. Define delta:
32. What is the difference between a delta and the mouth of a river?
33. Define tributary:
34. What was an advantage of elevated surfaces in the development of civilizations?

35. What was a disadvantage of them?

36. Fill in the chart about elevated surfaces:
Mountain
Hill is a raised area of land with
Plateau
37. There are landforms and waterways that act as connectors. Define the following terms:
a. Strait
b. Isthmus
38. Other landforms:
a. Peninsula
b. Archipelago
39. Sketch an example of the following landform or waterway:
Delta Strait Peninsula

Plateau Isthmus Archipelago

40. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?

41. What is the Greenhouse Effect?

 42. What evidence do scientists have that the climate is changing?

43. Watch the video and fill in the information:

a. Human activities from ________________ to ________________ are driving up Earth’s
temperature.
b. The main cause is the ________________________________.
c. Human activities like _______________________________ have increased CO2 in the
atmosphere by more than a third since the
_______________________________________.
d. Climate change has consequences for our ________________, ________________,
________________, and ________________.
e. Ice sheets such as ________________ and ________________ are melting.
f. Weather becomes more extreme. This means not only more intense
________________________________ but also longer and more frequent
________________________________.
g. Growing ________________ becomes more difficult, the area where plants and animals
________________, and ________________ supplies are diminished.
h. Climate change can directly change people’s physical ________________.
i. Exposure to smog can cause ________________, ________________, disease, and lung
________________.
j. Climate change is caused by humans, but humans are also the ones who can
________________________________.
k. Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources such as ________________ and
________________ can prevent some of the worst effects of climate change.

Climographs Line graph shows

What do Climographs show? _____________.

What questions do Bar graph shows ________________________.

Climographs answer?
Time scale (month by initial letter)

Climographs make what easier?

Landforms Worksheet:

Match each landform with its correct name. Use pages RA2-3 in your textbook to help with this
activity. Write the corresponding landform name next to its correct number. A word bank is
provided for you.

1. ____________________ 14.____________________

2. ____________________ 15.____________________

3. ____________________ 16.____________________

4. ____________________ 17.____________________

5. ____________________ 18.____________________

6. ____________________ 19.____________________

7. ____________________ 20.____________________

8. ____________________ 21.____________________

9. ____________________ 22.____________________

10.____________________ 23.____________________

11.____________________ 24.____________________

12.____________________ 25.____________________

13.____________________

WORD BANK:
Atoll Hill Plains
Archipelago Island Plateau
Bay Isthmus River
Cape Lagoon Source of River
Canyon Lake Strait
Delta Marsh Tributary
Glacier Mountain Valley
Gulf Mouth of River
Fjord Peninsula
Physical Geography Affects Culture
1. How does physical geography affect human culture? Use pros and cons, and ALWAYS
JUSTIFY your answers.
Pro with Justification Con with Justification
Mountains:

Islands:

Oceans:

Desert:

Climate:

2. Give two physical geography aspects that have influenced the following
regions (be specific and ALWAYS JUSTIFY your answers).
1st Feature with Justification 2nd Feature with Justification
Africa:

Japan:

Europe:

The Middle East:

Vocabulary:
Write definition for vocabulary term. Then write an example that pertains to our unit.
Term Definition Example
Map Projection

Absolute location

Relative location

Elevation

Relief

Thematic Map

Global
Positioning
System
Geographic
Information
Systems
Remote Sensing

Spatial
Perspective

Formal Region

Functional
Region

Perceptual
Region
 Term Definition Example
Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

Continental Shelf

Core

Mantle

Crust

Continental Drift

Plate Tectonics

Magma

Subduction

Fault

Weathering

Erosion
 Term Definition Example
Glacier

Moraine

Water Cycle

Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation

Desalination

Aquifer

Climate

Revolution

Equinox

Solstice

Greenhouse
Effect

Current

Prevailing Wind
 Term Definition Example
Coriolis Effect

Doldrums

El Nino

Windward

Leeward

Rain Shadow

Biome

Natural
Vegetation

Coniferous

Deciduous

Permafrost
Unit Summary:
The world is a large and fascinating place. There are four spheres on Earth: Hydrosphere,
Atmosphere, Lithosphere, and the Biosphere. The lithosphere consists of Earth’s crust and upper
mantle. Within the lithosphere our tectonic plates continually move past each other about an inch
per year. This theory known as Continental Drift was suggested by Alfred Wagner in 1912. As the
continents collide or separate new landforms are created. The landforms form the topography of
Earth and will influence humans around them.
A geographer studies how Earth’s physical features, atmosphere, and human activity are all
interconnected. In order to study geography, geographers look to cartographers, the map
mappers. It is the job of a cartographer to accurately portray a topic while minimizing the distortion.
There are many types of maps including: political, physical, small-scale, large-scale, and thematic.
Geographers also need to study weather and climate since both have a large influence on
human activities. The tilt of Earth on its axis, along with revolving around the sun, affects sunlight
which causes seasons. While weather is important, climate is much more consistent pattern of a
region. Climate dictated by many reasons including Latitude, Air masses, Continentality, Elevation,
Mountain Barriers, and Ocean Currents. Climates can be shown in climographs by showing annual
precipitation (Bar graph) and temperature (Line graph) of a country or region. Don’t forget there
are three types of regions: Formal, Functional, and Perceptual.