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05 Machine Efficiencies
05 Machine Efficiencies
(Machine Efficiencies)
2017-2018
Efficiency
• The machine efficiency is the ratio between
the actual shaft work generated/absorbed and
the work generated/absorbed by the ideal
machinery that is assumed as reference
machine:
Li
– For Turbines and Motors hid =
Lid
Lid
– For Compressors and Pumps hid =
Li
c 2
2is c 2
-c 2
- DE g = - ò vdp -
2id 2id 0
Li is = h - h2 is -
0
0 - DE g
2 0 2
Isentropic Machine
• With reference to a compressible fluid
2
c2
Li is = h00 - h2 is - id
2
• With reference to an incompressible fluid
• Similarly, for
gas compressors and pumps
h00 - h20
hQ = 2
for turbines and motors c
h00 - h2 is - 2
2
2
c
h2 is - h00 + 2
for pumps and compressors hQ = 2
h20 - h00
• It is used to evaluate the efficiencies of the single machine
stage
Polytrophic Machine
• With reference to the polytrophic machine
(Turbines and Motors)
2 c 2
- c 2
Li pol = h00 - h20 - DEg + Lw = - ò vdp - 2 0 - DEg = gH u
0 2
Li pol = Li + Lw = gH u
Li L
for turbines and motors hy = = i
Li + Lw gH u
Li - Lw gH u
for pumps and compressors hy = =
Li Li
Polytrophic Efficiency
• By remembering that for a compressible fluid
é m -1
ù
k ê æ p2 ö úm
Li = h0 - h2 =
0 0
RT0 1 - çç ÷÷ - DEc
k -1 ê è p0 ø ú
êë úû
é m -1
ù
2 m ê æ p2 ö úm
Li pol = - ò vdp - DEc = RT0 1 - çç ÷÷ - DEc
0 m -1 ê è p0 ø ú
ëê ûú
when the variation of the kinetic energy is negligible,
we obtain the following interesting relation between
the polytrophic efficiency and the polytrophic index m
(for turbines and motors)
k m -1
hy =
k -1 m
In a similar way, for gas compressors
m k -1
hy =
m -1 k
Polytrophic vs. Isentropic efficiency
• In order to show the difference between the
polytrophic and the isentropic machines, we
analyze the thermodynamic expansion
process on the T-S plane
Li = Li is - Lw + LR
Polytrophic vs. Isentropic efficiency
• LR is a portion of the irreversibility work Lw
that is not lost because the gas, which is
heated by Lw, increases its expansion
• For turbines or motors, it follows that
Li Li
hy = £ = his
Li is + LR Li is
Li = Li is + Lw + LR
Polytrophic vs. Isentropic efficiency
• LR is a portion of the irreversibility work Lw that is
required because the gas, which is heated by Lw,
increases its specific volume
• For compressors and pumps, we have
Li is + LR Li is
hy = ³ = his
Li Li
Li pol = Li is h y = his
Polytrophic vs. Isentropic efficiency
• The polytrophic efficiency does not take in to account
the effects of fluid compressibility, that is the reheating
effect. Therefore, the polytrophic efficiency does not
depend on the expansion/compression pressure ratio
Efficiency vs. Degree of Reaction
• In order to highlight the relation between
isentropic efficiency and degree of reaction,
we consider a compression process and define
the isentropic efficiency for both rotor and
stator (by neglecting the kinematic energy
term) h -h h -h
his = 1is 0
his = 2 'is 1
R
h1 - h0 S
h2 - h1
G - DG G
hv = hv =
G G + DG