LAB MANUAL

13EE57 - CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-16
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

CYCLE 1
1 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION
OF AC SERVO MOTOR
SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF AC
2
SERVOMOTOR
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF
3 ARMATURE AND FIELD CONTROLLED DC
SERVO MOTOR
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING
4a
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
4b STUDY OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCER.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING
5a
KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE.
STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER -
5b
LVDT
CALIBRATION OF 1 ENERGYMETER BY
6
DIRECT LOADING
CALIBRATION OF 3 ENERGY METER BY
7
DIRECT LOADING
 EX P.NO: 1 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AC SERVO
MOTOR
Date:
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of the given AC Servomotor.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
S. No Description Range Type Quantity
AC servo motor trainer kit -
1. 1
2. AC servo motor 1
(0-1) A MC 1
3. Ammeter
(0-100) mA MI 1
(0–300) V MC 1
4. Voltmeter
(0–75) V MI 1
5. Patch cords - As required

THEORY:
An AC servo motor is basically a two phase induction motor with some special
design features. The stator consists of two pole pairs (A-B and C-D) mounted on the
inner periphery of the stator, such that their axes are at an angle of 90o in space. Each pole
pair carries a winding, one winding is called reference winding and other is called a
control winding. The exciting current in the winding should have a phase displacement of
90o. The supply used to drive the motor is single phase and so a phase advancing
capacitor is connected to one of the phase to produce a phase difference of 90 o.The rotor
construction is usually squirrel cage or drag-cup type. The rotor bars are placed on the
slots and short-circuited at both ends by end rings. The diameter of the rotor is kept small
in order to reduce inertia and to obtain good accelerating characteristics. The drag cup
construction is employed for very low inertia applications. In this type of construction the
rotor will be in the form of hollow cylinder made of aluminium. The aluminium cylinder
itself acts as short-circuited rotor conductors. Electrically both the types of rotor are
identical.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The stator windings are excited by voltages of equal magnitude and 90 o phase
difference. These results in exciting currents i1 and i2 that are phase displaced by 90o and
have equal values. These currents give rise to a rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude. The direction of rotation depends on the phase relationship of the two
currents (or voltages). This rotating magnetic field sweeps over the rotor conductors. The
rotor conductor experience a change in flux and so voltages are induced rotor conductors.
This voltage circulates currents in the short-circuited rotor conductors and currents create
rotor flux. Due to the interaction of stator & rotor flux, a mechanical force (or torque) is
developed on the rotor and so the rotor starts moving in the same direction as that of
rotating magnetic field.
GENERAL SCHEMATIC OF AC SERVOMOTOR:

FORMULA USED:
Transfer function, Gm (s) = Km / (1+ sm)
where,
Motor gain constant, Km = K / FO + F
K is T / C
FO is T / N
Torque, T is 9.81 X R (S1  S2)
R is radius of the rotor in m
Frictional co-efficient, F = W / (2N / 60)2
Frictional loss, W is 30 % of constant loss in Watts
Constant loss in watts = No load input – Copper loss
No load i/p = V (IR+IC)
V is supply voltage, V
IR is current through reference winding, A
IC is current through control winding, A
Copper loss in watts = IC2 RC
RC = 174
N is rated speed in rpm
Motor time constant, m = J / FO + F
Moment of inertia J is d4 L R ρ / 32
d is diameter of the rotor in m ( Given d =39.5 mm)
LR is length of the rotor in m (Given L R =76 mm)
ρ is density = 7.8 X 102 gm / m
PROCEDURE:
1. Check whether the MCB is in OFF position.
2. Patch the circuit using the patching diagram.
3. Switch ON the MCB
4. Vary the control pot to apply rated supply voltage
5. Note the control winding current, reference winding current, supply voltage and
speed.
6. Find the frictional co-efficient using the above values
TABULAR COLUMN:

Reference
Supply Voltage Control winding Speed
S. Winding Current
V Current Ic N
No. Ir
(V) (A) (rpm)
(A)

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
EXP.NO: 2 SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF AC SERVOMOTOR
Date :
AIM:
To analyze the speed torque characteristics of ac servo motor.
THEORY:
An AC servo motor is basically a two phase induction motor except for certain special
design feature. A two phase induction motor consisting of two stator windings oriented
90 degrees electrically apart in space and excited by ac voltage which magnitude and 90
degrees. Generally voltages of equal magnitude and 90 degrees phase difference are
applied to the two stator phases thus making their respective fields 90 degrees apart in
both time and space, at synchronous speed.
The shape of the characteristics depends upon ratio of the rotor reactance (X) to
the rotor resistance (R). In normal induction motors X/R ratio is generally kept high so as
to obtain the maximum torque close to the operating region which is usually around 5%
slip.
A two phase servo motor differs in two ways from normal induction motor.
1. The rotor of the servo motor is built with high resistance so that its X/R ratio is
small and the torque speed characteristic is shown in the figure.
Curve (3) is nearly linear in contrast to highly non-linear characteristics with large
X/R. It must emphasized that if a conventional induction motor with high X/R
ratio is used for servo applications, then because of the positive slope for part of
the characteristics, the system using such a motor becomes unstable.
2. In servo applications, the voltages applied to the two stator windings are seldom
balanced. One of the phases known as the known as the control phase with respect
to the voltage supplied to the reference windings and it has a variable magnitude
and polarity. The control winding voltage is supplied from a servo amplifier. For
low power applications, AC servo motors are preferred because they are light
weight, rugged and there are no brush contacts to maintain.

TORQUE MEASUREMENT:
In order to measure torque produced by the AC servo motor, we must have an
arrangement to produce a variable load on the AC servo motor. The ac servomotor is
mechanically coupled to a small dc machine (a permanent magnet dc motor or generator)
on the remaining side of the extended shaft. A variable dc current is required to be passed
on through the dc motor. The polarity of the current is such as to produce an opposite
torque as a result of its interaction with the field of the permanent magnet.
In can be proved that the electrical power developed by the AC servo motor is
given by the product of back emf generated by the dc machine and current we are forcing
through the armature by means of a variable resistance and the constant voltage source.
By varying the resistance, the current is changing and the opposite torque is also
changing. We have to use the following formula to find the torque in gm-cm.

gm-cm

where Eb = Back E.M.F

Ia = Armature current
When P = power in watts
= Eb x Ia
N = R.P.M
It P is in milliwatt, proper substitution must be made in the result.
To measure the torque developed at no load (i.e. torque just required to rotate
speed measuring disc, rotor of ac servomotor, rotor of dc motor) the ac servomotor is
switched off. Now the dc machine run as the motor with the help of the dc power supply,
speed bring controlled by variable resistance. Again we have to effect the measurement
of Ia for a given speed. From the product of Eb (back emf developed by the motor) and
armature current taken, we can find the mechanical power developed at the motor shaft.
Again we must use the formula,

For various speeds, we can note down the no load torque required to be developed by
motor. This torque is negligible and may not be taken into account for normal testing.
Speed torque characteristics of AC servo motor:
Study all the controls carefully on the front panel.
1. Keep the switch SW3 in upward position, indicating that the armature circuit of
dc machine is not connected to auxiliary power supply (12 volts), switch SW2
 should also be in off position.
2. Ensure P1 and P2 are in fully anticlockwise position.
3. Now, switch on SW1 and also switch on SW2. You can observe that AC
servomotor will start rotating and the speed will be indicated by the meter M1 on
the front panel. (It is assumed that calibration procedure is already carried out for
speed measurement).
4. With SW3 in OFF condition, vary the speed of the AC servomotor by moving P1
in clockwise direction and note the emf generated by the dc machine (Now
working as dc generator or tacho). Enter the results in Table No.1 (Use a dc
voltmeter in the range 0 to 2 volts or so).

Table 1 : Plot of speed vs Back emf characteristics

S. No. Speed R.P.M Back E.M.F Volts

Rotor dimensions for AC servo motor :-

Density of Material d = 7.9 gm/cm3

5. Now switch SW3 in off condition, switch ON SW2 and keep the pot P1 in
minimum position. You can observe that the ac servo motor starts moving with
 speed being indicated by the RPM indicator. You can measure the reference
winding voltage (about 100 volts ac and control winding voltage (which is variable
by P1). Note the speed of ac servomotor. Now switch on SW3 and start loading ac
servo motor by controlling pot P2 in a slow fashion. Note down corresponding
values on Ia and N. Enter these values in Table.2.

Table No.2 (Speed torque characteristics)

TYPICAL READINGS FOR AC SERVO MOTOR SPEED – TORQUE

CHARACTERISTICS
Control Voltage Vc = 20 volt

Sr. Ia Speed N Eb Pmw = Eb x Ia Torque

No. mA RPM Volt. Millwatt Gm-cms

5
Control Voltage Vc = 30 volt

Sr. Ia Speed N Eb Pmw = Eb x Ia Torque

No. mA RPM Volt. Millwatt Gm-cms

Controls Voltage Vc = 40 volt

Sr. Ia Speed N Eb Pmw = Eb x Ia Torque

No. mA RPM Volt. Millwatt Gm-cms

6. Now you may set control winding voltage to a new value of 30 volts after
switching of SW3. Again repeat the process as indicated in step No.5 i.e. Table 2
 for a new value of control winding voltage.
7. Plot the speed torque characteristics for various values of control winding
voltages. Study their nature.
Precautions
1. Before switch on, P1 and P2 should be always brought to most anticlockwise
position.
2. Controls P1 and P2 should be operated in a gentle fashion.

Figure – 1 Schematic Diagram of Two Phase Induction Motor

Figure – 2
Torque – Speed Characteristics of Induction motor
Characteristics (3) = AC Servomotor
 Figure.3 Study of AC Servo Speed – Torque Characteristics

Figure 4. Block Diagram for AC servomotor Speed Torque Characteristics

TYPICAL TORQUE CALCULATION

EC = 70 volt
Ia = 170 milli Amp. = 0.17 amp.
Speed ‘N’ = 850 RPM
For speed 850 RPM, Eb – 960 milli volt = 0.96 volt
Therefore power ‘p’ = Eb x Ia = 0.96 x 0.17 = 0.1632 watt
Therefore,

RESULT:
 EXP.NO:3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF ARMATURE
AND FIELD CONTROLLED DC SERVO MOTOR
AIM:
To obtain the transfer function of armature controlled and field controlled DC
servomotor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 DC Servomotor 1
2 Tachounit 1
3 Servoamplifier 1
4 Regulated power supply 1
5 Attenuator unit 1
6 Large disc 1
7 Small disc 1
8 Storage CRO 1
9 Digital MM 1
10 10K Potentiometer 1

THEORY:
A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. These motors are expensive because of brushes and commutators.
The DC motors are generally used for large power application as in machine tools and
robotics. Except for minor differences in constructional features, DC servomotor is
essentially an ordinary DC motor.
A DC servomotor has an output shaft that can be positioned to a specific angular
position by sending a command signal and as long as this signal exists the angular
position of the shaft is maintained. The servomotor has same control circuits and a
potentiometer that is connected to the output shaft. The potentiometer allows the control
circuits to monitor the current position of the shaft.
The speed of a DC servomotor can be controlled by two methods namely
Armature controlled method and Field control method. The purpose of a motor speed
controller is to take a signal representing the demanded speed and to drive the motor at
that speed. Servos are used in radio controlled airplane to position control surfaces like
elevators and rudders. They are extremely used in robotics.
Fig. 1 Connection Diagram to determine the Transfer Function of a DCServomotor
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the diagram shown in Fig. 1.
2. Set the motor to run at its rated speed by adjusting the reference input voltage.
3. After the rated speed of the motor is set, do not disturb the settings and switch off
the RPS.
4. Keep the Volts/div knob of CRO at 2V and Time/div knob of CRO at 5 secs.
5. Switch on the RPS.
6. When the output waveform reaches the steady state, hold and trace the waveform
in CRO and switch off the RPS. Determine the time constant τ, from the
waveform. Now measure the input voltage (Volts) applied to the servomotor to
run at rated speed.
7. Repeat the above procedure for loading with small as well as large discs. Enter
the measured input voltage and calculate the gain K.

8. The transfer function is given by where K is the gain in (deg/secs/volts), and

τ in secs.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Load Input Speed Gain K Gain K Transfer
Conditions voltage (deg/sec) (deg/sec/volt) (rad/sec/volt) function
(V)

CALCULATIONS:
1. For without disc
Gain (K) = output (deg/ sec) = speed (deg/ sec) =
input (volts) input voltage (volts)

2. For small disc

Gain (K) = output (deg/ sec) = speed (deg/ sec) =
input (volts) input voltage (volts)
3. For large disc
Gain (K) = output (deg/ sec) = speed (deg/ sec) =
input (volts) input voltage (volts)

To compute the Time constant (τ ), note down the time taken by the output
waveform to reach 63.2% of final steady state value.

Fig. 2(a) Step response of DC Servomotor under unloaded condition

Fig. 2(b) Step response of DC Servomotor under loaded condition

(small disc)

Fig. 2(c) Step response of DC Servomotor under loaded condition

(large disc)

RESULT:
EXPT. NO. 4.A MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM:
 To measure the given medium resistance using Wheatstone bridge.
 To study the working of bridge under balanced and unbalanced condition
and to study the sensitivity of bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Wheat stone Bridge kit
2 Unknown resistance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
It is used for the measurement of medium resistances. Very high degrees of
accuracy can be achieved with the Wheatstone bridge. It has four resistive arms,
consisting of resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 together with a battery source and a null
detector usually a galvanometer or other sensitive current meter. The current through
the galvanometer depends on the potential difference between points C and D. The
bridge is said to be balanced when there is no current through the galvanometer or
when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero
FORMULAE USED:
Unknown Resistance, Rx = (R2/R1) R3()
Where R1, R3 = Ratio Arms.
R2 = Variable resistance,
Rx = Unknown resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. The unknown resistance is connected to the kit. Ratio arm is set to some value.
2. By adjusting the resistance R1 the galvanometer is made to indicate null position
or zero, indicating balanced condition.
3. The values of resistance are noted using multimeter.
4. The unknown resistance is calculated from these values.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Variable resistor R1 R3 Unknown
resistance Rx
1

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
EXPT. NO .4.B STUDY OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

AIM
To study the operation of a pressure transducer – Strain gauge.

OBJECTIVES
1. To study the basic principle of Strain gauge.

2. Study of Strain gauge as transducer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Pressure measurement module
2 Multimeter

THEORY:
A strain gauge is a long length of conductor arranged in a zigzag pattern on a
membrane.When it is stretched, its resistance increases. Strain gauges are mounted in
the same direction as the strain and often in fours to form a full 'Wheatstone Bridge'.
The diagram above represents what might happen if a strip of metal were fitted with
four gauges. An downward bend stretches the gauges on the top and compresses those
on the bottom. A pressure transducer contains a diaphragm which is deformed by the
pressure which can be measured by a strain gauged element.

FORMULAE USED:

% Error = [(Gauge pressure – displayed pressure) / displayed pressure] * 100

PROCEDURE:
 1. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with the
pressure measurement module. Switch ON the module.
2. Calibrate the pressure measurement module by the following procedure. Open
the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the output voltage
by using zero adjustment pot, then close the air release valve and apply 20 Psi
pressure to the cylinder and adjust the display to 20 Psi by using gain adjustment
POT.
3. After calibration open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air.
4. Close the air release valve and press the pump piston and note down the bridge
voltage in mV across T2 and T3, output voltage in V across T5 and GND and
the displayed pressure in Psi in the indicator. Repeat the procedure for increasing
values of pressure and tabulate the readings.(Pressure should not exceed 20 Psi)
5. Plot the error calibration curve.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
 S. No. Gauge Displayed Bridge Output %Error
Pressure (Psi) Pressure (Psi) Voltage (mV) Voltage
(V)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
 EXPT. NO. 5.A MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING KELVIN’S
DOUBLE BRIDGE

AIM:
 To measure the given low resistance using Kelvin’s double bridge method.
 To study the working of bridge under balanced and unbalanced condition
and to study the sensitivity of bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Kelvin Double bridge kit
2 Unknown resistance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 P, Q : First set of ratio arm
p,q : Second set of ratio arm
Rx : Unknown resistance
S : Standard resistance
R : Resistance of connecting lead
G : Galvanometer
E : Internal Battery

THEORY:
It is a modification of Wheatstone bridge. In the figure P and Q are the first set of ratio
arms. P and Q are the second set of ratio arms and is used to connect the galvanometer to
a point d at the appropriate potential between points m and n to eliminate the effect of
connecting lead of resistance r between the resistance Rx and the standard resistance S.
The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q. Under balanced conditions there is no current through
the galvanometer
FORMULA USED:
Rx = (P/Q) S ohms
Where
P, Q  first set of ratio arms.
p, q  Second set of ratio arms.
S  Standard resistance,
Rx  unknown resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. The trainer is energized and the power supply +5V is checked
2. A Galvanometer is connected externally to the trainer.
3. The unknown resistance ‘R’ is connected in the trainer.
4. The value of P/Q = p/q = 0.1 ratio
5. The value of S is adjusted for proper balance and the value of ‘S’ is noted and R is
calculated from the formula
6. Unknown resistance = R = PS / Q in ohm.
TABULAR COLUMN:

S. P Q S Set value Rx
No. Measured value
(K ohm) (K ohm) (K ohm) R=P S/Q (K ohm)

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
EXPT. NO. 5.B STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER - LVDT

AIM
To study the operation of LVDT- Linear Variable Differential Transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 LVDT kit
2 Multimeter
3 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
LVDT is the most commonly and extensively used transducer, for linear
displacement measurement. The LVDT consists of three symmetrical spaced coils
wound onto an insulated bobbin. A magnetic core, which moves through the bobbin
without contact, provides a path for the magnetic flux linkage between the coils. The
position of the magnetic core controls the mutual inductance between the primary
coil and with the two outside or secondary coils. When an AC excitation is applied to
the primary coil, the voltage is induced in secondary coils that are wired in a series
opposing circuit. When the core is centered between two secondary coils, the voltage
induced in the secondary coils are equal, but out of phase by 180°. The voltage in the
two coils cancels and the output voltage will be zero.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. The trainer is switched and power supply is checked for +12V and -12Vwith the
help of multi meter.
2. The trainer is switched off and connections are made as per the patching diagram.
3. The LVDT is connected in the kit through connector provided in the circuit.
4. The displacement of LVDT is kept at one end by using screw guage.
5. The trainer is switched on and the output DC voltage is measured using
multimeter by connecting it across DC output + and – respectively.
6. The displacement is varied with the help of screw gauge and the corresponding
output voltages are noted down.
 7. The screw gauge is adjusted for maximum displacement and then stopped.
8. A graph between displacement and output voltage is drawn.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO DISPLACEMENT ON MULTIMETER

MICRO-METER (mm) READING (Volts)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
EXPT. NO. 6 CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGYMETER

AIM:

To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Energy meter
2 Wattmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Resistive Load
6 Connecting Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Energy meters are most commonly form of an A. c. KWh meter used to measure the
energy consumed in any a.c. circuit in a prescribed period when supply voltage and
frequency are constant, in day today life & in industrial installation. Energy meter is an
integrating instrument which measure the total quantity of electrical energy supplied to
the circuit in a given period. These meters measure electrical energy in Kilowatt hours.
The Basic principle of induction type energy meter is electromagnetic induction. When
an alternating current flows through two suitably located coils (Current coil & Potential
Coil) produces rotating magnetic field which is cut by the metallic disc Suspended near to
the coils, thus, an e.m.f. is induced in the thin Aluminum disc which circulates eddy
currents in it. By the interaction of Rotating magnetic field & eddy currents, torque is
developed & causes the disc to rotate

FORMULAE USED:
Power measured by wattmeter is P = Wattmeter read x multiplication fator
True Energy, ET = P x t . . . . wh
Energy recorded by the energy meter is
EM = energy meter constant x N . . . . . .Wh
Percentage Error = (EM – ET)x 100%

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is switched ON and load is increased in steps, each time noting the readings of
ammeter and wattmeter. Also the actual time taken for 1 revolution of the disc is
measured using stop watch.
3. Step 2 is repeated till rated current of the energy meter is reached.
4. % error is calculated and calibration curve is drawn.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Voltage Current Wattmeter Revolution Time True Energy Percentage
(V) (A) Reading (N) taken Energy Recorded Error
(W) (Sec/T) by the
EM

CALCULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

+Ve
% Error
0
Win

-Ve

RESULT:
EXP.NO: 7 CALIBRATION OF THREE PHASE ENERGYMETER
DIRECT LOADING
AIM:
To calibrate the given 3-phase energy meter with a standard wattmeter
using direct loading method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1

2 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1

3 Wattmeter 600V, 10A UPF 3

4 Energy meter 600V/10A 3

5 Autotransformer 416V/(0-470V) 1

FORMULA USED:

THEORY:

Precautions
 At the time of switching on the supply, no load must be included.
 DPST switch is kept open at the time of starting

 At the time of switching on the supply, the variac must be in the minimum
potential position.
Calibrating the energy meter means to find out the error in the measurement of
energy by energymeter. Every energymeter has its own characteristics constant
specified by the manufactured in joules and the number of revolution of the disc. For
example, say X revolutions corresponds to the measurement of the Y joules. This
energy is denoted as Thus can be calculated from X as joules. To have

zero error, the actual energy by the load for the time corresponding to the 5 rev, must be
same as This energy is called actual energy consumed are the true energy denoted.
The % of error can be calculated by,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Voltage Current Wattmeter Reading Time for Actual True Error
(V) (A) W1 W2 Total revolution energy energy (%)
(min) (KWh)
PROCEDURE:
 Give the connections as per the circuit diagram
 Note the precautions – Fuse rating and single phase auto transformer at minimum
position
 Close the DPST switch
 Set the rated voltage of energymeter by adjusting 3Φ auto transformer
 Take the load reading of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and by energymeter
 By applying the load upto the current of energymeter and take various set of
readings
 The graph is drawn for energy recorded Vs % error.

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
EXPT. NO. 8.A MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE USING
SCHERING BRIDGE

AIM:
To measure the unknown capacitance using Schering bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Schering Bridge kit
2 Unknown capacitance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires
5 CRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The schering bridge one of the most important ac bridge is used the extensively for the
Measurement of capacitors.In the schering bridge the arm 1 now contains a parallel
combination of the resistor and the capacitor and standard arm contain only one
capacitor. The standard capacitor is usually a standard high quality mica capacitor. In the
balance condition of the bridge the sum of the phase angles of the arms 1 and 4 is equal
the sum of the phase angle of arms 2 and 3.at the balance incondition there is no current
flow in the galvanometer.
FORMULA USED:
Unknown capacitance, Cx = (R4/R3) C2,
Where C3 is known capacitance in µF
R2 is Non-Inductive Variable Resistor

PROCEDURE:
1. The trainer is switched ‘ON’ and the unknown capacitance is connected in the
terminals Cx.
2. Initially the resistance R3 is kept some value and by varying the value of
resistance R4 the balanced condition is obtained
3. The balanced condition is checked with the help of head phone.

4. All the values are noted down

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sr. R3 (1) C2 R4 (2) Cx Set Value

No. Obs Value
Unit K F K F F

PHASOR DIAGRAM:
CALCULATION:

RESULT:

EXPT. NO. 8.B MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING

ANDERSON BRIDGE
AIM:
To determine the self inductance of the given coil by Anderson bridge

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Anderson bridge kit
2 Multimeter
3 Connecting Wires
4 Known Inductive Box
5 Bridge oscillator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
AC bridges are often used to measure the value of unknown impedance (self/mutual
inductance of inductors or capacitance of capacitors accurately). A large number of AC
bridges are available and Anderson's Bridge is an AC bridge used to measure self
inductance of the coil. It enables us to measure the inductance of a coil using capacitor
and resistors and does not require repeated balancing of the bridge. The bridge is
balanced by a steady current by replacing the headphone H by moving coil galvanometer
and A.C source by a battery. This is done by adjusting the variable resistance, r. After a
steady balance has been obtained, inductive balance is obtained by using the A.C source
and headphone.The condition for balance is that the potentials at the terminals D and E
are same. Then the current flowing through branch AB is I 1, through branch AE and EB is
I2. The current flowing through branches AD and DC is I3, while that through branch BC
is I1+I2. No current flows through branch DE.
FORMULAE USED:
1. R1=(R2R3/R4) – r1
2. L1=(C R3/R4)[r (R4+R2)+R2R4]
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With a particular value of ‘C’ the balanced condition is obtained by adjusting the
value of resistance.
3. All the values in the bridge are noted down
4. Repeat it with different values of ‘C’ and calculate every time the value of ‘L’.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Given
Inductance Capacitance Resistance Resistance L=
L C Rm R2 (RQ+m(S+R)
1

2
3
4

PHASOR DIAGRAM:
CALCULATION:

RESULT:

EXPT. NO. 5 CALIBRATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

AIM
To study the working of current transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1 Current Transformer
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Resistive Load

THEORY:
Current Transformer:
The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed
to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the
current being measured in its primary.

Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC
transmission line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a current
transformer is no different from that of an ordinary transformer.

FORMULAE USED:

% Ratio error =[( nominal ratio – actual ratio) / actual ratio] x 100

= [ (Kn - Kact) / Kact ]

Where
Kact = magnitude of actual primary current / magnitude of actual secondary current
Kn = rated primary current / rated secondary current
Inductive reactance in Ω, XL = 2πfL
Where L is inductance of CT secondary in H
Impedance in Ω, Z = √ R2 + XL2
Secondary burden due to load, VA = I2 Z

PRECAUTIONS:
 1. SPST 1 and SPST 2 should be kept closed before switching ON the supply.
2. SPST2 should be opened before applying the load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. DPST is closed on the primary side and no load voltage and current are noted.
3. SPST 2 is opened and then load is applied in steps. For each load applied, line
voltage, primary current, secondary current, and load values are noted down. Also
resistance and inductance values of CT secondary are measured using LCR meter.
4. The % error and secondary burden due to lad are calculated.
5. A graph is drawn between primary current and secondary current is drawn.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No Line Primary Secondary Load R L Z % Secondary

voltage current current Error burden
 due to load
V A A W Ω H Ω % VA

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

EXPT. NO. 6 TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER

SYSTEMS
AIM:
To study the Time Response analysis of First and Second order systems and
determine the Time domain specifications.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Personal computer

MATLAB software

THEORY

The time response of any system has two components-Transient response,Steady-state

response. When the response of the system is changed from rest or equilibrium it takes
some time to settle down. Transient response is the response of a system from rest or
equilibrium to steady state. The response of the system after the transient response is
called steady state response. Transient response is dependent upon the system poles only
and not on the type of input. It is therefore sufficient to analyze the transient response
using a step input. The steady-state response depends on system dynamics and the input
quantity. It is then examined using different test signals by final value theorem.

A first-order system without zeros can be represented by the following transfer function

C (s) 1

R ( s ) s  1
Second-order systems exhibit a wide range of responses which must be analyzed and
described. Whereas for a first-order system, varying a single parameter changes the speed
of response, changes in the parameters of a second order system can change the form of
the response.
A general second-order system is characterized by the following transfer function:

TIME DOMAIN RESPONSE

TIME DOMAIN SPECIFICATIONS:
a) TRANSIENT RESPONSE
1. Tr – rise time =  
n 1   2

2. Tp – peak time =

n 1   2

3. %MP – percentage maximum overshoot =



1 2
4. Ts – settling time (2% error) = e x100%
4
 n

b) STEADY STATE RESPONSE

Steady State error

CALCULATION
RESULT

EXP NO: 07 MEASUREMENT USING DAQ CARDS

AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to measure a signal using DAQ cards.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
  Personal Computer.
 LabVIEW software.
 NI DAQNX Card.
 Power supply (0-30)V
 26 pin PCB connector

LabVIEW VERSION: 8.5

THEORY:
LabVIEW:

LabVIEW is a graphical programming platform that helps engineers scale from

design to test and from small to large systems. It offers unprecedented integration with
existing legacy software, IP, and hardware while capitalizing on the latest computing
technologies. LabVIEW provides tools to solve today’s problems—and the capacity for
future innovation—faster and more effectively.NI LabVIEW system design software is at
the center of the National Instruments platform. Providing comprehensive tools that you
need to build any measurement or control application in dramatically less time,
LabVIEW is the ideal development environment for innovation, discovery, and
accelerated results. Combine the power of LabVIEW software with modular,
reconfigurable hardware to overcome the ever-increasing complexity involved in
delivering measurement and control systems on time and under budget. Application area
such as Automating Measurements and Processing Signal, Data Instrument Control
,Systems, Designing, Academic Teaching.

DATA ACQUISITION:

NI-DAQmx is a programming interface you can use to communicate with data

acquisition devices. Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) is a tool automatically
installed with NI-DAQmx and used to configure National Instruments hardware and
software. This exercise introduces you to the Express VIs used to acquire data using NI-
DAQmx. With NI-DAQmx you can create simulated devices in MAX, so no data
acquisition hardware is required to complete this exercise. An NI-DAQmx simulated
device is a software replica of data acquisition hardware.
PIN DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

FRONT PANEL:
1.Open a blank VI.
2. Select numeric indicator from CONTROLS>>MODERM>>BOOLEAN on front
panel.
3.Select Boolean switch from CONTROLS>>MODERN>>BOOLEAN on front panel.
4. Select waveform graph from CONTROLS >> MODERN >> GRAPH >>
WAVEFORM CHART on front panel for the display of output.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
1.Select DAQ assistant express from Express >> DAQ Assistant.
2. Select the input by DAQ Assistant >> Acquire Signal >>Analog input >> Voltage >>
AI0.
3.Run the process using RUN option in DAQ Dialogue box. Then the SINE wave will be
obtained.
4. Select MATH >> PROBABILITY >> MEAN.
5. All the icons should be wired to meet our objective.
6. The analog input data is acquired by data acquisition card and it is displayed in the
front panel.
TABULATION
VOLMETER ACQUIRED VOLTAGE
READING(V)

RESULT: