MODULO 5

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
PLACES IN A CITY
LOCATIONS AND DIRECTIONS
SIGHTS

THE VERB CAN (ABILITY)

IMPERATIVE
OBJECT PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Illustrated Vocabulary - Transport

bicycle, van submarine

bike

motorbike, lorry balloon

motorcycle (UK),
truck (US)

car (UK), train plane,

auto, airplane
automobile (US)
 bus ship helicopter

What does modes of transport mean?

Mode of transport  means, ways of getting to some where or getting back from
some were. This could be using a car, train, boat, areoplane, motorbike or other
forms of transportation.

The different types of transport available 

On foot

The free mode of transport as cost no money.

By bicycle

Are used for going to work or for exercise, a good mode of transport in busy cities.

By car

Used for transport friends and family around.

By Taxi

Taxi you have to pay the driver to take you somewhere

By bus

Buses carry many people around a certain route. people pay money and get of at
there stop.

By Train

Trains uses tracks to carry many people around on a certain route. People pay
money and get of at there train station.

By motorbike

Are used by one or two people to get to another place.

By tube

Tubes are underground network that as tracks and carries many people around on
a certain route. People pay money and get of at there tube station.

 
By yacht

Are used for pleasure, for people to enjoy in their free time.

By ship

Are used to carry large amounts of cargo across water.

 By boat

Are used to travel across water and carry people or can be used for fishing.

By helicopter

Helicopters are used by police. coast guards, business men, and the rich and
famous.

By areoplane

Used for traveling any where in your own country or the world.

By hot air balloon 

Mainly used for enjoyment then for transport.

DIRECTIONS

You know how to ASK for directions, but what happens when an English
speaker asks YOU for directions. This is not a time for small talk. Give
only basic directions with short phrases. Do the best you can.

Questions you may hear

How do I get to Main Street?
Where is the closest gas station?
Can you tell me where the community centre is?
I’m looking for Jane Street.
Are you from around here?

If you know the way…

Use basic English to offer directions. Short phrases are best. Speak
slowly and use very careful pronunciation. Spell out a word if necessary.

The easiest way is to…

The quickest way is to…
The best way is to…

go + direction (right, left, down, up, through)

take + road name
turn + right/left
stay on + road name for + distance or time

Examples:
The easiest way is to go right on Commercial Avenue.
The quickest way is to take Road Number 1.
The best way is to turn right on Main Street.
Stay on Route 1 for about ten minutes.

Use transitions
Separate each leg of the route with a transition.

after that
then
next
when you get to…go…
finally
Offer “Ballpark Figures” (rough estimates of time or length of travel)
Some people feel better knowing how long it will take to get from A to B.

It’s just around the corner (not far).

It’s not far.
It’s a bit of a way. (it takes a while)
It’s about a five minute walk.
It’s about a twenty minute bus ride.

Use landmarks
Tell the person what to watch for.

You will see a large clock on the right.

You will pass a gas station.
It’s across from the blue church.

More useful language

It’s on + street name
It’s across from
It’s opposite
It’s near
It’s around the corner from

Offer warnings
Stay in the right lane.
It’s a very busy road.
It’s a big hill. (if they are walking or on a bike)
There might be construction.
If you pass the … you went too far.
There’s no parking.

Repeat yourself
If YOU repeat the directions again, the other person will feel more
confident. Repeat important details including street names and turns. You
can also ask the other person to repeat the directions back to you.

If you are in the car with the driver…

Give a lot of warning.

Turn right at the next street

Get in the left lane.
Go one more block. Then turn right.
At the next traffic lights turn…
It’s going to be on your right.

Clarify
Make sure that the other person understood your directions. Say: “Did
you get all that?”

If you don’t know the way…

Don’t guess! Don’t just shake your head and walk away. Use one of these
phrases:

I’m sorry, I’m not from here.

I’m afraid I can’t help you.
Sorry I don’t know my way around here.

Offer another solution

You could ask the bus driver.
Ask the front desk clerk.
Follow me. I’ll show you the way.
Do you want me to draw you a map?

“Read the directions and directly you will be directed in the right
direction.”
(Alice in Wonderland)

ABILITY
“Can” is a modal verb. This means you don’t have ‘s’ on the end of “can” for he / she.
“Can” is the same for all subjects.

It’s followed by the infinitive of the verb without “to”:

I can drive.
You can drive.
He can drive.
She can drive.
We can drive.
They can drive.

The negative is cannot or can’t:

I cannot / can’t drive.

You can’t drive.
He can’t drive.
etc

To form a question, invert the subject and “can”:

Can you drive?

Can he drive?
etc

Short response

Yes I can / No I can’t

Yes he can / No he can’t

Example:
Can she drive?
Yes she can / No she can’t.

Pronunciation tip!
“Can” rhymes with “ran” in question forms and short answers.
“Can you swim?”
“Yes, I can.”

In affirmative sentences it becomes /kun/: the “a” sound becomes a short schwa “uh”
sound.
For example, “I can swim” = “I /kun/ swim”

“Can’t” rhymes with “aunt” (as in “car – nt”).

In the past
We use could to talk about our ability in the past:

“I could run fast when I was a child.”

The negative is couldn’t:

“I couldn’t speak a foreign language when I was a child.”

“Could” and “couldn’t” are also modals, which mean they don’t add ‘s’ for the third person,
and an infinitive without “to” follows them. You form negatives and questions in the same
way as “can”.

Be able to
You can use “be able to” in the present simple tense. It’s more formal than “can”.
Remember to change the “be” to the correct verb ending for the subject:

I am (am not) able to attend the meeting.

You are (aren’t) able to leave the country without a passport.
He is (isn’t) able to drive a car.
She is (isn’t) able to read without glasses.
We are (aren’t) able to buy a new house.
They are (aren’t) able to walk very far.

In the past, change am, are, is to was or were:

I was / wasn’t able to come to your party.
We were / weren’t able to leave on time.

“Be able to” is also useful in situations when you can’t use “can” or “could”. In English
grammar, you can’t have two modals together. For example, if you want to talk about
ability in the future, you can’t use “will can”, but you can use “will be able to“, because “be
able to” is not a modal.

I will be able to attend the meeting tomorrow.

You will be able to enter the competition.
He will be able to get the next flight.
She will be able to help you.
We will be able to attend the wedding.
They will be able to pass the exam.

In the negative form, use “won’t” (or “will not“):

I won’t be able to attend the meeting.

She will not be able to leave the office before 5pm.

To make the question form, invert “will” and the subject:

Will you be able to come to the party?

Will he be able to lift that box?
Imperative Sentence (command)
Get out.Terminator
Imperative sentences are one of the four sentence
types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative).

Imperative sentences give commands.

form function example

verb.. give a command Stop!

.

What is the form of an imperative sentence?

The typical form (structure) of an English imperative sentence uses the
base verb with no subject. In fact, many imperative sentences consist of
nothing but the verb. Look at these example structures:

verb

Stop
!

  ...verb..  
.
 Please sit here.

The final punctuation is usually a full-stop/period (.) or an exclamation

mark/point (!).

Imperative sentences can be in positive or negative form, and can refer

to present or future time.

What is the function of an imperative sentence?

The usual function (job) of an imperative sentence is to give a command
or instruction. It tells us to do something.

Look at these examples:

 Help!
 Go now!
 Don't sit there.

How do we use an imperative sentence?

Although we use imperative sentences to give direct commands, we can
also use them to give instructions more politely than a straight command.
Instructions like this are quite common, for example in a user guide to
explain how to operate a machine. Imperatives can also be used with
words like "please" or "kindly" to add politeness.

Look at these positive and negative examples. You will notice that some
of them refer to present time, some to future time and some to both:

example positive negative

context
 army Shoot! Don't move!

user guide Remove the packaging. Open the Do not dispose of

blue box and connect the two battery in the trash.
wires.

school Now wash your hands! Don't forget your

homework.

airplane Please remain seated until the Do not smoke in

seatbelt sign is off. the toilets.

hotel Kindly help yourself to fruit. Please don't

forget your
belongings.

friends Please be waiting when we arrive. Don't be late!

Objective Personal Pronouns

The objective personal pronouns are "me," "you," "him," "her," "it," "us,"
"them," and "whom."

Objective personal pronouns are used when a pronoun is an object in

sentence. There are three types of object:
 Direct Object. The direct object is the thing being acted on by
the verb. For example:
 They caught her last week.
("Her" is the direct object of the verb "caught." "Her" is an
objective personal pronoun. It is the objective-case version
of the subjective personal pronoun "she.")
 Indirect Object. The indirect object of a sentence is the
recipient of the direct object. For example:
 I sent him a letter.
("Him" is the indirect object of the verb "sent", i.e., the
recipient of "a letter," which is the direct object. "Him" is the
objective-case version of "he.")
 Object of a Preposition. The object of a preposition is the noun
or pronoun governed by a preposition. For example:
 It is a donation from them.
("Them" is the object of the preposition "from." "Them" is the
objective-case version of "they.")

Objective personal pronouns are personal pronouns in the objective case.

The objective case contrasts with the subjective case, which is used to
show the subject of a verb. Here are two more examples to highlight this
point:
 They know him.
("They" is the subjective case. "Him" is the objective case.)
 He knows them.
("He" is the subjective case. "Them" is the objective case.)

Examples of Objective Personal

Pronouns As Direct Objects
Here are some examples of objective personal pronouns as direct
objects:
 Democracy is the name we give the people whenever we
need them.
 To obtain a man's opinion of you, make him mad. (Judge Oliver
Wendell Holmes)
(In this example, "you" is also an objective personal pronoun. It's
an object of preposition. See below.)
 I'm a godmother. That's a great thing to be, a godmother. She
calls me God for short. That's cute. I taught her that. (Comedian
Ellen DeGeneres)
(In this example, "her" is also an objective personal pronoun. It's
an indirect object. See below.)
Read more about the direct object.

Examples of Objective Personal

Pronouns As Indirect Objects
Here are some examples of objective personal pronouns as indirect
objects:
 Everybody likes a kidder, but nobody lends him money.
(Playwright Arthur Miller)
 The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can
do him absolutely no good. (Writer Samuel Johnson)
 I'm a godmother. That's a great thing to be, a godmother. She
calls me God for short. That's cute. I taught her that. (Comedian
Ellen DeGeneres)
(In this example, "me" is also an objective personal pronoun. It's a
direct object. See above.)
Read more about the indirect object.
Examples of Objective Personal
Pronouns As the Objects of Prepositions
Here are some examples of objective personal pronouns as the objects
of prepositions (prepositions in bold):
 All the world's a stage and most of us are desperately
unrehearsed. (Dramatist Sean O'Casey)
 To obtain a man's opinion of you, make him mad. (Judge Oliver
Wendell Holmes)
(In this example, "him" is also an objective personal pronoun. It's a
direct object. See above.)
 Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong
impulse to see it tried on him personally. (President Abraham
Lincoln)
Read more about the object of a preposition.
Read more about prepositions.

Not All the Pronouns Change Their

Forms
Objects (i.e., direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions)
are always in the objective case. In English, this only affects pronouns
(but not all pronouns). Here is a table:
Subjective Pronoun Objective Pronoun Comment

I me  

you you No change

he him  

she her  

it it No change

we us  

they them  

who whom More on who & whom