Transcription: From DNA to RNA

Including RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

With Georgina Cornwall

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 Learning Goals
Transcription is a Bit Different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• Describe transcription in prokaryotes

• Differentiate between initiation, elongation

and termination

• Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic transcription

• Diagram aspects of RNA processing

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 The Process of Transcription
Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What do you know about the differences between transcription in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 The Process of Transcription
Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Coding
strand
Template
strand

DNA

Rewinding Unwinding

mRNA
RNA polymerase

RNA-DNA hybrid helix

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 Transcription in Prokaryotes RNA Polymerase
The RNA Polymerase Forms the Holoenzyme

Other subunits

DNA

Holoenzyme

Core enzyme synthesizes RNA

The core polymerase needs to associate with other subunits to form the holoenzyme.
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 RNA Polymerase

Initiation of transcription requires RNA polymerase to bind to DNA.

The holoenzyme recognizes

the promoter sequence and binds.

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 RNA Polymerase
The Holoenzyme

Promoter DNA

Coding -35 sequence -10 sequence Startpoint

strand +1
TTGACA TATAAT A
AACTGT ATATTA T
Template Transcription
strand
A
RNA

The holoenzyme recognized the promoter sequence and binds.

Asymmetry indicates direction

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 The Growing mRNA
The Transcription Bubble

DNA

During elongation, nucleotides are added to the growing

mRNA. As the DNA moves through the transcription
bubble the mRNA grows.

RNA

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 The Growing mRNA
The Transcription Bubble

Transcription
bubble
DNA

RNA Nucleotide
triphosphates

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 Termination of Transcription
Terminator Sequence

Termination of translation occurs at the termination site.

RNA polymerase releases the DNA
once it reaches the terminator sequence.

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 Termination of Transcription
RNA Polymerase Releases the DNA

RNA polymerase releases the DNA

once it reaches the terminator
sequence.

Four or more uracil

ribonucleotides

The hairpin is formed by a series

mRNA
of G-C base pairs followed by
Hairpin
A-T base pairs
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 Termination of Transcription
RNA Polymerase Releases the DNA

DNA and RNA

polymerase
dissociates

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation
As the mRNA Is Released from the Transcription Bubble

RNA polymerase

DNA

Polyribosomes

Polypeptide
mRNA chains
Ribosomes

Prokaryotic transcription and translation are couples.

As the mRNA is released from the transcription bubble, ribosomes begin translation.
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 The Three RNA Polymerases
RNA Polymerase I

Eukaryotes have three

RNA polymerases.
Each of them has a different role, and each has its own promoter sequence.

RNA RNA RNA

polymerase I polymerase II Polymerase III

rRNA mRNA + nuclear tRNA

RNAs
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 The Complex Eukaryotes Transcription

Eukaryotic initiation requires the binding of transcription factors.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 The Complex Eukaryotes Transcription
Elongation Factors

Other transcription factors RNA polymerase

Eukaryotic DNA

TATA
box

Transcription factor Initiation complex

A transcription factors bind to TATA-box on promoter sequence.
Other transcription factors bind to form the initiation complex.
RNA polymerase II joins and transcription begins.
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 Eukaryotic mRNA Experiences Post-transcriptional Modifications

cap poly-A tail

prepare mRNA for life outside the nucleus

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 Addition of A -A Tail
Eukaryotic Initiation Requires the Binding of Transcription Factors

cap

-A tail

Methyl group
mRNA

Primary transcript is transformed into mature mRNA

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 Post-transcriptional Modifications

E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 I4

Eukaryotic mRNA experiences post-transcriptional modifications.

Pre-mRNA splicing removes intervening sequences of RNA.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 Pre-mRNA Splicing
Intervening Sequences of RNA

Pre-mRNA splicing removes intervening sequences of RNA.

E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 I4

DNA Template
Transcription
cap -A tail

Primary RNA transcript Introns are removed

cap -A tail

Mature mRNA
Introns
Exons

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 Pre-mRNA Splicing
Intervening Sequences of RNA

Spliceosomes snurps ).

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 Pre-mRNA Splicing
Intervening Sequences of RNA

Spliceosome

Exon 1 Intron Exon 2

snRNA froms base-pairs with snRNPs associate with other

of intron, and at the branch site. factors to form spliceosome.
Lariat
Excised intron

Exon 1 Exon 2

of intron is removed and forms

Exons are joined; spliceosome disassembles. bond at branch site, forming a lariat.
.
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 Alternative Splicing
Generates Different Proteins From the Same Gene

DNA
Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Exon 4 Exon 5
RNA
Alternative Splicing

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 5
mRNA
Translation Translation Translation

Protein A Protein B Protein C

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 Learning Outcomes
Now You Are Able to:

 Describe transcription in prokaryotes.

 Differentiate between initiation, elongation

and termination.

 Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic transcription.

 Diagram aspects of RNA processing.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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 This document is a property of: Jeanne Waldo Reminajes

Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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