Transcription: From DNA To RNA: Including RNA Processing in Eukaryotes With Georgina Cornwall

Transcription: From DNA to RNA
Including RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
With Georgina Cornwall
Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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Learning Goals
Transcription is a Bit Different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Describe transcription in prokaryotes
• Differentiate between initiation, elongation

and termination
• Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic transcription
• Diagram aspects of RNA processing

The Process of Transcription
Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What do you know about the differences between transcription in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

The Process of Transcription
Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Coding
strand
Template
strand
DNA
Rewinding Unwinding
mRNA
RNA polymerase
RNA-DNA hybrid helix

Transcription in Prokaryotes RNA Polymerase
The RNA Polymerase Forms the Holoenzyme
Other subunits
DNA
Holoenzyme
Core enzyme synthesizes RNA
The core polymerase needs to associate with other subunits to form the holoenzyme.
RNA Polymerase
Initiation of transcription requires RNA polymerase to bind to DNA.

The holoenzyme recognizes
the promoter sequence and binds.

RNA Polymerase
The Holoenzyme
Promoter DNA
Coding -35 sequence -10 sequence Startpoint

strand +1
TTGACA TATAAT A
AACTGT ATATTA T
Template Transcription
strand
A
RNA
The holoenzyme recognized the promoter sequence and binds.
Asymmetry indicates direction

The Growing mRNA
The Transcription Bubble
DNA
During elongation, nucleotides are added to the growing

mRNA. As the DNA moves through the transcription
bubble the mRNA grows.
RNA

The Growing mRNA
The Transcription Bubble
Transcription
bubble
DNA
RNA Nucleotide
triphosphates

Termination of Transcription
Terminator Sequence
Termination of translation occurs at the termination site.

RNA polymerase releases the DNA
once it reaches the terminator sequence.

RNA Polymerase Releases the DNA
RNA polymerase releases the DNA

once it reaches the terminator
sequence.
Four or more uracil

ribonucleotides
The hairpin is formed by a series

mRNA
of G-C base pairs followed by
Hairpin
A-T base pairs
RNA Polymerase Releases the DNA
DNA and RNA

polymerase
dissociates

Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation
As the mRNA Is Released from the Transcription Bubble
RNA polymerase
DNA
Polyribosomes
Polypeptide
mRNA chains
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic transcription and translation are couples.

As the mRNA is released from the transcription bubble, ribosomes begin translation.
The Three RNA Polymerases
RNA Polymerase I
Eukaryotes have three

RNA polymerases.
Each of them has a different role, and each has its own promoter sequence.
RNA RNA RNA

polymerase I polymerase II Polymerase III
rRNA mRNA + nuclear tRNA

RNAs
The Complex Eukaryotes Transcription
Eukaryotic initiation requires the binding of transcription factors.

The Complex Eukaryotes Transcription
Elongation Factors
Other transcription factors RNA polymerase

Eukaryotic DNA
TATA
box
Transcription factor Initiation complex

A transcription factors bind to TATA-box on promoter sequence.
Other transcription factors bind to form the initiation complex.
RNA polymerase II joins and transcription begins.
Eukaryotic mRNA Experiences Post-transcriptional Modifications
cap poly-A tail

prepare mRNA for life outside the nucleus

Addition of A -A Tail
Eukaryotic Initiation Requires the Binding of Transcription Factors
cap
-A tail
Methyl group
mRNA
Primary transcript is transformed into mature mRNA

Post-transcriptional Modifications
E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 I4
Eukaryotic mRNA experiences post-transcriptional modifications.

Pre-mRNA splicing removes intervening sequences of RNA.

Pre-mRNA Splicing
Intervening Sequences of RNA
Pre-mRNA splicing removes intervening sequences of RNA.

E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 I4
DNA Template
Transcription
cap -A tail
Primary RNA transcript Introns are removed

cap -A tail
Mature mRNA
Introns
Exons

Pre-mRNA Splicing
Spliceosomes snurps ).

Pre-mRNA Splicing
Spliceosome
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2
snRNA froms base-pairs with snRNPs associate with other

of intron, and at the branch site. factors to form spliceosome.
Lariat
Excised intron
Exon 1 Exon 2
of intron is removed and forms

Exons are joined; spliceosome disassembles. bond at branch site, forming a lariat.
.
Alternative Splicing
Generates Different Proteins From the Same Gene
DNA
Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Exon 4 Exon 5
RNA
Alternative Splicing
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 5
mRNA
Translation Translation Translation
Protein A Protein B Protein C

Learning Outcomes
Now You Are Able to:
 Describe transcription in prokaryotes.
 Differentiate between initiation, elongation

and termination.
 Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

eukaryotic transcription.
 Diagram aspects of RNA processing.

This document is a property of: Jeanne Waldo Reminajes
Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.


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Transcription: From DNA to RNA

Including RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

With Georgina Cornwall

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

• Describe transcription in prokaryotes

• Differentiate between initiation, elongation

• Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

• Diagram aspects of RNA processing

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

What do you know about the differences between transcription in

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

RNA-DNA hybrid helix

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Core enzyme synthesizes RNA

Initiation of transcription requires RNA polymerase to bind to DNA.

the promoter sequence and binds.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Coding -35 sequence -10 sequence Startpoint

The holoenzyme recognized the promoter sequence and binds.

Asymmetry indicates direction

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

During elongation, nucleotides are added to the growing

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Termination of translation occurs at the termination site.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

RNA polymerase releases the DNA

Four or more uracil

The hairpin is formed by a series

DNA and RNA

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Prokaryotic transcription and translation are couples.

Eukaryotes have three

RNA RNA RNA

rRNA mRNA + nuclear tRNA

Eukaryotic initiation requires the binding of transcription factors.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Other transcription factors RNA polymerase

Transcription factor Initiation complex

cap poly-A tail

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Primary transcript is transformed into mature mRNA

Eukaryotic mRNA experiences post-transcriptional modifications.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Pre-mRNA splicing removes intervening sequences of RNA.

Primary RNA transcript Introns are removed

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Exon 1 Intron Exon 2

snRNA froms base-pairs with snRNPs associate with other

of intron is removed and forms

Protein A Protein B Protein C

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

 Describe transcription in prokaryotes.

 Differentiate between initiation, elongation

 Explain the differences in prokaryotic and

 Diagram aspects of RNA processing.

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

Jeanne Waldo Reminajes, wreminajes@yahoo.com

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