Glossary

Word & Translation Definition & Example

Transcription

1. Absolutism Absolutism A political system in which a leader or government has total power
/ˈæb.sə.luː.tɪ.zəm/ at all times
Example: Absolutism is a political system.
2. Anarchy Anarhie the absence of an international authority.
/ˈæn.ə.ki/ Example:Anarchy can destroy the world.
3. Anthem imn A song that has a special importance for a country, an organization
/ˈænθəm/ or a particular group of people, and is sung on special occasions.
Example: The European anthem was played at the opening and
closing ceremonies.
4. Capitalism Capitalism An economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry
/ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪ.zəm/ are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by
the government.
Example: The growth of industrial capitalism in the West,was
incredible.
5. Citizen  Cetățean A person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country.
/ˈsɪt.ɪ.zən/ Example: She's Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen.
6. Civil War Război-civil armed conflict within a state between factions that wish to control a
/ˌsɪv.əl ˈwɔːr/  government or exercise jurisdiction over territory.
Example:In USA was a civil war.
7. Cold war Război Rece A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the
/ˌkəʊld ˈwɔːr/ United States.
Example: The first phase of the Cold War began immediately after
the end of the Second World War.
8. Commonwealth Commonwealth is a political association of 54 member states, mostly former
 /ˈkɒm.ən.welθ/ territories of the British Empire.
Example: The human symbol of this free association is the Head of
the Commonwealth, currently Queen Elizabeth II.
9. Communism Comunism A political movement that believes in an economic system in which
/ˈkɒm.jə.nɪ.zəm/ the state controls the means of producing everything for the people.
It aims to create a society in which everyone is treated equally.
Example: Communism was the main political movement in URSS.
10. Congress Congres A large formal meeting or series of meetings where representatives
/ˈkɒŋ.ɡres/ from different groups discuss ideas, make decisions, etc.
Example: An international congress of trades unions.
11. Crisis Criză A time of great danger, difficulty or doubt when problems must be
 /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ solved or important decisions must be made.
Example: The government is facing a political crisis.
12. Culture Cultură The customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of
 /ˈkʌl.tʃər/ a particular country or group.
Example: The film examines the culture clash between the
generations.
13. Democracy Democrație A system of government in which the people of a country can vote
/dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/ to elect their representatives.
Example: I thought we were supposed to be living in a democracy.
14. Democratization Democratizare the process of adopting democratic characteristics.
 /dɪˌmɒk.rə.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ Example:The process of democratization is very long.
15. Dictatorship Dictatură Government by a dictator.
/dɪkˈteɪ.tə.ʃɪp/ Example: The generals established a military dictatorship.
16. Diplomacy Diplomație The activity of managing relations between different countries
 /dɪˈpləʊ.mə.si/ Example: Diplomacy is better than war.
17. Discourse Discurs A long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or
/ˈdɪs.kɔːs/ writing. Example: A discourse on issues of gender and sexuality.
18. Doctrine Doctrină A belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a Church, a political
/ˈdɒk.trɪn/ party, etc.
Example: He was deeply committed to political doctrines of social
equality.
19. Economy Economie The relationship between production, trade and the supply of money
 /iˈkɒn.ə.mi/ in a particular country or region.
Example: Tourism clearly dominates the local economy.
20. European Uniunea Europeană(UE) a union of 28 European states.
Union(EU) Example: European Union was designed originally during the
/jʊə.rəˌpiː.ən ˈjuː.ni.ən/ 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer
political and economic union.
21. Failed state Stat-eșuat a state in which domestic institutions have collapsed or are non-
/ˌfeɪld ˈsteɪt/ functional.
Example:Moldova is a failed state.
22. Fascism Fascism an authoritarian and/or totalitarian political system, often based on a
/ˈfæʃ.ɪ.zəm/ corporate state and centering around a powerful supreme leader.
Example:Fascism was the main political system in Germany,during
WWII.
23. Flag Flag A piece of cloth with a special coloured design on it that may be the
/flæɡ/ symbol of a particular country or organization, may be used to give
a signal or may have a particular meaning.
Example: The hotel flies the European Union flag.
24. Gender equality Egalitate de gen Is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities
/ˈdʒen.dər/ regardless of gender, including economic participation and
decision-making.
Example: Gender equality is more than equal representation, it is
strongly tied to women's rights.
25. Genocide Genocid systematic persecution/extermination of a group of people on the
 /ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd/ basis of their national, ethnic, racial or religious identity.
Example:The genocide of jews,was terrible.
26. Geopolitics Geopolitică The political relations between countries and groups of countries in
/ˌdʒiː.əʊˈpɒl.ə.tɪks/ the world, as influenced by their geography; the study of these
relations.
Example:Eurovision is an geopolitical contest.
27. Globalization Globalizare The fact that different cultures and economic systems around the
/ˌɡləʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ world are becoming connected and similar to each other because of
the influence of large multinational companies and of improved
communication. Example:Globalization started in the 20-th century

28. Hegemony Hegemonie preponderant influence or dominance of one nation (or group) over
/hɪˈɡem.ə.ni/ other.
Example:The hegemony of USA wasn’t so long.
29. Human rights Drepturile omului rights of all persons, regardless of what state they might inhabit, to
/ˌhjuː.mən ˈraɪts/ be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their
political beliefs
Example: Human rights are not respected in North-Korea.
30. Idealism Idealism an approach to IR based on the belief that moral principles and
/aɪˈdɪə.lɪ.zəm/ international cooperation should be guiding factors rather than
considerations based purely on power and national interest.
Example: Idealism is more better than realism.

31. Interdependence Interdependență the increasing interrelationship and mutual dependence among
/ˌɪn.tə.dɪˈpen.dəns/ nations, especially in an economic sense.
Example:Moldova is in interdependence with Russia.
32. International security Securitatea internațională a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace.
 /ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.ən.əl/ Example: International security is very important in our days.
33. Internationalize Internaționalizare To bring something under the control or protection of two or more
/ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.ən.əl.aɪz/ nations; to make something international.
Example: Larger manufacturers have been encouraged to
internationalize their operations.
34. Isolationism Izolaţionism The policy of not becoming involved in the affairs of other
/ˌaɪ.səlˈeɪ.ʃən.ɪ.zəm/ countries or groups
Example: Isolationism is the policy of not becoming involved in
the affairs of other countries
35. Nan-state actors Actori non-statali transnationally active groups other than states, such as international
organizations whose members are states and non-governmental
organizations whose members are individuals and private groups
from more than one state.
Example:Isis is a nan-state actor.
36. Nation Națiune a group of people sharing the same race, a common language,
 /ˈneɪ.ʃən/ history, and/or culture.
Example:The Russian nation has a long history.
37. Non-governmental Organizații non- international/transnational organizations with private membership
organizations guvernamentale(ONG) that interact with states (IGOs), multinational corporations (MNCs),
/ˌnɒn.ɡʌv.ənˌmen.təl other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations.
ɔː.ɡən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ Example:In world there are a lot of NGO.
38. Nuclear war Război nuclear Is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry
 /ˈnjuː.klɪər/ is used to inflict damage on the enemy.
Example: A full-scale nuclear war, could consist of large numbers
of nuclear weapons used in an attack aimed at an entire country,
including military, economic, and civilian targets.
39. Pardon Iertare Used by some people to say ‘sorry’ when they have said or done
/ˈpɑː.dən/  something wrong, usually by accident.
Example:I beg your pardon,but which way is Wall Street?
40. Political discourse Discurs politic The formal exchange of reasoned views as to which of several
/pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl  dɪs.kɔːs/ alternative courses of action should be taken to solve a societal
problem.
Example: He was hoping for some lively political discourse at the
meeting.
41. Politician Politician A person whose job involves politics, especially as an elected
/ˌpɒl.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən/ member of parliament, etc.
Example: Opposition politicians have called for fresh elections.

42. Politics Politică The activities involved in getting and using power in public life,
/ˈpɒl.ə.tɪks/ and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a
society.
Example: She is aiming for a career in politics.
43. Protector Protector A person, an organization or a thing that protects
/prəˈtek.tər/ somebody/something.
Example: I regarded him as my friend and protector.
44. Protocol Protocol A system of fixed rules and formal behaviour used at official
ˈprəʊ.tə.kɒl/ meetings, usually between governments.
Example: The protocol of diplomatic visits,wasn’t respected.
45. Realism Realism A pragmatic approach to foreign policy, emphasizing national self-
 /ˈrɪə.lɪ.zəm/ interest and based on the premise that power is the central factor in
IR.
Example:Realism says that power is the central factor in IR.
46. Reconcile A reconcilia To find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas, needs,
/ˈrek.ən.saɪl/ etc. that seem to be opposed to each other.
47. Sanctions Sancțiuni economic, diplomatic, and even coercive military force for
/ˈsæŋk.ʃən/ enforcing a states policy or legal obligations.
Example:Russia set sanctions to Moldova
48. Terrorism Terorism the use of violence by groups or states to intimidate
/ˈter.ər.ɪ.zəm/ Example:The terrorism is a big problem for people.
49. War Război A situation in which two or more countries or groups of people
 /wɔːr fight against each other over a period of time.
Example: He returned home to the US at the end of the war.
50. Xenophobia Xenofobie fear, dislike, distrust or intolerance of foreigners.
/ˌzen.əˈfəʊ.bi.ə/ Example: Xenophobia is a bad idea,that wouldn t be tolerat