CHAPTER NINETEEN

BASE PLATE
19.1 Base Plates for Axially Loaded Columns

Steel columns are placed on some type of supporting member or by a concrete footing.
A base plate is necessary when a steel column terminates on any reinforced concrete footing to
spread the high intensity of stress in the steel to a value that can be safely carried by the
reinforced concrete footing. These base plates can be welded lug angles. For small columns
these plates are usually shop-welded to the columns, but for larger columns it is necessary to
install the plates separately and set them to correct position. The columns are then set and
connected to the footing with anchor bolts which pass through the lug angles which have been
shop welded to the columns.

The NSCP Specifications provides two allowable bearing pressures for concrete
supports.

a. If the entire concrete area A2 is covered by the plate whose area is A1:

F P = 0.35 f 'c

b. If A1 is less than A2:

A2
F P = 0.35 f 'c
√ A1
but ¿ 0.7 f 'c

The following stresses are recommended by the NSCP Specs,

a. On sandstone and limestone… F P=2.75 MPa

b. On brick in cement mortar……. F P=1.72 MPa

c. On the full area of a concrete support... F p ¿ 0.35 f 'c

A2
d. On less than full area of concrete support…. F p ¿ 0.35 f 'c
√ A1
but ≤ 0.7 f 'c
where: f c =¿ specified compressive strength of concrete
'

A1= area of steel concentrically bearing on concrete support.

A2= max. area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to
and concentric with the loaded area.

In the design of column base plates, it is assumed that the column load is uniformly
distributed within a rectangle whose dimensions are 95% of the depth and 80% of the
flange width of the column section and that the base plate to have a uniform bearing
pressure on the foundation.

Trial area:

P
BC=
FP

P
BC=
0.35 f c
'

BC=areaof base plate

 Net upward bearing pressure f P

P
f P= <0.35 f c '
BC

Consider 1 mm strip of base plate

M =f p (m)(1) ( m2 )
m2
M =f p ( )
2

M =f p (n)(1) ( n2 )
n2
M =f p ( )
2

6M
F b=
b d2

n2

F b=
( )
6 fp
2
( I ) t2

3 f p n2
t=
√ Fb

3 f p m2
t=
√ Fb

Where F b=0.75 F y

(Allowable bending stress of base plate)

 fp
t=2 n
√ Fy

fp
t=2 m
√ Fy

19.2 Welded Base Plates

19.3 Column Base Plates

19.4 Moment Resisting Column Bases
19.5 Problem
A W 14 x 78 is used as a column to support an axial load of 2000 kN. A square base plate is to
be designed and is assumed to be resting on a full area of concrete foundation with f c =20.7
'

MPa. An A 36 steel is used with F y=248 MPa.

Properties of W 14 x 78

A=14774 mm2

b f =300 mm

d=351.5mm

1. Design the dimension of the square base

plate.
2. Design the thickness of the base plate.

SOLUTION:

1. Dimension of square base plate:

F p=0.35 f c (allowable bearing stress of
'

concrete)

F p=0.35(20.7)

F p=7.245 MPa

Area required:

P
B 2=
Fp

2000000
B 2=
7.245

B=525.41 mm

Say B=530 mm

Use 530 x 530 mm

2. Thickness of base plate

B=0.95 d +2 m

530=0.95 (351.5 )+ 2m

m=98.04 mm

B=0.80 b f +2 n

n=145 mm

Actual bearing pressure:

P
f p=
A

2000000
f p=
¿¿

f p=7.12 MPa ,7.245

Thickness of base plate:

fp
t=2 n
√ Fy

7.12
t=2(145)
√ 248

t=49.14 mm say 50 mm

Use t=50 mm
19.6 Problem
A W 14 x 75 section used as a column to carry a concentric axial load of 1670 kN as shown in
figure. f c ' =20.7 MPa , F y =250 MPa .

Properties of W 14 x 75

b f =256 mm d=360 mm

1. Design the value of B when m=n

2. Design the value of c when m=n
3. Design the thickness of the base plate.

SOLUTION:

1. Value of B:
F p=0.35 f 'c ( Allowable bearing stress)

F p=0.35 ( 20.7 )

F p=7.245 MPa

Trial area:

P
BC=
Fp

1670000
BC=
7.245
 BC=230504 mm 2

B=2 n+0.80 b f

B=2 n+0.80 ( 256 )

B=2 n+204.80

C=2 m+ 0.95 d

C=2 m+ 0.95 ( 360 )

C=2 m+ 342

m=n

B=2 n+204.8

C=2 n+342

BC=230504

( 2 n+204.8 ) ( 2 n+342 )=230504

4 n2 +1093.6 n=230504

4 n2 +1093.6 n+70041.6=230504

4 n2 +1093.6 n−160462.4=0

n2 +273.4 n−40115.6=0

n=106 mm

m=106 mm

B=2 m+204.8

B=2(106)+204.8
B=406.8 mm

Use B=417 mm

2. Value of C:

C=2 n+342

C=2 ( 106 ) +342

C=554 mm

3. Thickness of base plate:

fp
t=2 n
√ Fy

P
f p=
BC

1670000
f p=
417 ( 554 )

f p=7.229 MPa<7.245 MPa ok

fp
t=2 n
√ Fy

7.229
t=2(106)
√ 250

t=36.05 mm

Use t=38 mm
 Chapter 05
Beams and Other
Flexural Members

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Beams are members acted upon primarily by transverse loading (i.e., loads that are applied at
right angles to the longitudinal axis of the member). They are primarily subjected to flexure or
bending. Beams may be subject (unavoidably) by some axial loading. The effect of axial loads is
generally negligible, and the member is treated strictly as a beam. However, if the axial
compressive load is substantial in magnitude, the member is called a beam column, which will
be discussed in the next chapter.

5.2 TYPES OF BEAMS

Beams are usually designated by names that are representative of their functions: A girder
(usually the most important beams which are frequently at wide spacing), is a major (deep)
beam that often provides support for other beams. A joist is a light beam that supports a floor. A
purlin is a roof beam spanning between trusses or rigid frames. A stringer is a main longitudinal
beam, usually supporting bridge decks. A floor beam is a transverse beam in bridge decks. A
spandrel is a beam on the outside perimeter of the building. A girt is a light beam that supports
only the light weight exterior sides of the building. Other terms, such as header, trimmer, and
rafter, are sometimes used.

Commonly used beam cross sections are standard hot-rolled shapes including W, S, M, C, T,
and L shapes. Doubly symmetrical shapes such as W, S, and M sections are the most efficient.
Channels have good flexural strength but poor in lateral strength, and they require horizontal
bracing or lateral support. Tees and angles are suitably only for light loads.

The flexural strength of a rolled section can be improved by adding flange plates. But if the
loadings are too heavy or the spans are too long for a standard rolled section, a plate girder
may be necessary. Plate girders are built up from plates in I, H, or box shapes of any depth.

Shapes that are built up from plate elements are usually considered plate girders, but according
to Section 507.1.1, plate girders are distinguished from beams on the basis of width-thickness
ratio of the web¿). If the width-thickness ratio exceeds 2,547/√ F y, the section is treated as a
plate girder, otherwise it is treated as a beam, regardless of whether it is a rolled shape or built
up.

5.3 BEAM BENDING PLANES

Beams may be loaded in the plane of the web or perpendicular to the plane of the web. If the
load is in the plane of the web it is referred to as bending about the major (or strong) axis and
the value of I x should be used. If the load is perpendicular to the plane of the web, it is referred
to as bending about the mirror (or weak) axis and the value of I y should be used.
 Figure 5-1 – Beam Bending Planes

5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL SECTIONS

Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender element sections. For a
section to qualify as compact its flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs
and the width-thickness ratios of the must not exceed the applicable limits of Table 5-1. Steel
sections that do not qualify as compact are classified as non-compact if the width-thickness
ratios of the compression elements do not exceed the values shown for non-compact in Table
5-1. If the width-thickness ratios of any compression element exceed the non-compact limit, the
section is classified as slender element sections.

For unstiffened elements, which are supported along one edge, parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width b shall be taken as follows:

1. For flanges of I-shape members and tees, b is one-half the full nominal width.
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, b is the full nominal dimension.
3. For plates, b is the distance from the free edge to the first row of fasteners or line of
welds.
4. For stems of tees, d is taken as full nominal depth.
For stiffened elements, i.e., supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width b shall be taken as follows:

1. For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed section, h is the clear distance between flanges.
2. For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed section, d is the full nominal depth.
3. For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the distance between
adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of weld.
4. For flanges or rectangular hallow structural sections, b is the clear distance between
web less the inside corner radius on each side.

Flexural and compressive section with slender compressive elements will be designed
according to Chapter 4 (Section 4.6.1) of this book.

Table 5-1 – Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio for Compression Members

Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender For stiffened elements, i.e., supported along two edges parallel to the
element sections. For a section to quality as compact, its flanges must be direction of the compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
continuously connected to the web or webs and the width-thickness ratios
of its compression elements must not exceed the limits values given in 1. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, h is the clear
this table. distance between flanges.
2. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, d is the full
For unstiffened elements, which are supported along one edge only, nominal depth.
parallel to the direction of compression force, the width shall be taken as 3. For flanges or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, b is the
follows: distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
4. For flanges of rectangular hallow structural sections, b is the
1 clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius of
each side. If the corner radius is not known, the flat width may
1. For flanges of I shape members and tees, b is the full
2 be taken as the total section width minus three times the
thickness.
nominal width.
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, b is the
For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value
full nominal dimension.
halfway between the free edge and the corresponding face of the web.
3. For plates, b is the distance from the free edge to the first row
of fasteners or line of welds.
4. For stems of tees, d is the full nominal depth.

Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Description of Element thickness
Ratio Compact Non-Compact

Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and channels in flexurea b/t

170/ √ FY 250/ √ FY
Flanges of I-shaped of welded beams in flexure b/t
170/ √ FY 170/ √ FY
Outstanding legs of pairs of angles of continuous contact; angles or b/t NA
plates projecting from rolled beams or columns; stiffeners on plate
250/ √ FY
girders
 Angles or plates projecting from girders, built-up columns or other b/t NA
compression members; compression flanges of plate girders
170/ √ FY
Stems of tees d/t NA
333/ √ FY
Unstiffened elements simply supported along one edge, such as legs of
single-angle struts, legs of double angle struts with separators and cross b/t NA
200/ √ FY
or star-shaped cross sections
Flanges of square and rectangular box and hallow structural sections of
uniform thickness subject to bending or compressiond; flange cover b/t
500/ √ FY 625/ √ FY
plates and diaphragm plates between lines of fasteners or welds
Unsupported width of cover plates perforated with a succession of b/t NA
access holesb
832/ √ FY
All other uniformly compressed stiffened elements, i.e., supported along b/t NA
two edges h/tw
664 / √ F Y
Webs in flexural compressiona d/t ---
1680/ √ FY
h/tw ---
1995/ √ FY

f a / F y ≤ 0.16
For
d/tw
1680 fa ---

Webs in combined flexural and axial compression √Fy (

1−3.74
Fy )
For f a / F y >0.16
675/ √ FY
h/tw ---
1995/ √ FY
Circular hallow sections In axial compression D/t ---
22,750/ √ FY
Circular hallow sections in flexure D/t ---
22,750/ √ FY
a
For hybrid beams, use the yield strength of the flange Fyf instead of Fy.
b
Assumes net area of plate at widest hole.
c
For design of slender sections that exceed the non-compact limits See section 502.6.2.2
d
See also Section 506.4.1
e
kc=4.05/(h/t)0.46, if h/t > 70, otherwise kc= 1.0

5.5 COMPACT SECTION

Compact sections have width-thickness ratio not exceeding the limits given in Table 5-1. To be
compact, the flanges of the beam must be continuously connected to the web. Therefore, a
built-up section or plate girder constructed with intermittent welds does not qualify. In addition,
Eq. 5.1 & Eq. 5.2 must be satisfied by standard rolled shapes without flange stiffeners. (Eq. 5.2
applies only two webs in flexural compression)

b f 170
≤ Eq. 5.1
2t f √ F y

b f 170
≤ Eq. 5.2
2t f √ F y

5.6 LATERAL SUPPORT

To prevent lateral buckling, a beam’s compression flange must be supported at frequent
intervals. Complete lateral support is achieved when a beam is fully encased in concrete of has
its flange welded or bolted along its full length. In many designed, however, lateral support is
provided only at regularly spaced intervals. The actual spacing between points of lateral bracing
is designated as Lb.

Figure 5-2 – Lateral buckling of beam

Figure 5-3 – Compression flange bracing using headed studs

5.7 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS:

I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS
BENT ABOUT MAJOR AXIS
5.7.1 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT SECTION

For members with compact section and with braced length Lb ≤ Lc , the allowable bending stress
in both tension and compression is:

F b=0.66 F y Eq. 5.3

I x =smaller value of ¿ Eq. 5.4

5.7.2 MEMBERS WITH NON-COMPACT SECTION

For members with Lb ≤ Lc except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up
members and members with yield points greater than 448 MPa), allowable bending stress in
both tension and compression is:

bf Eq. 5.5
(
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2t f
√F y )
For built-up members with Lb ≤ Lc except that their flanges are non-compact their webs are
compact or non-compact, (excluding hybrid girders and members with yield points greater than
448 MPa), the allowable bending stress in tension and compression is:

bf Fy
(
F b=F y 0.79−0.000762
2t f √ )
kc Eq. 5.6

4.05
k c=
¿¿
Eq. 5.7
k c =1.0

200 bf
For members with non-compact section (not included in the above) and Lb ≤ , the
√F y
allowable bending stress in both tension and compression is:

F b=0.60 F y Eq. 5.8

5.7.3 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR
NON- COMPACT SECTION WITH Lb ≤ Lc :

Allowable bending stress in tension:

Members with compact or non-compact section and with unbraced length Lb ≤ Lc the allowable
bending stress in tension is:

F b=0.60 F y Eq. 5.9

Allowable bending stress in compression:

The allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the larger value of [Eq. 5.11 or
Eq. 5.13] and Eq. 5.14, except that eq. 5.14 is applicable only to section with compression
flange that is solid and approximately rectangular in cross section and that has an area not less
than the tension flange. For channels, the allowable compressive stress is determined from Eq.
5.14.

703,270 C b L 3,516,330C b
When
√ Fy
≤ ≤
rT √
Fy
,

F b=Larger of ( Fb 1∧F b 3 )≤ 0.60 F y Eq. 5.10

L
( )
( )
2
Fy
2 rT
F b 1= − F ≤ 0.60 F y
3 10.55 x 1 06 C b y

Eq. 5.11

L 3,516,330 Cb
When
rT
>
√ Fy

F b=Larger of ( Fb 2∧F b 3 )≤ 0.60 F y

Eq. 5.12
1,172,100
F b 2= ≤0.60 F y
L 2 Eq. 5.13
( )
rT
 L
For any value of :
rT

82,740C b Eq. 5.14

F b 2= ≤ 0.60 F y
Ld
( )
Af

The moment gradient multiplier C b is given as:

M1 M1 2 Eq. 5.15
C b=1.75+1.05
M2
+0.3
M2( )≤ 2.3

where M 1 is the smaller and M 2 is the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced
length, and where the ratio of moments M 1 /M 2 is positive when M 1 and M 2 have the same sign
(reverse curvature bending) and negative when M 1 and M 2 have opposite sign (single
curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point of the unbraced length is larger
than at both ends of this length, C b=1.0 . For cantilever beams, C b=1.0

Figure 5-4 – Sign and values of C b

Where:

b f =¿¿ flange width, mm

 t f =¿ ¿ flange thickness, mm

d ¿ depth, mm

t w=¿¿ web thickness, mm

A f =¿¿ area of compression flange = b f t f (m m2 )

L¿ Lb=¿¿ distance between cross-sections braced against twist and lateral displacements
of the compression flange, mm

r T =¿¿ radius of gyration of the section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web area taken about an axis in the plane of the web, mm

5.8 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS: WEAK AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS,

SOLID BARS, AND RECTANGULAR PLATES

Members with Compact Sections

If a doubly symmetrical (I- and H-shapes) rolled shape is placed such that bending will occur
about its weak axis, and solid round and square bars; and solid rectangular section bent about
their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:

F b=0.75 F y Eq. 5.16

Members with Non-Compact Sections:

For non-compact sections bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:

F b=0.60 F y Eq. 5.17

For doubly symmetrical I- and H-shapes with non-compact flanges bent about their weak axis
(with their flanges continuously connected to the web), the allowable stress is:

bf Eq. 5.18
(
F b=F y 1.075−0.0019
2t f
√F y )
5.9 SHEAR STRESS IN STEEL BEAMS

It is assumed that only the web thickness carries the shear in W shapes. The average shear
stress is then compared against allowable shear stress with a maximum of 0.04 F y. The average
shear stress in the web is:

V V Eq. 5.19
f v= =
A w dt w

where d is the overall depth and t w is the web thickness.

5.9.1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS

h 998
When ≤ , the allowable shear on overall depth times the web thickness dt w is:
tw √ F y

F v =0.40 F y V
or ≤0.40 F y
dt w

Eq. 5.20

h 998
When ≤ , the allowable shear stress on the clear distance between flanges times the
tw √ F y
web thickness h t w is:

Fy
F v= C ≤ 0.40 F y
2.89 v
Eq. 5.21
V Fy
or 0.40 F y ≥ ≤ C
ht w 2.89 v

Where:

310,264 k v
C v= when C v < 0.80
F y¿¿
 500 k v
C v=
√
h/t w F y
when C v > 0.80

5.34 when a /h<1.0

k v =4.00+
¿¿
4.00 when a /h>than 1.0
k v =5.34+
¿¿
t w =¿ thickness of web, mm

a=¿ clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation, mm

h=d−2 t f

d=¿ overall depth of the beam, mm

5.9.2 WEB STIFFENERS

Intermediate stiffeners are required the ratio h /t w exceed 260 and the maximum web shear
stress f v is greater than that permitted by Eq. 5.21. The spacing of intermediate stiffeners is:

260 2 Eq. 5.22

Spacing, a ≤ h ( )
h /t w

Figure 5-5 – Web stiffeners

5.10 WEBS UNDER CONCENTRATED LOADS

Local buckling is a factor in the vicinity of a large concentrated load that may occur in a reaction
point or where a column frames into a supporting girder. Web yielding and wed crippling are two
types of a local buckling as shown in figure 5-6 that may occur. These buckling can be reduced
or eliminated by the use of bearing stiffeners.

Figure 5-6 – Local buckling

5.10.1 LOCAL WEB YIELDING

Local web yielding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to one flange and
symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may occur at a reaction point or a column or
beam framing into a supporting girder. According to section511.2.3 of NSCP, bearing stiffeners
shall be provided when the compressive stress at the web toe of fillet resulting from such load
exceeds 0.66 F y.
 Figure 5-7 – Local web yielding

For loads applied at or near the end of the member:

R−2.5 t w k (0.66 F y )
R Or N min =
≤0.66 F y 0.66 F y t w
t w (N + 2.5 k)
Eq. 5.23

Eq. 5.24

For loads applied at a distance x greater than d from the end of the member:

R Eq. 5.25
≤0.66 F y
t w (N +5 k)
Eq. 5.26
R−5 t w k (0.66 F y )
Or N min =
0.66 F y t w

5.10.2 WEB CRIPPLING

According to Section 511.2.4 of NSCP, bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of
members under concentrated loads, when the compressive force exceed the following limits:

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance x from the end of the member not
d
less than :
2

1.5
N tw F yw t f
R=177.2t w 1+3
(
d ( )( )
tf )√ tw

Eq .5.27
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance x from the end of the member
d
greater than :
2

1.5
N tw F yw t f
R=89.3 t w 1+3
( ( )( )
d tf )√ tw

Eq .5.28

Where:
R=¿ concentrated load or reaction, N
N=¿ bearing length (not less than k for end reaction), mm
t w =¿web thickness, mm
t f =¿flange thickness, mm
k =¿distance from the outer face of the flange to the toe of fillet, mm

Figure 5-8 – Bearing stiffeners

5.10.3 SIDESWAY WEB BUCKLING

Bearing stiffeners is required foe webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative
movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to concentrated compressive loads that
exceed the following limits:

d c /t w
a) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and <2.3 :
L /b f

46,880t w 3 3
d /t
R=
h ( ( ))
1+0.4 c w
L/b f

Eq .5.29

d c /t w
b) If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and >1.7 :
L /b f

46,880t w 3 d /t 3 Eq .5.30
R=
h ( ( ))
0.4 c w
L/b f

Where:
L=¿ largest laterally unbraced length along their flange at the point of load, mm
b f =¿ flange width, mm
d c =( d−2 k )=¿ web depth clear of fillets, mm

5.11 BEAMS UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Normally, a beam is oriented with the web in the plane of the loading (strong axis
bending, x−x axis), although the beam may be loaded normal to the plane of the web
(weak axis bending, y− y axis). The x−x∧ y − y axes of the beam cross section are
known as the principal axes. Unsymmetrical bending occurs when bending is about an
axis other than one of the principal axes, or when loads are simultaneously applied from
more than one direction.
 Figure 5-9 – Cases of unsymmetrical bending

Figure 5-10 – Forces on beam cross section

The forces on beams subjected to unsymmetrical bending are resolved into x and y
components as shown in figure 5-10. The x-component of the force, F T , creates moment
in the y-y axis, M y . The y-component of the force, F N , creates moment in x-x axis, M x .
The stresses due to moments are:

Mx Eq .5.31
f bx =
Sx
 My
f by =
Sy

Eq .5.32

The adequacy of the section is checked using the interaction equation:

f bx f by Eq .5.33
+ ≤ 1.0
F bx F by

The total deflection of the beam is computed as:

δ =√ δ x 2 +δ y2 Eq .5.34

where δ x is the deflection in the x-direction caused by F T , and δ y is the deflection in y-direction
caused by F N ,

5.12 BEAM BEARING PLATES

Most of steel beam are supported through connections to other structural steel beams, but
some beams are supported by bearing on concrete or masonry members, such as walls or
pilasters. Bearing plates are used to distribute the pressure over a large area of concrete, since
concrete and masonry is weaker than steel.

Bearing plates must be; (a) large enough to ensure that the actual bearing pressure, f p ,under
the plate does not exceed the allowable bearing pressure, f p, (b) long enough so what web
crippling or web yielding does not occur, and (c) thick enough so that the allowable bending
stress in steel, F b( F b=0.75 F y), at the assume critical section is not exceeded.

The actual bearing area of plate is

A1=N x B Eq .5.35

The actual bearing pressure under the plate is:

R Eq .5.36
f p= ≤Fp
A1
 Figure 5-11 – Beam bearing plate

The allowable bearing pressure, F p, is given ion chapter 4 (section 4.7) of this book.

For bearing plate resting on full area of concrete support:

R
A1 ≥
0.35 f ' c

Eq .5.37 For bearing plate covering less than the full area of concrete support:

2
1 R
A1 ≥ (
A2 0.35 f ' c )
Eq .5.38

where A2 is the maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that geometrically
similar to and concentric with the loaded area, mm2.

The thickness of the plate is (see derivation in Section 4.7):

 3 f p n2 Eq .5.39
t=
√ Fb

5.13 SPACING OF RIVETS/BOLTS IN BUILT-UP BEAMS

When two or more thin layers of beams are fastened together with a bolt or rivet so that they act
as a unit to gain more strength, it is necessary to design the size or spacing, of these bolts or
rivets so that it can carry the shearing force acting between each adjacent layers.

Consider the beam shown in Figure 5-12.

Figure 5-12

The shearing stress at the contact surface is:

VQ
f v=
Ib

The effective area covered by each bolt group has a length equal to the spacing of the bolts.
The total shearing force F acting between the two surfaces must be equal to the total resisting
force R produced by the bolts or rivets.

F=f v (bs)

VQ
F= bs
Ib
 VQ
F= S=R
I

RI Eq. 5.40
S=
VQ

where R is the total resisting force (shear or bearing) to be resisted by the bolts or rivets. R
should be taken at the contact surface nearest the neutral axis where the shearing stress is
greatest.

Based on allowable shearing stress on fastener:

R=F v A v Eq. 5.41

Based on allowable bearing stress on plate and fastener:

R=F p A p Eq. 5.42

5.14 COMPOSITE BEAM (NSCP SECTION 509)

Composite construction refers to a construction method in which cast-in-place concrete slab is

bonded to steel beams, girders, or decking below, such that the two materials act as a unit.

There are two types of composite beams: (a) totally encased beams which depend upon natural
bond for interaction with the concrete and (b) those with shear connectors (mechanical
anchorage to the slab) with the steel beam not necessarily encased.

5.14.1 TOTALLY ENCASED STEEL BEAM

A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab may be assumed to be
connected to the concrete by natural bond, without additional anchorage, provided that:

1. Concrete cover over beam sides and soffit is at least 50 mm.

2. The top of the beam is at least 38 mm below the top and 50 mm above bottom of the
slab.
3. Concrete encasement contains adequate mesh or other reinforcing steel throughout the
whole depth and across the soffit of the beam to prevent spalling of the concrete.

Encased beams shall be proportioned to support, unassisted, all dead loads applied prior to the
hardening of the concrete (unless these loads are supported temporarily on shoring) and, acting
in conjunction with the slab, to support all dead and live loads applied after hardening of the
concrete, without exceeding a computed bending stressof 0.66 F y. The bending stress
produced by loads after the concrete has hardened is computed on the basis of the section
properties of the composite section. Concrete tension stresses is neglected. Alternatively, the
steel beam alone may be proportioned to resist, unassisted, the positive moment produced by
all loads, live and dead, using a bending stress equal to 0.76 F y, in which case temporary
shoring is not required.

5.14.2 NON-ENCASED STEEL BEAM

Shear connectors must be provided for composite action if the steel beam is not totally encased
in concrete. The portion of the effective width of the concrete slab on each side of the beam
centerline shall not exceed:

a) One-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports

b) One-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam; or
c) The distance from the beam centerline to the edge of the slab.

For interior beams of length L and spacing of s (mm) on centers:

Eq. 5.43
Effective width, b=¿smaller of ( L4 ∧s)
For exterior beams, s in Eq. 5.43 is replaced by e +s /2, where e is the distance from the beam
centerline to the edge of slab.

5.14.3 SECTION PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BEAMS

The moment of inertia of section modulus of composite beam is beam is computed using the
transformed area method. The actual area of effective concrete flange is transformed into steel
area by dividing it by the modular ratio, n.

Transformed area, Act = ( bh ) t Eq. 5.44

Esteel Eq. 5.45
n=
E concrete
 Figure 5-13 –Composite Beam with Concrete Slab

5.14.3.1 FULL COMPOSITE ACTION

Full composite action is obtained when there is enough number of shear connectors provided.
For full composite action, the term b /n in Eq. 5.44 is the transformed effective width of the slab.

The distance from the neutral axis to the bottom of the steel beam is:

ý= A s ¿ ¿ Eq. 5.46

The moment of inertia of the transformed section is:

1 Eq. 5.47
I tr =I s + A s ( ý−d /2 )2 + ( b /n ) t 3 + A ct ( d+ e− ý )2
12

The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the bottom flange of the steel beam
is:

I tr Eq. 5.48
Str =
ý
The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the top of the concrete is:

It Eq. 5.49
St =
H − ý

5.14.3.2 PARTIAL COMPOSITE ACTION

In cases where it is not feasible or necessary to provide adequate connectors to satisfy the
horizontal shear requirements for full composite action; the effective properties are as follows:

Effective moment of inertia:

V 'h Eq. 5.50

I tr eff =I s +
√ ( I −I )
V h tr s

Effective section modulus (referred to bottom flange):

V 'h Eq. 5.51

Str eff =S s +
√ ( s −S )
V h tr s

Effective section modulus (referred to the top of concrete):

I tr eff Eq. 5.52

St eff =
H− ý eff

Effective neutral axis (from the bottom, see Figure 5-13)

I tr eff Eq. 5.53

ý eff =
S tr eff

Transformed effective width:

A s y eff −d /s Eq. 5.54

( bn ) eff
= ≤
t d +t /2− ý eff h
b
V h is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between the point of maximum
positive moment and point s of zero moment.

V h=¿smaller value of (V hc and V hs ¿ Eq. 5.55

0.85 f ' c A c Eq. 5.56

V hc =
2

F y As Eq. 5.57
V hs =
2

V ' h is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between the point of maximum
positive moment and point s of zero moment under partial composite section. The value of V ' h
1
is not permitted to be less than V h.
4

V ' h=q N 1 Eq. 5.58

where q is the allowable shear load for one connector (given in Table 5.1) and N 1 is the number
of shear connectors furnished between the point of maximum moment and point of zero
moment.

where

I s=¿ moment of inertia of the steel section, mm4

Ss =¿ section modulus of steel section, mm3

A s=¿ cross-sectional area of the steel section, mm2

Ac =¿ actual area of effective concrete flange=bt , mm2

 Table 5.1 – Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Connector, q ,k N a (NSCP Table 509-1)

Connectorb Specified Compressive Strength of

Concrete ( f ' c ¿ , MPa

21 24 ≥ 28
12 mm Ø x 50 mm hooked or headed stud 22.685 24.465 26.244
16 mm Ø x 65 mm hooked or headed stud 35.585 38.254 40.923
20 mm Ø x 75 mm hooked or headed stud 51.154 55.602 59.161
22 mm Ø x 90 mm hooked or headed stud 69.392 74.730 80.067
Channel C3 x 4.1 0.753w c 0.823w c 0.875w c
Channel C4 x 5.4 0.805w c 0.875w c 0.928w
Channel C5 x 6.7 0.858w c 0.928w c 0.980w c
a
Applicable only to concrete made with ASTM C33 aggregates.
b
The allowable horizontal loads tabulated are also for studs longer than shown
c
w = length of channel, mm

5.14.4 ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BEAMS

The allowable bending stress in the steel beam or decking 0.66 F yunder total load (dead load
plus live load) for both shored and unshored construction. The stress in concrete is not
permitted to exceed0.45 f ' c.

5.14.5 WORKING STRESSES WITH SHORING

When shoring is provided, the composite section acts as a single unit and carries the entire
dead and live load. The maximum stresses in steel and concrete are:

 For full composite action:

M D+ M L Eq. 5.59
Steel, f s=
Str

M D+ M L Eq. 5.60
Concrete, f c =
n St

 For partial composite action:

M D+ M L Eq. 5.61
Steel, f s=
Str eff

M D + M L ( b /n )eff Eq. 5.62

Concrete, f c =
S tr eff ( b )

5.14.6 WORKING STRESSES WITHOUT SHORING

When shoring is not provided, the steel beam must initially support the uncured concrete slab as
well as its own weight. Before the concrete reach its maximum strength, the stress in steel is:

MD Eq. 5.63
Steel, f s=
Ss

where Ss is the section modulus of the steel section only.

When concrete attains its maximum strength:

 For full composite action:

MD ML
Steel, f s= + Eq. 5.64
S s S tr

ML Eq. 5.65
Concrete, f c =
St

 For partial composite action:

MD ML Eq. 5.66
Steel, f s= +
S s S treff

M L ( b/n )eff Eq. 5.67

Concrete, f c =
S t eff(b )

5.14.7 SHEAR CONNECTORS

The connectors required on each side of the point of maximum moment in an area of positive
moment may be uniformly distributed between that point and adjacent points of zero moment.
The required number of shear connectors is :

 For full composite action:

Vh Eq. 5.68
N 1=
q

 For partial composite action:

V 'h Eq. 5.69

N 1=
q
However, the number of shear connectors, N 2, is required between any concentrated load in
that area and the nearest point of zero moment cannot be less than:

N 2=
N1 ( MMβ −1)
max
Eq. 5.70
β−1

where:

M =¿ moment (less than the maximum moment) at a concentrated load point.

S tr S eff
β=¿ or as applicable.
Ss Ss

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 5-1

A beam is built-up from the following plates: 450 mm x 20 mm as flanges and 500 mm x 20 mm
as web. All plates are A36 steel with F y =¿248 MPa and the flanges are continuously connected
to the web by means of fillet welds.

The beam is simply supported at its ends and laterally supported only at supports. Determine
the value of the allowable bending stress for a length of a) 4 m, b) 6 m, c) 10m, d) 16m.
SOLUTION

450 ( 540 )3 215 (500 )3

I x= −2 x
12 12

I x =1,425,733,333 m m3

I x 1,425,733,333
Sx= =
c 540 /2

S x =5,280,494 mm 3

Check for compactness:

Compression Flange:

bf 450
= =11.25
2t f 2(20)

170
Limiting value for value compact element = =10.79
√F y
250
Limiting value for value n0n-compact element = =15.87
√F y
170 bf 250
Since < < , the compression flange is non-compact element
√F y 2 tf √ F y
b f 250
Note: If > , the flange is a slender element.
2t f √ F y

Web:

d 540
= =27
t w 20

h 500
= =25
t w 20
 d 1680
Limiting value of for compact element = =106.7
tw √Fy
h 1995
Limiting value of for non-compact element = =126.7
tw √Fy
Therefore, the web is a compact element

Solve for Lc :

200 b f
Lc =¿smaller value of √ F y
( ∧137,900

(d / A y ) F y )
200 bf
=5,715 mm
√F y
137,900 137,900
= =9,267.5 mm
(d / A y ) F y 540
( 248 )
450 ( 20 )

Therefore, Lc =5,715 mm

Part a:

Lb=4 m< Lc

Since Lb < Lc and the flange is non-compact with flanges continuously connected
to the web, Eq. 5.6 will apply.

bf Fy
(
F b= 0.79−0.000762
2t f √ )F
kc y

h
Since <70 , k c =1
tw

450 248
(
F b= 0.79−0.000762
√ )
2 ( 20 ) 1
(248)

F b=162.44 MPa

Part b:
 Lb=6 m> Lc

Solve for r T :

A=83.33 ( 20 ) +450 ( 20 )=10,666.6 m m 2

83.33 ( 20 )3 20 ( 450 )3
I x= + =151,930,553 m m4
12 12

Iz
rT =
√ A
=119.35 mm

L 6,000
= =50.27
r T 119.35

C b=1.0 (simply supported with no end moments)

703,270 C b
√ Fy
=53.25

L 703,270 C b
Since
rT
<
√ Fy
, Eq. 5.14 will apply.

82,740C b
F b=F b 3= ≤ 0.6 F y
(Ld / A f )
 82,740 (1)
F b= =229.9 MPa>(0.6 F y =148.8)
6000( 540)
450 (20)

Therefore, F b=148.9 MPa

Part c:

703,270 C b
Lb=10 m> Lc L = 10,000 =83.79>
r T 119.35 √ Fy

3,516,330 C b
√ Fy
=119.07

703,270 C b L 3,516,330 C b
√ Fy
< <
rT √ Fy

F y =¿Larger of ( F b 1∧Fb 3 ¿ ≤ 0.6 F y

2 F y ( L /r T )2
F b 1= −
(
3 10,55 x 1 06 C b y
F
)
2 248 ( 83.79 )2
F b 1= ( −
3 10,55 x 1 06 (1 ) )
( 248 ) =124.40 MPa

82,740C b
F b 3=
Ld
( )
Af

82,740(1)
F b 3= =137.9 MPa
10000(540)
( ( 450)(20) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=137.9 MPa

Part d:

Lb=16 m> Lc

L 106,000 3,516,330 C b
=
r T 119.35
=134.06>
Fy √
 F y =¿Larger of ( F b 1∧Fb 3 ¿ ≤ 0.6 F y

1,172,100 C b
F b 2= 2
( L/ r T )
1,172,100(1)
F b 2= 2
=65.22 MPa
( 134.06 )

82,740C b
F b 3=
Ld
( )
Af

82,740(1)
F b 3= =86.16 MPa
16000(540)
( ( 450)(20) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=86.16 MPa

Problem 5-2

A W 24 x 103 is used as a beam that is simply supported at its ends. The properties of the
section is as follows:

b=623.10 mm I x =1,248,694,000,000 mm4

t w =14.00 mm S x =4,008,005 mm3
b f =228.60mm r x =252.74 mm
t f =24.90 mm

A=19,548.00 mm2 I y =49,532,000,000 mm 4

kg
W =153.76 S y =433,350.83 mm3
m
r y =50.34 mm
r t =59.18 mm

The beam is laterally supported at supports only. Determine the allowable bending stress for a
length of a) 2 m, b) 4 m, c) 9 m, and d) 16 m. Use F y= 248 MPa.
SOLUTION

Check for compactness of the section. (This may not be necessary anymore since most
standard rolled shapes are compact).

Width-thickness ratio:

bf 228.60 170
=
2t f 2(24.90)
=4.59<
√F y (
=10.79
) Compact element

Depth-thickness ratio:

d 623.10 1680
tw
=
14
=44.507<
√F y (
=106.68
) Compact element

Therefore, the section is COMPACT.

Solve for Lc :

200 b f
Lc =¿smaller value of
Lc
√ Fy
{∧137,900

( d / A y ) Fy }
200 bf
=2,903mm
√F y
137,900 137,900
= =5,079 mm
(d / A y ) F y 623.10
( 248 )
228.6(24.9)

Therefore, Lc =2,903 mm

Part a:

Lb=2 m

Since Lb < Lc and the section is compact, F b=0.66 F y

F b=0.66 (248)

F b=163.68 MPa

Part b:

Lc =4 m> Lc
 Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 F y

Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 ( 248 ) =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression:

C b=1(since there is no moment at each end support)

L 4000
= =67.59
r T 59.18

703,270 C b
√ Fy
=53.25

3,516,330 C b
√ c
=119.07

703,270 C b L 3,516,330C b
Since
√ Fy
=53.25< <
rT Fy √
F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 1∧F b 3) ≤0.6 F y ¿

2 F y ( L /r T )2
(
F b 1= −
3 10,55 x 1 06 C b y
F
)
2 248 ( 67.59 )2
(
F b 1= −
3 10,55 x 1 06 (1 ) )
( 248 ) =138.7 MPa

82,740C b
F b 3=
Ld
( )
Af

82,740(1)
F b 3= =186.96 MPa
4000(623.1)
( )
(228.6)(24.9)

0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression flange, F b=148.8 MPa

Thus, the allowable bending stress is F b=148.8 MPa

Part c:

Lc =9 m> Lc
 Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 F y

Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 ( 248 ) =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression:

C b=1(since there is no moment at each end support)

L 9000
= =152.08
r T 59.18

L 3,516,330 C b
Since
rT
>
√ Fy

F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 2∧F b 3)≤0.6 F y ¿

1,172,100 C b
F b 2= 2
( L/ r T )
1,172,100(1)
F b 2= 2
=50.68 MPa
( 152.08 )
82,740C b
F b 3=
( LdA )
f

82,740(1)
F b 3= =83.98 MPa
9,000(623.1)
( (228.6)(24.9) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression flange, F b=83.98 MPa

Thus, the allowable bending stress is F b=83.98 MPa

Part d:

Lc =16 m> Lc

Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 F y

Allowable stress in tension, F b=0.6 ( 248 ) =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression:

C b=1(since there is no moment at each end support)

 L 16000
= =270.36
r T 59.18

L 3,516,330 C b
Since
rT
>
√ Fy

F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 2∧F b 3)≤0.6 F y ¿

1,172,100C b 1,172,100 (1)

2
= 2
=16.04 MPa
( L/r T ) ( 270.36 )

82,740C b 82,740(1)
= =47.24 MPa
Ld 16,000(623.1)
( ) (
Af (228.6)(24.9) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression flange, F b=47.24 MPa

Thus, the allowable bending stress is F b=47.24 MPa

Problem 5-3

The beam shown in Figure 5-14 has a length of 9 m and is not restrained against lateral
buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength F y =248 MPa. The beam is a W 21 x 248
steel shape, whose relevant properties are as follows:

Weight ¿ 369.4 kg /m b f =324.5 mm

Area ¿ 46,968 m m 2 t f =50.5 mm

Depth ,d=603 mm r T =87.63 mm

t w =27.9 mm S x =9,332.4 x 1 03 mm3

a) Determine the bending coefficient due to moment (gradient) acting on the beam:
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the permissible value of moment M.
 Figure 5-14

SOLUTION

Allowable bending stress in tension:

F b=0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 ) =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression:

L/ Rt =9000/87.63

L/ Rt =102.7

M 1=0

M 2=1.4 M
2
M1 M1
C b=1.75+1.05 ( ) ( )
M2
+1.05
M2

C b=1.75+0+ 0=1.75 Part a

703,270 C b
√ Fy
=70.45

3,516,330 C b
√ Fy
=157.52
 703,270 C b L 3,516,330 C b
Since
√ Fy
≤ ≤
Rt √Fy

F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 1∧F b 2)≤0.6 F y ¿

2 F y ( L/ Rt ) 2
F b 1= −
(
3 10.55 x 1 06 C b y
F
)
2 248 (102.7 )2
F b 1= −(
3 10.55 x 1 06 (1.75 ) )
( 248 )=130.197 MPa

82,740C b
F b 2=
Ld
( )bf t f

82,740(1.75)
F b 2= =47.24 MPa
9,000( 603)
( (324.5)(50.5) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, the allowable bending stress in compression is F b=148.8 MPa.

(The same tension)

Moment capacity:

M M
[ Fb =
Sx ] 148.8 MPa=
9,334.4 x 10 3

M =1,389 x 1 06 N−mm

M =1,389 kN −m

Value of M :

1.4 M =1,389 kN −m

M =992.14 kN −m

Problem 5-4 (CE Board)

 A simply supported beam with span of 8 m is subjected to a counterclockwise moment at
the left support and a counterclockwise moment at the right support equal to 150% of the
moment at left support, both acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam
is not restrained against lateral buckling. The beam is A36 steel with F y =248 MPa. The
beam is W 21 x 62 whose relevant properties are:

RT =0.053 m t f =0.016 m

d=0.533 m S=0.002077 m3

b f =0.21m

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION

L 8
= =151
R t 0.053
2
M1 M1
C b=1.75+1.05
M2( ) ( )
+0.30
M2

M 1=M

M 2=1.5 M

M1 M
M2
=+
(
1.5 M )
M1
=+0.667 (positive because “reverse curvature”)
M2
 C b=1.75+1.05 ( 0.667 ) +0.30 ( 0.667 )2

C b=2.58>2.3 ,use C b=2.3

703,270 C b 703,270(2.3)
√ Fy
=
√
248
=80.76

3,516,330 C b 3,516,330(2.3)
√ Fy
=
√
248
=180.6

Part a:

Slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling:

703,270(2.3)
Slenderness ratio ¿
√ 248

Slenderness ratio ¿ 80.76

Part b:

703,270 C b L 3,516,330 C b
Since
√ Fy
≤ ≤
Rt Fy √
F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 1∧F b 3) ≤0.6 F y ¿

2 F y ( L/ Rt ) 2
(
F b 1= −
3 10.55 x 1 06 C b y
F
)
2 248 ( 151 )2
(
F b 1= −
3 10.55 x 1 06 (2.3 ) )
( 248 )=107.54 MPa

83,000C b
F b 3=
( bldt )
f f

83,000(2.3)
F b 3= =150.43 MPa
8,000(533)
( (210)(16) )
0.6 F y =0.6(248)=148.8 MPa
 Therefore, F b=148.8 MPa.

Part c: Maximum moment at left support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

F b=0.6 F y =148.8

In compression:

F b=148.8 MPa

Use F b=148.8 MPa

M max M max
[ f b=
S ] 148.8 MPa=
0.002077 x 100 03

M max =309,057,600 N −mm

M max =309 kN−m=M 2=¿moment at right

309
Moment at left ¿ =206 kN −m
1.5

Problem 5-5 (CE May 2003)

A simply supported beam with span of 8 meters is subjected to a counter clockwise

moment at the left support and a clockwise moment at the right equal to 25% of the
moment at the left support, both acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The
beam is not restrained against lateral buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength
F y =248 MPa. The beam is W 21 x 62 steel shape, whose relevant properties for this
problem are:

RT =0.053 m t f =0.016 m

d=0.533 m S=0.002077 m3
b f =0.21m

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
 b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION

L 8
= =151
R t 0.053
2
M1 M1
C b=1.75+1.05 ( ) ( )
M2
+0.30
M2

M 1=0.25 M

M 2=M

M1 0.25 M
M2
=−
(M )
M1
=−0.25 (negative because they are of opposite
M2
sign)

C b=1.75+1.05 (−0.25 ) +0.30 (−0.25 )2

C b=1.50625<2.3(OK )

703,270 C b 703,270(1.50625)
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=65.36

3,516,330 C b 3,516,330(1.50625)
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=146.14

Part a:

Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling:

3,516,330 C b
Slenderness ratio ¿
√ Fy
=146.14

Part b:
 L 3,516,330C b
Since
rt
>
√ Fy

F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 2∧F b 3)≤0.6 F y ¿

1,172,100 C b
F b 2= 2
( L/ r T )
1,172,100( 1.50625)
F b 2= 2
=77.43 MPa
(151 )

82,740C b
F b 3=
Ld
( )
Af

82,740(1.50625)
F b 3= =98.205 MPa
8(0.533)
((0.21)(0.016) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Allowable stress in compression flange, F b=98.205 MPa.

Part c: Maximum moment at left support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

F b=0.6 F y =148.8

In compression:

F b=98.205 MPa

Use F b=98.205 MPa

M M
[ f b=
S ] 98.205 MPa=
0.002077 x 100 0 3

M =203,972,282 N−mm

M =204 kN−m
Problem 5-6 (CE November 2005)

A cantilever beam having a 4 m span carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its
length. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength F y =248 MPa. The beam is not
restrained against lateral buckling. The beam is W 21 x 62 steel shape, whose relevant
properties for this problem are:

RT =0.053 m t f =0.016 m

d=0.533 m S=0.002077 m3

b f =0.210 m

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the fixed support.

SOLUTION

L 4
= =75.47
R t 0.053

C b=1 (C b may conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams)

703,270 C b 703,270(1)
√ Fy √
=
248
=53.25
 3,516,330 C b 3,516,330(1)
√ Fy
=
√
248
=119.07

Part a:

Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling:

3,516,330 C b
Slenderness ratio ¿
√ Fy
=119.07

Part b:

703,270 C b L 3,516,330 Cb
Since
√ Fy
<¿ <
Rt Fy √
F b=¿ Larger of ( F ¿ ¿ b 1∧F b 3) ≤0.6 F y ¿

F y ( L/R t )2
2
[
F b 1= − F
3 10.55 x 1 06 C b y ]
248 ( 75.47 )2
F b 1=
[ 2
−
3 10.55 x 1 06 ( 1) ]
( 248 )=132.13 MPa

82,740C b
F b 3=
Ld
( )
Af

82,740(1)
F b 3= =130.4 MPa
4 (0.533)
( (0.21)(0.016) )
0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 ) =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=132.13 MPa

Part c: Maximum moment at fixed support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

F b=0.6 F y =148.8

In compression:
 F b=132.13 MPa

Use F b=132.13 MPa

M M
[ f b=
S ] 132.13 MPa=
0.002077 x 100 03

M =274,434,010 N−mm
M =274.43 kN −m

Problem 5-7

A W 8 x 21 beam of A36 steel is used as a roof purlin on a simple span of 4.6 m. The roof slope
is 1:3. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 7,200 N/m that passes through the
centroid of the section. Assuming that the purlin has full lateral support provided by roofing
above, check the adequacy of the section.

SOLUTION

Properties of W 8 x 21 relevant to the problem:

S x =298,069 mm3

S y =60,747 mm 3

kg N
Beam weight, w b=31.3 =307
m m
N
Total gravity load, w=7,200+307=7,507
m
Span, L=4.6 m

1
tanθ= ; θ=18.43°
3
w N =w cos θ=7,121.8 N /m

w T =w sin θ=2,374 N /m

w N L2
M x= =7,121.8¿ ¿
8
M x =18,837.16 N −m

M x 18,837.16(1000)
f bx = =
Sx 298,069
 f bx =63.197 MPa

w T L2
M y= =2,374 ¿ ¿
8
M y =6,279.23 N−m

M y 6,279.23(1000)
f by = =
Sy 60,747

f by =103.37 MPa

Allowable stresses:

The section is a compact section with full lateral support.

On strong axis:

F bx=0.6 6 F y =0.66 ( 248 )=163.68 MPa

On weak axis (Eq.5.16)

F by =0.75 F y =0.75 ( 248 )=186 MPa

Check the interaction equation (Eq. 5.33):

f bx f by
+ ≤ 1.0
F bx F by

63.197 103.37
+ =0.942<1.0 (OK )
163.68 186
Therefore, the section is adequate.

Problem 5-8

The top chord of a roof truss has a slope of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. The purlin used is a
standard I-beam purlin (S180 x 22.8).

Span of purlin is 6 m. purlin is simply supported at the ends with the bottom flange resting on
top chord of roof truss.

The purlin is supported in the plane of the top chord of the roof truss by sag rods at the third
points of the purlins (assumed simply supported) running to the ridge purlins.

There is a load normal to the top flange of the purlin of 1.3 kN per meter of purlin, and a vertical
load of 2.3 kN/m including the weight of the purlin.

Properties of S180 x 22.8:

Mass ¿ 22.7 kg /m
 Area ¿ 2890 mm 2

S x =172 x 10 3 m m3

S y =23.6 x 1 03 m m 3

Determine the total bending stress on the purlin.

SOLUTION

Normal load, w N =1.3+2.057

Normal load, w N =3.357 kN /m

Tangential load, w T =1.029 kN /m

Normal bending moment:

w N ( L x )2
M x=
8

M x =3.357¿ ¿

Tangential bending moment:

w N ( L y )2
M y=
8

M y =1.029 ¿ ¿

Total bending stress:

Mx M y
f =f bx + f by = +
Sx S y
 15.1065 x 10 6 0.5145 x 1 06
f= +
172 x 10 3 23.6 x 1 03

f =109.63 MPa

Problem 5-9

A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a total
load of 250 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m. the properties of the section
are as follows:

Depth, d=498 mm

Thickness of web ¿ 56 mm

Moment of inertia, I x =3417 x 10 6 m m 4

Section modulus, S x =13730 x 1 03 mm 3

Weight ¿ 7.32 kN /m

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and that the allowable stress in bending
is 0.66 F y and in shear on gross section is 0.4 F y . Use A36 steel with F y =250 MPa. Allowable
deflection is L/360.

a) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
shear stress.
b) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
bending stress.
c) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
deflection.

SOLUTION

Part a:

The shear capacity of the section is:

V
F v= =0.4 F y
dtw

V =0.4 ( 248 ) ( 498 ) ( 56 )

V =2,766,489.6 N

V =2766.5 kN
 This shear serves as the reaction R at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then

wL w ( 6 )
R= = =2766.5
2 2

922.17 kN
w=
m

The beam weighs 7.32 kN/m. the total load it can carry is 922.17-7.32 = 914.85 kN/m = w net

w net =250 x S=914.85

S=3.66 m

Part b: The moment capacity of the section is:

Mc M
[ Fb =
I ] Sx
=0.66 F y

M
=0.66(248)
13730 x 10 3

M =2,247,326,400 N−mm

M =2247.33 kN −m
2
wL2 w (6)
[ M=
8 ]
2247.33=
8

w=499.41kN /m

w net =499.41−7.32

w net =492.1 k N/m

w net =250 x S=492.1

S=1.97 m

Part c:

δ all =L/360

6000
δ all = =16.67 mm
360
 5 wL4 5 w(6,000)4
[ δ=
384 EI ] 384(200000)(3417 x 1 06 )
=16.67

w=674.96 N / mm

w=674.96 kN /m

w net =674.96−7.32

kN
w net =667.64
m

w net =250 x S=667.64

S=2.67 m

Problem 5-10

The W 21 x 93 beam shown in Figure 5-15 must transmit a total reaction of 1,000 kN to the
steel base plate over a concrete column. All steels are A36 with F y =248 MPa. The concrete
has a f ' c =27 MPa and the allowable bearing stress in concrete is 0.35 f ' c. It is required to
determine the size and thickness of the steel base plate. The beam has no bearing stiffeners.

a) Determine the required area of base plate.

b) Determine the minimum value of N.
c) Determine the required plate thickness.
 Figure 5-15

SOLUTION

Part a:
R 1,000,000
Plate area ¿ =
F p 0.35(27)

Plate area ¿ 105,820 mm 2

Part b:

R
≤0.66 F y
t w (N + 2.5 k)

1,000,000
=0.66 ( 248 )
14.7 [ N + 2.5 ( 40.2 ) ]

N=315mm
Part c:

N=420 mm
B=105,820 /420
B=252 mm

3 f p n2
Plate thickness, t=
√ Fb

B
n= −k 1
2
252
n= −27.5
2
n=98.5 mm
f p=¿ actual bearing stress

R 1,000,000
f p= =
A b 420 x 252

f p=9.448 MPa

Allowable bending stress, F b=0.75 ( 248 )=186 MPa

3 (9.448)(98.5)2
Plate thickness, t=
√ 186
Plate thickness, t=38.45 mm

Problems 5-11 (CE May 2001)

W 21 x 62 steel is used as a beam simply supported over a span of 8 m. the beam is laterally
unsupported over the entire span. Use F y =250 MPa

The properties of the section are as follows:

Depth, H=533 mm

Flange width, b f =210mm

Flange thickness, t f =15.6 mm

Web thickness, t w =10.2 mm

 Radius of gyration, r T =53.34 mm

Section modulus, S x =2,077 x 1 03 mm 3

a) Determine the value of the ratio L/r T .

b) Determine the allowable bending stress.
c) Determine the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry.

SOLUTION

L=8 m=8000 mm

r T =53.43 mm

L 8000
= =149.98 Part a
R t 53.34

C b=1 (for simply supported and no end moment)

703,270 C b 703,270(1)
√ Fy
=
√
250
=53.04

3,516,330 C b 3,516,330(1)
√ Fy
=
√
250
=118.59

L 3,516,330C b
Since
rt
<
√ Fy

1,172,100 C b
F b 1= 2
( L/r T )
1,172,100( 1)
F b 1= 2
=52.11 MPa
( 149.98 )

82,740C b
F b 2=
( LdA )f

82,740 (1)
F b 2= =63.57 MPa
8000 (533)
( (210)(15.6) )
0.6 F y =150 MPa
 Therefore, F b=63.57 MPa Part b

Uniform load:

Moment capacity:

Mc M
F b= =
I x Sx

M =F b S x =63.57 (2,077 x 1 03 )

M =132,034,890 N−mm

M =132.034 kN−m

wL2 w ( 8 )2
[ M=
8 ]
132.034=
8

w=16.5 kN /m Part c

Problem 5-12

An A36 steel beam has the following properties:

Overall depth ¿ 900 mm

Flange width ¿ 400 mm

Flange thickness ¿ 12 mm

Web thickness ¿ 12 mm

The beam is simply supported over a length of 4 m and is provided with transverse stiffeners
spaced at 2000 mm. analyze the beam based on shear only using the provisions of 2001
NSCP. Use F y =248 MPa.

a) Determine the maximum value of h /t w so that the effect of transverse stiffeners may not
be considered.
b) Determine the value of the allowable shear stress.
c) Determine the maximum uniformly distributed load (including its own weight) that the
d) beam can carry.

SOLUTION

Part a:
 998 998
= =63.37
√ F y √248
Part b:

Clear distance between flanges, h=900−2 ( 12 )=876 mm

t w =12 mm

876
h /t w = =73
12

Since h /t w >¿ 998 / √ F y

Fy
F v= ( C ) ≤0.40 F y
2.89 v
a /h=2000 /876=2.283>1
4
k v =5.34+
( a /h )2
4
k v =5.34+ =6.11
( 2.283 )2
310,264 k v
C v=
F y ( h/t w )2

310,264 ( 6.11 )
C v= =1.43>0.8
248 ( 73 )2

500 k v
C v=
√
h/t w F y

248
F v= ( 1.075 )
2.89

F v =92.26 MPa

0.40 F y =0.40 ( 248 )=99.2

Thus, F v =92.26 MPa

Part c:

V
F v= ; V =F v ( ht w )
ht w
 V =92.26 ( 876 x 12 )

V =969,797 N =969.,8 kK

wL
V =¿Reaction, R=
2

w (4 )
969.8=
2

w=489.9 kN /m

Problem 5-13 (CE November 2005)

A W 21 x 147 beam is reinforced with two 300 mm x 12 mm cover plates attached to the top
and bottom flanges by two rows of 20 mm rivets. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6
m and carries a uniformly distributed load of 270 kN/m including its own weight. The shear
capacity of each rivet is 30 kN. The properties of the W shape relevant to this problem are as
follows:

d=560mm

I =0.00151 m 4

The spacing or pitch of rivets is given as:

RI
Pitch, s=
V Ay

Where R is the shear capacity of the rivet group, I is the moment of inertia of the composite
section about N.A, V is the shear force at the point where pitch is required, and y is the distance
from N.A. to the centroid of cover plate.

a) Determine the distance from the centroid of the cover plate to the N.A. of the W section.
b) Determine the moment of inertia of the built-up section.
c) Determine the longitudinal pitch of the rivets.

SOLUTION
 Part a:

Distance from the N.A. to the centroid of the cover plate = 286 mm

Part b:

I NA =0.00151 x 100 0 4 +2 ¿

I NA =2,099,017,600 mm 4

I NA =2,099 x 1 06 mm 4

Part c:

IR
Pitch, s=
V Ay

R=30 kN x 2=60,000 N

A=300 x 12=3600 mm2

wL
V =¿ Reaction ¿
2

270 ( 6 )
V= =810 kN
2
 2,099 x 10 6 ( 30,000 x 2 )
Pitch, s=
810,000 ( 300 x 12 ) ( 286 )

Pitch, s=151mm

Problem 5-14

A plate and angle girder is fabricated by attaching the short legs of four 125 x 90 x 13 angles to
a web plate 1100 mm by 10 mm to form a section 1120 mm deep, as shown in Figure 5-16.
Allowable shearing stress on bolts is F v =100 MPa ,allowable bending stress for bolts in single
shear is F p=220 MPa, and in double shear is F p=280 MPa. Determine the spacing of rivets at
a section where the shear is V =400 kN . Area of one angle section is 2,630 mm2.

Figure 5-16

SOLUTION

Spacing for rivets:

RI
S=
V Ay

Q= A y =( 2 x 2,630 ) ( 536,3 )

Q=2,820,938mm 3
Based on shear (double shear):
 R=F v A v

π
R=100 x ( 19 2 ) x 2
4
R=56,705.7 N

56,705.7(4,140 x 1 06 )
S=
400,000(2,820,938)
S=208 mm
Based on bearing (double shear):

R=F p A p
2
Against web plate: A p =10 (19 )=190 mm

Against flange (angle), A p =13 (19 )( 2 )=494 mm 2

R=280 ( 190 )=53,200 N

53,200(4,140 x 1 06 )
S=
400,000(2,820,938)
S=195mm
Safe spacing, S=195mm

Problem 5-15

A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a total
load of 120 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 7 m. the properties of the section
are as follows:

Depth, d=498 mm

Thickness of web¿ 56 mm

Moment of inertia, I x =3417 x 10 6 m m 4

3 3
Section modulus, S x =13730 x 1 0 mm

Weight ¿ 7.32 kN /m

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and that the allowable stress in bending
is 0.66 F y and in shear on gross section is 0.4 F y . Use A36 steel with F y =250 MPa. Allowable
deflection is L/360.

a) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
shear stress.
 b) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
bending stress.
c) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
deflection.

SOLUTION

Part a:

The shear capacity of the section is:

V
F v= =0.4 F y
dtw

V =0.4 ( 248 ) ( 498 ) ( 56 )

V =2,766,489.6 N =2766.5 kN
This shear serves as the reaction R at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then

wL w ( 6)
[ R=
2 ]
2766.5=
2

w=790.4 kN /m
Since the beam weighs 7.32 kN/m, then total load it can carry is 790.4 - 7.32 =
783.08 kN/m = w net

w net =120 x S=783.08

S=6.53 m
Part b:

The moment capacity of the section is:

Mc M
F b= = =0.66 F y
I Sx

M
=0.66(248)
13730 x 10 3
M =2,247,326,400 N−mm
M =2247.33 kN −m
 2
wL2 w(7)
[ M=
8 ]M=
8
=2247.33

w=366.91 kN /m

w net =366.91−7.32=359.59 k N/m

w net =120 x S=360

S=3 m

Part c:

L 7000
δ all = = =19.44 mm
360 360

5 wL 4 5 w(7,000)4
[ δ=
384 EI ] 384(200000)(3417 x 1 06 )
=19.44

w=424.95 N /mm

w=424.95 kN /m

kN
w net =424.95−7.32=417.63
m

w net =120 x S=417.63

S=3.48 m

Problem 5-16

A composite beam has cross section as shown in Figure 5-17. The moment due to dead load,
prior to concrete attaining strength is 580 kN-m. subsequent to concrete attaining its strength,
an applied load induces an additional moment of 410 kN-m and a vertical shear of 170 kN.
Assume that the beam is not shored when the slab was poured and assume that the creep and
shrinkage stresses are negligible. Assume full composite action.

a) Determine the bending stress in the lower flange of the steel beam before concrete
attains strength.
b) Determine the maximum flexural stress in the lower flange of the steel beam when the
additional moment is applied.
c) Determine the maximum flexural stress in concrete when the additional moment is
applied.
d) Determine the longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam due to the
vertical shear.
SOLUTION

Part a:

Stress on lower flange before concrete attains strength:

Mc (580 x 10 6)(910 /2)

[ f b=
I ]
f b 1=
3758.6 x 10
6

f b 1=70.21 MPa

Part b:

After concrete attains strength:

Location of N.A.

180 ( 150 ) ( x +75 ) =28,490 ( 455−x )

x +75=480.11−1.055 x
c=910−x
c=713 mm

180 ( 150 )2
I t=3758.6 x 10 6+ 28,490 ( 455−197 )2+ +180 ( 150 ) ( 197+75 )2
12

I t=7,703,201,360 mm 4

Mc ( 410 x 1 06 )(713)
[ f b=
]
f =
I t b 2 7,703,201,360

f b 2=37.95 MPa
 Total stress, f b=f b 1 +f b 2

Total stress, f b=70.21+37.95

Total stress, f b=108.16 MPa

Part c:

M =410 kN−m

c=150+ x=697 mm

Mc ( 410 x 1 06 )(697)
[ nf c =
It ]
10 f c =
7,703,201,360

f c =3.71 MPa

Part d:

Longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam (shear flow)

Q= A y =180 ( 150 ) (197 +75 )

Q=7,344,000 m m3

VQ 170,000(7,344,000)
[ q=
I ]
q=
7,703,201,360

q=162.1 N /mm

q=162.1 kN /m

Problem 5-17

A W 21 x 62 interior floor beam has the following data:

Beam span, L=12 m

Beam spacing, s=2.4 m

Concrete strength, f ' c =21 MPa

Unit weight of concrete ¿ 23.6 kN /m3

Slab thickness, t=100 mm

Floor live load ¿ 4,700 Pa

Partition load ¿ 900 kPa

The steel is A36 steel with F y =248 MPa. Modular ratio n=9. Assuming full composite action:

a) Check the adequacy of the beam if it is shored during construction.

b) Check the adequacy of the beam if it is unshored during construction.
c) Using 12 mm Ø x 50 mm headed stud, determine the required number of studs for the
entire beam.

SOLUTION

Properties of W 21 x 62:

d=533mm S x =2,076,864 mm3

t f =15.6 mm A s=11,806 mm 2
t w =10.2 mm w=92.86 kg/m
I x =553.588 x 10 6 mm 4

Loads:

Dead load:

Weight of slab, w s=γ c A slab =23.6 [ (2.4 )( 0.1) ]=5.664 kN /m

kg 9.81
Weight of beam, w b=92.86 x =0.911 kN /m
m 1000

Total dead load, w D =5.664+ 0.911=6.575 kN /m

w D L2
M D= =118.35 kN −m
8
Live load:

Floor, w f =4.7 x 2.4=11.28 kN /m

Partition, w p=0.95 x 2.4=2.28 kN /m

Total dead load, w L =11.28+ 2.28=13.56 kN /m

w L L2
M L= =244.08 kN −m
8
Shear:

w T L 20,135( 12)
Maximum shear, V = =
2 2
 Maximum shear, V =120.81 kN

Beam properties:

b=¿ smaller of [ ( L/4=3 m ) ] and ( s=2.4 m )

b=2.4 m=2400 mm

Act = ( b/n ) t=¿ ¿

Act =26,667 mm 2 y c =533+ 50=583 mm

A s=11,806 m m2 y s =533/2=266.5 mm

[ AT ý =∑ A y ] ( 26,667+11,806 ) ý =26,667 ( 583 ) +11,806( 266.5)

ý=485.9 mm
d c =583−485.9=97.1 mm

d s =485.9−583/2=219.4 mm
2
[ I =∑ ( I + A d ) ]
t g

I t=553.588 x 1 06 +(11,806)¿

+(2400/9)¿ ¿

I tr =1,395.54 x 1 06 m m 4

Section modulus:

Referred to bottom steel flange: c s =485.9 mm

I t 1,395.54 x 1 06
Str = = =2,872,072 mm3
cs 485.9
 Referred to the top of concrete: c c =147.1 mm

I t 1,395.54 x 1 06
St = = =9,487,016 mm 3
cc 147.1

Part a: Shored

Steel stress:

Allowable F b=0.66 F y =163.68 MPa

M D+ M L ( 118.35 +244.08 ) x 1 06
[ f s=
S tr ]
f s=
2,872,072

f s=126.19 MPa<0.66 F y (OK )

Allowable shear stress:

h 533−2 ( 15.6 )
= =49.2≤ ¿
tw 10.2

F v =0.4 F y =99.2 MPa

V 120.81 x 1 03
[ f v=
]
dt w
f v=
533 (10.2)

f v =22.22<0.4 F y ( OK )

Concrete stress:

Allowable F b=0.45 f ' c =9.45 MPa

M D+ M L (118.35+244.08) x 1 06
[ f c=
nS t ]
f c=
9( 9,487,016)

f c =4.24 MPa< 0.45 f ' c ( OK )

The beam is adequate when shored.

Part b: Unshored

Steel stress:

MD M L
[ f s= +
S s Str ]
6
118.35 x 1 06 244.08 x 10
f s= +
2,076,864 2,872,072
 f s=141.97< 0.66 F y ( OK )

Concrete stress:

ML 244.08 x 1 06
[ f c=
nS t]f c=
9( 9,487,016)

f c =2.86 MPa<0.45 f ' c ( OK )

The beam is adequate when unshored.

Part c: Number of studs:

V h=¿ smaller value of V hc and V hc

0.85 f ' c A c 0.85 (21)(2400 x 100)

V hc = =
2 2
V hc =2,142,000 N=2,142 kN

F y A s 248(11,806 )
V hs = =
2 2
V hs=1,463,944 N =1,463.9 kN

V h=1,463.9 kN

q=22.685 kN (12 mm Ø x 50 mm headed stud)

Required number of studs between points of maximum positive and zero moment
(uniformly distributed):

Total number of studs for the entire length = 2N1 = 130 studs
Problem 5-18

Repeat Problem 5-17 assuming that eighty studs were uniformly distributed on the entire span?

SOLUTION

From Problem 5-17 the required number of studs between the points of maximum
positive moment and zero moment is 65.

80
Actual number of studs provided, N 1= =40
2

V h=1,463.94 kN

V ' h=qN 1=22.685 ( 40 )=907.4 kN

[ I tr eff =I s +
√ V 'h
( I −I )
V h tr s ]
907.4
I tr eff =553.588 x 1 06 +
√ 1,463.94
¿)

I tr eff =1216.45 x 1 06 mm4

[ S tr eff =S s +
V 'h
√ ( S −S )
V h tr s ]
907.4
Str eff =2,076,864+
√ 1,463.94
¿)

Str eff =2,702,928 mm4

I tr eff 1,216.45 x 1 06
ý eff = = =450 mm
S tr eff 2,702,928

I tr eff 1,216.45 x 1 06
Steff =¿ = =¿ 6,647,268 mm3
H− ý eff 633−450
Shored:

M D+ M L
Steel stress, f s=
Str eff

(118.35 +244.08)x 10 6
Steel stress, f s=
2,702,928

Steel stress, f s=134.09 MPa<0.66 F y (OK )

M D + M L (b /n)eff
Concrete, f c =
St eff b

A s ý eff −d /s
( bn ) eff
=
t d +t /2− ý eff
=
11,806
100
450−533/ 2
533+
100
−450
2

( bn ) eff
=162.89 mm

(118.35+ 244.08) x 1 06 162.89

Concrete, f c =
(6,647,268) 2400
'
Concrete, f c =3.7 MPa<0.45 f c (OK )

Unshored:

MD ML
Steel stress, f s= +
S s S tr eff

118.35 x 1 06 244.08 x 10 6
Steel stress, f s= +
2,702,928 2,702,928

Steel stress, f s=147.29 MPa<0.66 F y (OK )

M L ( b /n )eff
Concrete, f c =
S teff b

244.08 x 10 6 162.89
Concrete, f c =
6,647,268 2400

Concrete, f c =2.49 MPa<0.45 f ' c (OK )