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Science G8-Q2-MODULE 1-WK-1
Science G8-Q2-MODULE 1-WK-1
Science
Quarter 2-Module 1:
Week 1, Faults and Earthquakes
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Faults and Earthquakes
Earthquakes
First Edition, 2020
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8
Science
Quarter 2-Module 1:
Week 1, Faults and
Earthquakes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
References 20
iv
Lesson
1 Faults and Earthquakes
Duration : Week 1
Topic : Faults and Earthquakes
Earth is said to be a dynamic planet with inevitable and continuous change observed
in the surface caused by the high temperature and pressure of the inner layers of the Earth.
With these changes, natural calamities occur like earthquakes that put possible risks to
human’s lives. In this module, we will be guided by the activities as we get to more about
earthquakes and its relationship to faults. In order to grasp understanding of this concept,
let’s be guided by the learning goals in this session below.
Objectives
1
What I Know
Pre-assessment
Multiple Choice. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
____1. What is the break in the Earth’s crust where significant event occur?
A. epicenter B. fault C. focus D. zero
____2. What refers to the exposed fault plane of a fault when one fault block moves up
relative to a block on the opposite side?
A. fault B. fault line C. fault scarp D. uplifted bock
____3. What type of fault is observed when the hanging wall is displaced upward relative to
the footwall?
A. normal fault C. left-lateral strike-slip fault
B. reverse fault D. right-lateral strike-slip fault
____5. Which of the following stress pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions?
A. compression B. deformation C. shearing D. tension
____6. What is the force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume ?
A. aftershock B. friction C. liquefaction D. stress
____7. Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the ground. At what boundary does an
earthquake usually occur?
A. crustal plates B. mantle plates C. coral plate D. volcanic beds
_____8. Based on diagram, what do you think is the type of stress and fault will be
formed?
A. compression-normal fault C. tension-normal fault
B. compression-reverse fault D. tension-reverse fault
2
____11. What refers to the vibrations in the earth caused by the sudden movement of rocks?
A. epicenter B. earthquake C. faults D. tsunamis
____12. What part of a fault is pointed by the arrow in the diagram below?
____14. Why do rock layers along plates bend? This is caused by the _________.
A. friction as rocks have rough surfaces
B. friction in between rocks is maintained
C. less amount of energy released from the deep layers
D. great amount of energy released from the deep layers
What’s In
Let’s take a quick review of what you have learned in Grade 6 Earth Science lessons.
This will surely help you get connected to the next topic.
A. Identify the parts of the lithosphere as seen in the diagram. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
3
freepik.com
B. Determine what part of the lithosphere is being described below. Write your answers in
a separate sheet of paper.
_______1. The thinnest layer of the Earth which measures about 40 km on average.
_______2. It is made from iron and nickel, just in liquid form.
_______3. This is broken into big pieces, like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle. These are known as
tectonic plates.
_______4. Geologists believe this weak, hot, slippery part is what Earth’s tectonic
plates ride upon and slide across.
_______5. It is made mostly of iron, magnesium and silicon, it is dense, hot and semi-liquid
_______6. It is extremely dense and made mostly of iron and nickel.
_______7. It is the thickest layer of the Earth which extends down 2,890 km.
_______8. It consists of continental and oceanic plates.
What’s New
As you have reviewed on the layers of the earth, crust is divided into huge plates
acting like passengers of the semi liquid mantle. What do you think will happen to these
plates? What will be formed on the crust?
Activity
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Do this activity with strict supervision of your parents or
guardians. Do the procedure as directed.
4
A. A Faulty Set-up
I. Objectives:
II. Materials:
two used sheets of cardboard/folder (9 X 12 inches) ruler
a cup of fine sand/ soil placed in any container used paper
III. Procedure:
1. Spread the used paper on a table.
2. Arrange the two sheets of cardboard/ folder on top of the used paper side by side
(Figure 2).
sheet of folder A
sheet of folder B
A cup of sand/
soil
Figure 2. Cardboard sheets placed side by side.
3. Pour sand or soil along the boundary of the two sheets of folders.
5
4. Using the ruler, flatten the top of the sand and make two parallel lines with 2
inches apart.
6
B. Parts and Types of Faults
In Activity A, the movement along the “fault” is in horizontal direction, moving the
ground sideways.
In the next activity, you can also demonstrate movement in the vertical direction. The
ground will be observed to move up or down.
7
B.2 Types of Faults
Directions: Study the following figures below showing the movements along faults as crusts
experience stress. Answer the given questions after each set of illustration.
A Normal Fault
B
X
X Y
Y
Z
Z
1. What part of the fault is block B that moves down as the plates are pulled apart?
__________________
2. What part of the fault is block A that moves upward as the plates are pulled apart?
___________________
3. What happens to the rock layers at point X, Y, Z? Why? ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What type of fault is described in the illustration? ________________
Reverse Fault
C D
X
Y
Z
X
Y
. Z
Before stress During Stress (Compression) After Stress
5. What part of the fault is in block C that moves down as the plates are pushed together?
________________
6. What part of the fault is in block D that moves upward as the plates are pushed together?
______________
7. What happens to the rock layers at point X, Y, Z? Why?_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. What type of fault is described in the illustration? ________________
8
G
F X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
9. If you were standing at block F and looking across the fault, which way did the
block on the opposite side move?
___________________________________________
10. What happened to rock layers X, Y, and Z?_______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
11. What type of fault is described in the illustration?_________________________________
We have known what a fault is. What phenomenon will occur along these faults? Let’s do
the following activities to answer this question.
I. Objective:
Explain the stick and slip movement of rock layers along fault.
II. Materials
two small identical boxes (fruit juice boxes are ideal) rubber band
masking tape (1 inch width and 1 inch length) paper clip
toy house/empty match box
III. Procedure:
1. Attach the rubber band to the paper clip. Then attach the paper clip to one end of
one box. (See Figure 11. The ruler is included for scale.)
9
rubber band
Figure 11. Two boxes - one with a rubber band attached to a paper clip
2. Place the boxes side by side. Put a match box on the box with the rubber band.
Then tape (lightly) the two boxes together as shown in Figure 12. Important: Do
not stick the tape on the boxes too much. The tape is meant to come off.
empty match box
masking tape
Figure 12. Two boxes side by side and lightly taped. Figure 13. Rubber band on box with
Empty match box on the box with rubber band. match box being pulled slowly. Observe
what happens.
3. With your left hand, hold the box without the rubber band in place. With your
other hand, slowly pull and release the rubber band as shown in Figure 13.
Q1. What happens to the box as you release the rubber band? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
Q2. Pull the rubber band with more force. What happened to the box attached to the
rubber band as well as the match box on top of it? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
Q4. What part of the crust that sticks and slips? How does the movement cause the
earthquake to occur?
_______________________________________________________________
10
C.2 Stick and Shake
I. Objectives:
Explain the stick and shake movement of rock layers along fault.
Explain how faults generate earthquakes
II. Materials:
two plastic rulers a bit of clay/rolled scotch tape or masking tape
III. Procedure:
1. Using the clay, attach the rulers’ ends together (how long is the overlap between
rulers?) (Figure 14 shows close up photos of side and top views of the setup.)
Figure 15. Right hand pushes the ruler up Figure 16. Energy is stored in the bent rulers
(arrow up) while left hand pushes
the ruler down (arrow down)
Q1: What happens to the rulers as you slowly move your hands?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Q2: What happens when bending becomes too much? (Note: If nothing happens,
separate the rulers and re-attach them.)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Q3: What part of the crust that sticks and shakes? How does the movement cause
the earthquake to occur?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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Q4: What phenomenon happens if plates or rocks stick and then slip or shake?
_________________________
Congratulations!
You have just described faults and earthquakes.
Are you now ready to explain how movements
along faults generate earthquake? Complete the
statement below.
What is It
Do you know that….
Although the Earth looks like a solid place from the surface, it is extremely
active just below the surface. The Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a
hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core.
freepik.com
The solid crust and top, stiff layer of the mantle make up a region called the
lithosphere. The lithosphere is not a continuous piece that wraps around the whole
Earth like an eggshell. It is made up of giant puzzle pieces called tectonic plates.
12
Tectonic plates are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly
flowing, mantle layer below.
This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth’s crust. When the stresses
get too large, it leads to cracks called faults. In the activity, the crack or break you
have seen on the sand or soil is the fault as you move the sheets. Moving the sheets
provides the stress or force that causes the deformation of the plates (change in
volume and shape of the Earth’s surface) and formation of faults. The formed fault
reveals its parts as shown in figure 18.
A fault plane is a flat surface where slipping occurs. This may be vertical or
sloping. A hanging wall is a block located above a fault plane, which rests on the foot
wall of the fault. A foot wall, on the other hand, is a block located below a fault plane.
A fault line is the surface of a fault fracture along which the rocks have been
displaced. A fault scarp looks like a step on the Earth’s surface, which is caused by a
slip on the fault.
Moreover, the sheets of folder you move in activity A resemble the tectonic
plates. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults. This
gives rise to the three (3) types of fault, namely, normal fault, reverse fault and strike
slip fault which are differentiated by the relative position of the fault plane.
13
A strike-slip fault occurs when two faults move past each other horizontally
along the boundaries of the plates. If the block opposite an observer looking across
the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right lateral; if the block moves to
the left, the motion is termed left lateral.
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Hanging wall Foot wall
On the other hand, the activity on stick and shake that you just performed
simulates how rocks bend along a fault. The rulers serve as part of the ground and
are bent. The energy from inside the Earth makes the rocks bend. But again, the
rocks along the fault do not move immediately. Friction keeps them in place. When
too much bending occurs and the limit is reached, the rocks suddenly snap. The bent
rocks straighten out and vibrate. The vibrations travel in all directions and people in
different places will feel them as a quake. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth
due to the rapid release of energy.
Faults and earthquakes are interrelated. Through the movements along faults,
earthquakes are generated. Faults, in turn are formed due to shaking of the Earth as
tremendous energy is being released.
14
What’s More
Let’s En-Rich Our Minds!
A. Differentiate the types of fault by completing the table below. Write your answers
in a separate sheet.
B. Draw the models of each type of fault, indicating the major parts of the fault
involved and the directions of the movement.
FAULT
________________________________
G
________________________________
C ________________________________
E
________________________________
R N ________________________________
E E
R
A
A
T
T
E E
EARTHQUAKE
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What I Have Learned
Activity: Concept---Connect.
16.__________ 17.__________
16
What I Can Do
Answer the following questions in relation to the faults and earthquake concept.
1. An earthquake is one of the most powerful natural forces than can disrupt and destroy
many lives. It can be associated with the trials that people encounter in their daily life.
Sometimes its effect is minimal; sometimes it leaves a lasting effect. One must be strong
and prepared to face and cope with the challenges. Do you think you are relatively well
prepared for disaster like an earthquake? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Through the faults, earthquakes are generated. How will you manage the mistakes or
faults you have done to avoid more complicated problems? Cite one example.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
____1. What type of fault occurs when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall?
A. normal fault B. oblique fault C. reverse fault D. strike-slip fault
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____6. In which of the following layers of the Earth do earthquakes occur?
A. crust B. mantle C. outer core D. inner core
18
____14. Why do rock layers along plates shake or slip after they get stuck?
This is due to _________.
A. friction C. movement of the plates
B. rough surface of rocks D. friction has been overcome
Additional Activities
Example: Fault
19
References
Aquino, Marites D., et al. Science Links 8 Teacher’s Resource Material. Philippines: REX
Book Store, 2013.
Campo, Pia C.,et.al. Science 8 Learner's Module First Edition. Philippines: Department of
Education, 2013.
Campo, Pia C.,et. al. Science Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide, First Edition. Philippines:
Department of Education, 2013.
Ck-12 Foundation. Earthquakes. Accessed October 22, 2020.
https://www.abss.k12.nc.us/cms/lib02/NC01001905/Centricity/Domain/3750/Chapte
r%207%20Earthquakes.pdf
Gerona, Zonia M., et. al. Science and Technology 8. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. 2013
20
Answer Key
WHAT’S IN
A. 1. crust B. 1. crust 5. mantle
2. mantle 2. outer core 6. inner core
3. outer core 3. crust 7. mantle
4. inner core 4. mantle 8. crust
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WHAT’S MORE
A.
Type of Fault Stress Involved Direction of the Landform
movement of plates that will
(use arrows) develop
1. Normal Tension valley
2. Reverse Compression mountain
3. Strike-slip Shearing
B.
Generalization
1. fault 11. down 21. slip
2. earthquake 12. up 22. shake
3. fault line 13. up 23. vibrate/shake
4. fault carp 14. down
5. fault plane In any order 15. sideways
6. foot wall 16. valley
7. hanging wall 17. mountain
8. tension 18. stick and slip
9. compression 19. stick and shake
10. shearing 20. friction
What I Can Do
Answers may vary.
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