INTRO.

TO LINGUISTICS

COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
By
RAHMI FHONNA, MA.
DEFINITION

• IT DISCUSSES THE COMPARISON OF

LANGUAGE. IN MAKING COMPARISON,
WE USUALLY FIND OUT THE
SIMILARITIES AND ALSO THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE LANGUAGES.

• THE COMPARISON COULD BE IN TERM

OF PRONUNCIATION, GRAMMAR,
VOCABULARY, AND SPELLING.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH
a. Pronunciation
• Both have 26 alphabets; five vowels and 21
consonants
• Some sounds have the same pronunciation
such as m,n, l, f,o, s, x, q, and z.
b. Grammar
• Both have the same pattern/formula;
namely: S+V, S+V+O, S+V+C, S+V+O+C.
• The use/position of adverb; can be in the
first, middle, or at the end of the sentence.
Examples of Grammar
INDONESIAN
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR

a. She sleeps (S+P) a. Dia tidur (S+P)

b. My father bought b. Bapak saya telah
a new house. membeli sebuah
(S+P+O) rumah baru (S+P+O)
c. They walk to c. Mereka berjalan ke
college (S+P+C) kampus (S+P+K)
d. Mirna borrows d. Mirna meminjam
some books from beberapa buku dari
the library. perpustakaan.
(S+P+O+K)
(S+P+O+Adjunct)
Examples of Grammar
INDONESIAN
ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
a. Sometimes We a. Kadang-kadang
eat cassava for kami makan ubi
breakfast. untuk sarapan.
b. We sometimes b. Kami
eat cassava for kadang-kadang
breakfast. makan ubi untuk
c. We eat cassava sarapan.
for breakfast c. Kami makan ubi
sometimes. untuk sarapan
kadang-kadang.
 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
IN VOCABULARY
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE
• Cognate: two • False cognate:
similar words look a like in the
in two different native language
languages that but it has
mean the same different
thing. meaning in the
second or target
language
 What is cognate?

• Cognates are words from two or more

languages, which sound similar and refer to
the same thing. Cognates serve as clues
that two or more languages are related to
one another since they share strong
similarities in the form and meaning of
certain vocabularies
Examples of Cognates
Indonesian/Acehnese English
• Mama • Mother
• Teh • Tea
• Kopi • Coffee
• Rod • Road
• Nama/nan • Name
• Buku • Book
• Polisi • Police
• Badan • Body
• Lampu • Lamp
• Mantra • Mantra
Example of False Cognates
Indonesian/Acehnese English
• Cat (paint) • Cat (kucing)
• Air (water) • Air (udara)
• Mie (noodle) • Me (saya)
• Yu (ask) • You (kamu)
• Get (baik) • Get (memperoleh)
• Got (baik) • Got (past of get)
• Let (kejar) • Let (biarkan)
• Main (play) • Main (utama)
• Jam (clock) • Jam (macet)
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
ENGLISH GRAMMAR INDONESIAN GRAMMAR
• With tenses • Without tenses
• Has three forms of • Only one verb for all
verb situation
• Need to add • No needed to add any
(s,es,ies) for subject element even though
of third person the subject is third
singular person singular
• Has specific rules to • In making plural
form plural nouns noun, just say the
word twice
Differences in Pronunciation
English Indonesian
• English has plosive • Indonesian has no
sound, such as plosive sound
p,t,k,g,b, and d.
• Example:
• Pen
• Table
• King
• gear
Thank you