Margie Lumanggaya-Bibat, MSA

MLBibat2020 2
 • constitute a large portion of expenses in
any livestock enterprise.
• Feeds are naturally occurring ingredients
or materials fed to animals for the purpose
of sustaining them.

MLBibat2020 3
 • A feedstuff is any product, of natural or artificial
origin, that has nutritional value in the diet when
properly prepared.
• In general, feedstuffs may be classified into one of
the following categories:
1. forages
2. concentrates
3. supplements
4. additives

MLBibat2020 4
 1. Roughages – feed materials containing more
than 18% crude fiber and are generally low in
energy, e.g. grasses and legumes.
2. Concentrates – feeds that high in energy and
low in crude fiber.
 Two types of concentrates
1. Basal or Energy feeds
2. Protein Feeds

MLBibat2020 5
 • Supplements – feedstuff that is mixed with a primary
grain and/or roughage to provide all the nutrients to
support the form of the production for which it is
intended.
• Additives - Additives are ingredients or substances
added to a basic feed mix, usually in small quantities,
for the basic purpose of fortifying it with certain
nutrients, stimulants, and/or medicine.

MLBibat2020 6
 • Category is a group, often named or numbered,
to which items are assigned based on similarity
or defined criteria while classification is the act
of forming into a class or classes; a distribution
into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc,
according to some common relations or
attributes.

MLBibat2020 7
MLBibat2020 8
 Dry Roughages and Forages
General
DEFINITION Characteristics
• Low digestibility (due to
• Dried
high lignin content)
vegetable • low in energy, bulky, high
matter of in fiber (greater than
18%), high in calcium and
material phosphorus, a good
averaging source of fat soluble
vitamins, high in the B
more complex vitamins, and
than 18% variable in protein
fiber that content. For example,
the legumes may have
is fed to 20% protein, good
animals. quality grass hay has 8%
protein, ant wheat straw
has only 3 to 4% protein.
MLBibat2020
Animal(s)
Limitations In Their commonly use
Tropical Examples that particular
Use
feedstuff
• The use of Hay has an • goats, cattle,
• elephant grass
advantage since it is
& bermuda excellent way to store and rabbits.
grass, legumes forage over extended
periods of time but it
such as alfalfa, requires considerable
clover, labor or expensive
equipment to harvest it,
leucaena, and can create considerable
stylo. lose of vegetative matter
• Other sources through shattering of the
plant, and the curing
of dry roughage process is subject to
include straw, weather conditions than
can cause significant
fodder, stover, losses in try matter
hulls, and shells. content and vitamin A.
9
Elephant grass Bermuda Grass Alfalfa-grass Clover grass Leucaena Stylo

Other sources of dry roughage

LEGUMES

Shells Hulls Stover Fodder Straw

MLBibat2020 10
 Pasture Range Plants & Green Forages
Animal(s) commonly use
DEFINITION General Characteristics Tropical Examples Limitations In Their Use that particular feedstuff

• Pasture range • general • Grass • farmer must limit the use • goats, cattle, and
plants are characteristics are • Legume of these plants to avoid rabbits.
classified as similar to dry  alfalfa or clover overgrazing, bloat,
depletion of the soil
one of the forages, the only • edible parts of
through erosion, and
following: difference being woody vegetation decreasing the nutrient
1. Grass that the green such as leaves, value of the plant. Ideally,
2. Legume forages and stems, and twigs grasses should be grazed
3. Browse pastures contain from bushes at 10 to 20 centimeters of
4. Forbs up to 85% moisture • weeds height to gain the full
content. nutritive value of the plant
Advantages: 1. Lowered feed costs; 2. Reduced chance of nutritional deficiencies; 3. Reduced threat of communicable
disease; 4. Lowered capital investment costs, i.e. buildings; 5. Reduced management time and skills; 6. Good soil
conservation; 7. Reduced incidence of parasites.
Disadvantages: 1. Land used for pasture may produce a greater return for other crops; 2. It is difficult to observe the
animals; 3. Soil of poor nutritive value produces forages of poor nutritive value; 4. Parasite problems may occur if pastures
are not rotated.
MLBibat2020 11
 Grass Alfalfa Clover Weeds

Leaves Steams Twigs

MLBibat2020 12
 Animal(s)
General Characteristics Limitations In commonly use
DEFINITION Tropical Examples that particular
Their Use
feedstuff
• These are •These forages must be • Corn and • This type of • Fed to cattle
storage requires
fermente cut in a green (moist) sorghum are a large and
d forages condition and placed in an commonly used investment of sometimes
airtight silo to yield the capital,
stored for silage with equipment, goats in
following results. 1. pH of
under their moisture and/or labor. commercial
3.8 to 5.0 (acidic); 2.
anaerobic Anaerobic (no oxygen contents at 60 (high tech)
conditions present); 3. Feed is 8 to to 70%. operations
in a silo. 12% lactic acid.
• In this process the micro-organisms ferment the soluble carbohydrates of feeds to
produce lactic acid and volatile fatty acids.

MLBibat2020 13
 Corn silage

Sorghum Silage
MLBibat2020 14
 Animal(s)
General Limitations In Their Use commonly use
DEFINITION Characteristics Tropical Examples that particular
feedstuff
• These • They • Examples would include: • For limitations on their • These feeds
• a. Grains from cereal plants, usage, check the
are normally i.e., corn, milo, and sorghum.
are given
preparation guidelines for primarily to
feeds contain These are low in calcium and
each individual feed-stuff
high in organic phosphorus. monogastrics
used less than Stored grains contain about in this category because
their limitations vary such as swine
for 20% 13 to 14% moisture.
• b. Milling by-products such greatly. Their use in the and chickens
their protein and as corn gluten, corn bran, rather than
Third world is often
energy 18% crude and rice hulls. restricted due to ruminants or
content fiber. • c. Roots, nuts, and fruits unavailability, prohibitive
such as cassava, taro,
nonruminant
. peanuts, and rice bull.
cost, competition for herbivores
• d. Fats and oils. demand with humans, and
difficulties with storage.

MLBibat2020 15
 Grains from cereal
plants
Corn Milo Sorghum

Milling by-products

Corn gluten Corn bran Rice hull

Roots, nuts, and

fruits
Cassava Taro Peanut 16
MLBibat2020
 Animal(s)
General Limitations In Their commonly use
DEFINITION Characteristics Tropical Examples that particular
Use
feedstuff
• are • Protein levels in • vegetable sources such as • Limitations in the • fed to
feedstuffs livestock rations are soybeans, cottonseed, usage of these
extremely important
monogastrics
containing safflower, sunflower, and supplements are of rather than
for young animals and
more than peanuts. These are of 2 types: one is
animals in high ruminants
20% production. Muscle moderate protein quality nutritional (which
protein. since they have limiting can be checked by who can
growth, egg
production, wool and amino acids. feed-stuff in the synthesize
hair growth, lactation, • animal protein are of feed preparation their own
and gestation all higher quality since they chart) and the other protein when
require considerable do not have the limiting is due to availability,
quantities of protein
supplied with
because the products
amino acids. These are cost, and marketing nitrogen.
of these types of commonly made from practices in
production are largely tankage, blood, fish, and different countries.
protein in composition. other inedible animal
tissues.
MLBibat2020 17
 VEGETABLES SOURCES

Soybean Cottonseed Safflower Sunflower Peanut

PROTEIN SOURCES

MLBibat2020 Bloodmeal Fishmeal inedible animal tissues 18

 Animal(s)
General Limitations In Their Use commonly use
DEFINITION Characteristics Tropical Examples that particular
feedstuff
• They are •They are • macro-minerals •In many developing • These
limited to limited to 1 to are salt, calcium, countries where minerals are
1 to 2% 2% of a phosphorus, premixed minerals needed by
balanced ration both
of a manganese, and for animals are
or may be self monogastrics
balanced fed sulfur. scarce or expensive, and
ration or • micro- minerals oyster shell, ash ruminants.
may be are copper, iron, from wood fires,
self fed iodine, zinc, and and calcium sources
cobalt. are used instead.

MLBibat2020 19
MACRO-MINERALS

SALT CALCIUM PHOSPORUS MANGANESE SULFUR

MICRO-MINERALS

COPPER IRON IODINE ZINC COBALT

MLBibat2020 20
 Animal(s)
General Limitations In Their Use commonly use
DEFINITION Characteristics Tropical Examples that particular
feedstuff
• A feed used •When used, • vitamins most often • These are generally not • Adult
available in the rural areas of
with in they deficient in the developing countries. They
ruminants
conjunction generally rations for each tend to be expensive when • Poultry
with another occupy no animal: available and often of • Swine
feed to more than • Adult ruminants - questionable quality since
they may be sent overseas
improve the 1% of the Vitamins A, D, & E. by a Western corporation
nutritive ration. • Poultry Vitamins A, B. after they have passed the
balance or D, E, and K. expiration date on the label
or have been produced in the
performance • Swine - A, D, E, Third world where quality
Riboflavin, Niacin, control can be a problem.
Pantothenic acid, B12,
& Choline.

MLBibat2020 21
ADULT RUMINANTS POULTRY SWINE

VITAMINS A,D&E VITAMINS A,B,D,E&K A, D, E, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, B12,

& Choline.

MLBibat2020 22
 Animal(s)
General Characteristics Limitations In commonly use
DEFINITION Tropical that particular
Examples Their Use
feedstuff
• Feed additives •These are normally used to 1) • Antibiotics • The use of • Cattle
are materials  Tylosin, stilbestrol has
that are not
Improve rate and/or efficiency been banned in
• Poultry
of weight gain, 2) prevent oxytetracycali • Sheep and
considered to be the U.S. by the
ne, and
nutrients and certain diseases, and 3) Food and Drug goats
are used in small penicillin Administration.
preserve feeds. • hormones • Horses
amounts in the • In the third world
ration to •Antibiotics is evidenced to 1) such as it will be found • Swine
improve feed reduce the incidence of stilbestrol not at the village
efficiency, subclinical infections in the • Anthelmintics or survival level
promote faster (dewormers) of livestock
gains, improve
digestive and respiratory tract, production but in
animal health, or 2) they stimulate appetite and the high
increase have a nutrient sparing effect, technical
production of and 3) they stimulate certain operations.
animal products.
enzyme systems
MLBibat2020 23
 TYLOSIN OXYTETRACYCALINE PENICILLIN HORMONE

MLBibat2020 24
 Crop residues and agro-
industrial by-products
MLBibat2020 25
Crop Residues
•Crop residue is plant material remaining
after harvesting, including leaves, stalks,
roots.

MLBibat2020 26
 1.Field residues are materials left in an
agricultural field or orchard after the crop
has been harvested.

•These residues include stalks and stubble

(stems), leaves, and seed pods.

MLBibat2020 27
 STEM LEAF SEEDS

MLBibat2020 28
 2. Process residues are materials left after
the crop is processed into a usable resource.

•These residues include husks, seeds,

bagasse, molasses and roots. They can be
used as animal fodder and soil amendment,
fertilizers and in manufacturing.
MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 29
 HUSKS BAGASSE MOLASSES ROOTS

MLBibat2020 30
 • Agro-industrial byproducts such as sugar-beet
pulp, citrus pulp, olive cake, tomato pulp,
brewer’ grain, poultry excreta and others, can
be utilized as straight feeds and/or supplements
for upgrading the nutritional value of cereal
straws and of feedstuffs available for grazing
from the range during the long dry period

MLBibat2020 31
SUGAR-BEET PULP CITRUS PULP TOMATO PULP BREWER’S GRAIN

POULTRY EXCRETA
MLBibat2020 32
 CONCENTRATES
MLBibat2020 33
Grains
What foods are in the Grains Group?
• Any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal,
barley, or another cereal grain is a grain product.
Bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, grits, and
tortillas are examples of grain products. Foods
such as popcorn, rice, and oatmeal are also
included in the Grains Group.

MLBibat2020 34
Grains are divided into 2 subgroups
1. Whole Grains
• Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel ―
the bran, germ, and endosperm. Examples of
whole grains include whole-wheat flour, bulgur
(cracked wheat), oatmeal, whole cornmeal, and
brown rice.

MLBibat2020 35
Grains are divided into 2 subgroups
Refined Grains
• Refined grains have been milled, a process that
removes the bran and germ. This is done to give
grains a finer texture and improve their shelf
life, but it also removes dietary fiber, iron, and
many B vitamins. Some examples of refined
grain products are white flour, de-germed
cornmeal, white bread, and white rice.

MLBibat2020 36
LIST OF GRAINS

MLBibat2020
MLBibat2020 37
 Some example of
Grain by-products in the
PHILIPPINES

MLBibat2020 38
RICE BY-PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS
Rice Bran 5-10% of the paddy weight, derived from the pericarp or bran layer of rice,
with some quantities of hull fragments which is unavoidable in the regular
milling of rice. It should have the following analysis*:
Cono (D1) - first class or fine rice bran: crude protein - 11% min., fat - 12%
min., fiber - 7% max., moisture - 13% max.
Cono (D2)- second class or coarse rice bran: crude protein - 8% min., fat-
4% min., fiber- 18% max., moisture- 13% max.
Kiskis: crude protein - 4% min., fat - 2% min., fiber - 30% max., moisture -
13% max.

Rice polishings approximately 3% of the paddy weight, rice polishings is the finely
powdered material obtained in polishing rice kernels to improve its
appearance. It should have the following analysis*: crude protein -
12% min., fat - 15% min., fiber - 6% max., moisture - 13% max. It is
lower in protein and fiber than rice bran but has the same storage
problem due to its high lipid content.

Rice middlings consist of bran particles and small fragments of rice kernels
obtained as a by-product in the milling of rice.

MLBibat2020 39
 CORN & BY-
PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS
Corn grain dried and shelled corn with moisture content of generally less than 13%.

Corn grits or hard, flinty portions of sound corn, with little or none of the bran or germ;
hominy grits separated from the rest by screens of different gauges - fine (#22),
intermediate (#16), and coarse (# 14). It should have the following
analysis*: crude protein - 7% min., fat - 0.5% min., fiber - 2% max.,
moisture - 13% max.
Corn gluten feed a combination of corn gluten meal and corn bran mixed in a proportion
to contain 20-25% protein. Like all corn products, it is very lysine
deficient. It should have the following analysis*: crude protein - 20%
min., fat - 2% min., fiber- 8% max., moisture - 13% max.
Hominy feed by-product of the manufacture of hominy, hominy grits, and corn meal
for human consumption. Consists of a mixture of corn bran, corn germ,
and varying amounts of finer starchy portions of the grain.

MLBibat2020 40
 CORN & BY-
DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS
PRODUCTS
Corn bran outer coating of the corn kernel, with little or none of the starchy part of
the germ. Corn bran should have the following analysis*: crude protein -
10% min., fat - 5% min., fiber - 8% max., moisture - 13% max.

Corn gluten meal that part of the corn grain that remains after the extraction of the starch
and germ, and the separation of the bran by the process employed in
the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup. It should have the
following analysis*: crude protein - 42% min., fat - 1.5% min., fiber -
4.5% max., moisture - 13% max

Corn germ meal this is ground corn germ cake (the residual product after extraction of oil
from corn germ with other parts of the corn kernel) as separated in the
dry milling process of manufacture of corn meal, corn grits, hominy feed,
and other corn by-products. It should have the following analysis*: crude
protein - 14% min., fat- 10% min., fiber - 9% max., moisture - 13% max.

MLBibat2020 41
 WHEAT FLOUR
AND BY- DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS
PRODUCTS
Wheat flour the starchy interior of the wheat grain, with the fibrous seedcoat, bran
and pollard removed. It has a considerably higher protein compared to
corn (around 12.8% vs. 8.8%) and aids in the hyderostability of
processed feeds.

Wheat pollard the portion of the wheat bran between the skin or the bran and the white
interior (source of white flour). Under Philippine conditions of flour
milling, pollard may include millrun, middlings and shorts. It should have
the following analysis*: Soft: crude protein - 12% min., fat - 4% min.,
fiber - 8% max., moisture - 13% max. Hard: crude protein - 16% min.,
fat - 3% min., fiber - 8% max.,moisture - 13% max.
Wheat bran consists primarily of the fibrous seed coat, without the germ, which is
removed in the manufacture of wheat flour. It contains most of the
vitamins and protein of the wheat grain.

MLBibat2020 42
 OIL CAKES DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS

Soybean oil meal consists of fat extracted soybeans which have been ground to a meal
and sometimes pelleted. It is of two types, hulled and dehulled, with
protein levels of approximately 44% and 49%, respectively. Soybean oil
meal is high in lysine but quite low in methionine and cystine. It contains
growth-inhibiting factors, specifically a trypsin inhibitor and urease, but
these are readily destroyed with proper processing.
Copra meal is what remains after the dried coconut meat has been subjected to a
mechanical fat extraction process and ground. Copra meal is also
available in cake and pellet form. The feedstuff is relatively high in
protein (at least 22%) although the quality is relatively low. It is also high
in fiber. Copra meal is particularly prone to rancidity and aflatoxin
contamination.

MLBibat2020 43
 Legumes by products

Green mung bean husk Beansprout Husks Pea Starch Mung Bean Starch Flour

MLBibat2020 44
 Animal and fish
processing by-products

MLBibat2020 45
WHEAT FLOUR AND
BY-PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION/SPECIFICATIONS
Meat and bone consists of unusable animal tissue and bones which have been cooked under
meal steam pressure, partially detagged, dried and ground; usually contains from 55-
60% protein; is a good source of calcium and phosphorus
Fish meal is produced from fish processing wastes or from whole fish. Fish meal quality varies greatly
depending on the raw material used.
IMPORTED
Most of the local fish meal are by-products in the canning of tuna and sardines and consists
of heads, internal organs, scraps, black meat, bones, tail, and reject/spoiling fish. The
product is generally high in protein (55-60%) but quality in terms of freshness and bacterial
contamination is quite low. Fish meal production in canneries are mechanized. In some areas
where trash fish abound, fish meal is produced by grinding sundried fish that has been
slightly salted.

Shrimp made from dried and grounded waste heads and shells of shrimps. Its true protein is only 50-
70% since part of this is in the form of indigestible chitin. The ingredient however is a
head/shell meal valuable source of this chitin which is important in shrimp diets. Shrimp head/shell meal is
also a major source of naturally occurring choline and carotenoids. If not finely ground, the
ingredient will tend to reduce feed stability.

Tallow or animal obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processing of
rendering or extracting.
fat

MLBibat2020 46
Feed Evaluation and quality control
•Proximate analysis/Weende analysis
 most extensively used method for
determining the nutritive value of feeds;
includes the following analyses in:
1. Moisture – determined by accurately
weighing finely ground sample before and
after drying to constant weight at 105°C for
at 5 hours.
MLBibat2020 47
Feed Evaluation and quality control
2. Crude fat – a residue that includes all
ether soluble substances such as waxes,
essential oils, and pigments but is mostly
fat and fatty acid esters.
3. Crude fiber – a rough measure of the
portion of carbohydrates poorly used by
monogastric animals.
MLBibat2020 48
Feed Evaluation and quality control
4. Crude protein – the total nitrogen
multiplied by a factor 6.25 based on the
data that protein contains as average of
16% nitrogen.
Ash – the residue remaining after
combustion.

MLBibat2020 49
REFERENCES:
• http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d
• https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/four/i
ntro_rough_trans.htm#:~:text
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/395
• https://hayandforage.com/article-1578-alfalfa-grass-
mixtures-are-complex.html
• https://chorbie.com/landscaping/bermuda-grass-
friend-or-foe/
• https://www.amazon.com/Outsidepride-White-Dutch-
Clover-Seed/dp/B004QLBY1I
• https://plantstomata.wordpress.com/2017/11/21/stomat
a-in-leucaena-fabaceae/

MLBibat2020 50
REFERENCES:
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/251
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stover#/media/File:Stover
November2008.jpg
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_hulls
• https://www.pennington.com/all-products/grass-
seed/resources/how-to-identify-your-lawn-grass
• https://www.mortonarb.org/news/stems-woody-
shrubs-provide-colorful-visual-interest-winter
• https://www.123rf.com/photo_33971161_twigs-and-
sticks-closeup.html
• https://honest-food.net/edible-weeds/

MLBibat2020 51
REFERENCES:
• https://emergence.fbn.com/agronomy/when-should-i-start-
corn-silage-harvest
• https://phys.org/news/2016-10-forage-sorghum-hybrids-
silage.html
• https://agrodaily.com/2015/04/14/us-sorghum-silage-can-
replace-corn-silage/
• https://www.thespruce.com/about-milo-seed-385628
• https://thehorse.com/136794/corn-in-horse-feed-good-or-
bad/
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/224
• https://tianhe-casting.en.made-in-
china.com/product/LjJEsroOEPhC/China-Animal-Feed-Corn-
Gluten-Meal-60-protein-.html

MLBibat2020 52
REFERENCES:
• https://www.exportersindia.com/yari-enterprises/corn-
bran-3013602.htm
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cassava-Roots-
and-Leaves_fig1_336832313
• https://www.britannica.com/plant/taro-plant
• https://www.hobbyfarms.com/grow-your-own-
peanuts/
• https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/tackling-
challenges-of-protein-deficiency-in-nigeria-with-
soybeans/
• https://hoards.com/article-4268-do-fats-improve-
conception-rates.html

MLBibat2020 53
REFERENCES:
• https://www.thespruce.com/safflower-seeds-385835
• https://www.healthline.com/health/food-
nutrition/calories-in-sunflower-seeds
• https://www.stack.com/a/are-peanuts-healthy
• https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/blood-meal-
21071828188.html
• https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2015/06/09/fishmea
l-will-move-from-being-commodity-to-high-price-
strategic-marine-protein/
• https://www.online-
sciences.com/biology/differentiation-of-cells-diversity-
of-animal-tissues/

MLBibat2020 54
REFERENCES:
• https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2014/11/25/Quiet-
salt-reduction-is-vital-but-gourmet-salt-growth-may-
stifle-industry-efforts
• https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/calcium-powder-
feed-supplement-9450983012.html
• https://www.amazon.ca/Calcium-Phosphorus-Supplement-
Vitamin-Animals/dp/B01JGNZH2W
• https://www.zinpro.com/products/original-line
• https://www.agriexpo.online/prod/redmond-minerals-
inc/product-176345-82436.html
• https://north40.com/santa-cruz-adult-s-goat-4g-copper-
bolus
MLBibat2020 MLBibat2020 55
REFERENCES:
• https://shopee.ph/Nutrivet-Iron-Dextran-B12-for-Animals-
(100ML)-i.52266324.3443436191
• https://www.vetnpetdirect.com.au/products/io-antiseptic-
iodine-solution
• http://www.feedandgrain.com/product/zinpro-zinc
• http://www.naturalstockcareshop.co.uk/cattle-care/cobalt-
b12-with-selenium-5-litre/
• https://www.pbsanimalhealth.com/products/durvet-vitamin-
a-d-injectable-cattle

MLBibat2020 56
REFERENCES:
• https://web.facebook.com/Dwave08/posts/adek-m-
vitamins-supplimentvitamin-a-d3-e-k3-b1-b2-b6-b12-c-
pantothenol-niacin-fo/116529426371180/?_rdc
• https://www.sanmiguelfoods.com/products/bmeg/injectable
s
• https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?s
etid=2846dab1-4dff-4d8d-ba6c-aa5e8bf394ec&type=display
• https://www.durvet.com/product/penicillin-injectable/
• https://desdaughter.com/stilbestrol-for-veterinary-use/
• https://www.exportersindia.com/jana-coconut-
exim/coconut-husk-2806260.htm
MLBibat2020 57
REFERENCES:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_residue#:~:text=Field%20r
esidues%20are%20materials%20left,the%20ground%2C%20or
%20burned%20first.
• http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/lrrd/lrrd12/3/bist123.h
tm#:~:text=Agro-
industrial%20byproducts%20such%20as,during%20the%20lon
g%20dry%20period
• https://www.exportersindia.com/jana-coconut-
exim/coconut-husk-2806260.htm
• https://www.feedipedia.org/content/sugarbeet-pulp-
pressed
MLBibat2020 58
REFERENCES:
• http://renewablespirits.com/presentation.htm
• https://www.feedipedia.org/content/tomato-pomace
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/74
• https://www.permaculturenews.org/2016/03/11/poult
ry-litter-a-great-resource-to-utilize/
• https://www.choosemyplate.gov/eathealthy/grains#:
~:text=Any%20food%20made%20from%20wheat,inclu
ded%20in%20the%20Grains%20Group.
• https://flour.com/anatomy-of-a-wheat-kernel/

MLBibat2020 59
 • https://www.world-grain.com/articles/13256-whole-wheat-flour-
output-falls-to-recent-low
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/bulgur
• https://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/seasonal-
recipes/whole-grain-cornbread-recipe-ze0z1501zcwil
• https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/9-benefits-oats-oatmeal
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/454441418648833616/
• http://westgrains.ph/products/
• https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/rice-polish-
12839223388.html
MLBibat2020 60
REFERENCES:
• https://agro-v.com/grain-corn
• https://www.justdial.com
• https://www.feedipedia.org/node/714
• http://www.labudde.com/hominy-feed/
• https://www.exportersindia.com/yari-enterprises/corn-bran-
3013602.htm
• https://nuts.com/cookingbaking/grains/corn/organic-grits.html
• https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/feed-Corn-germ-meal-
for-fish_62402241675.html
• http://www.nordfeed.com/wheat-pollard.html

MLBibat2020 61
REFERENCES:
• https://www.world-grain.com/articles/10939-ldc-opens-oilseeds-
processing-facility-in-china
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_and_bone_meal#/media/File:Me
at_and_bone_meal.jpg
• https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Shrimp-Shell-
Meal_110819595.html
• https://vn1103738867xeoi.trustpass.alibaba.com/product/50039692
803-
230518015/Green_mung_bean_husk_Green_mung_bean_residue_M
ung_bean_for_animal_Ms_Holiday_.html
• https://faerieimps.blogspot.com/2015/07/sifting-beansprout-
husks.html
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MLBibat2020 63