CHAPTER: TITLE:
Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3
Interactions Between Development and State-Building, Expansion
Humans and the Interaction of Cultures and Conflict
Environment
Medieval Europe was a political
mosaic of organized, independent
and competing regional states
that frequently fought with one
another along with having
internal problems
After decline of Carolingian
empire during the 9th century,
many powerful officials began
taking control of their own
territory
Otto of Saxony aggressively
established himself as king in
northern Germany by the mid-
10th century; Pope John XII
proclaimed him emperor in 962
for helping the Church’s survival
and dominance
birth of Holy Roman Empire
Formerly, important church
officials were appointed by
imperial authorities; Pope
Gregory VII ordered an end to
the practice
Emperor Henry IV was
excommunicated because of his
disobedience
Theme 4 Theme 5
Creation, Expansion and Development and
Interactions of Economic Transformation of Social
Systems Structures
An unequal political, social, and
economic society
The three estates:
a. "Those who pray"--
clergy of Roman
Catholic church, the
spiritual estate
b. "Those who fight"--
feudal nobles, the
military estate
c. "Those who work"--
mostly peasants and
serfs
Nobles mainly lived off the
surplus production of their
serfs/peasants
Within the ranks of nobles,
chivalry was emphasized and
created refined, mannered
warriors who were encouraged to
become leaders; the chivalric
code was esp. emphasized by the
Church
Aristocratic women liked the
chivalric code and emphasized
less on the religious parts, and
more on the behavioral aspects;
they promoted chivalric values
by patronizing troubadours, who
reflected their interests
Troubadours were a class of
traveling poets, minstrels, and
entertainers and were most
active in S. France/N. Italy; drew
inspiration from the love poetry
of Muslim Spain (e.g. Eleanor of
Aquitaine)

Urban working population

increased: the ranks of workers
soon included not only peasants
but also merchants, artisans, craft
workers, and other professionals
(lawyers, physicians, etc)

City affairs were dominated by

urban nobles, however, it also
reflected the interests of the
working classes; merchants and
workers of different trades
organized guilds

Guilds regulated production and

sale of goods, established
standards of quality for
manufactured goods, determined
prices and regulated entry of new
workers, and provided a focus for
friendships and mutual support,
building halls to hold parties and
meetings

Guilds often helped its members

and their families by providing
financial and moral support for
those who fell ill; arranged
funerals for fallen members
Rural women continued to
perform domestic tasks such as
household chores, weaving, and
 care of animals

Patriarchal society where women

had little opportunities to gain
political power

Urban women had more

opportunities than rural – they
worked along men such as
butchers, brewers, bakers,
shoemakers, etc., and
occasionally physicians and
pharmacists; however, they
dominated certain occupations
esp. those involving textiles and
decorative arts

Most guilds accepted women and

some guilds were exclusively
feminine (6 out of about 100
guilds in Paris during the 13th
century were such)

Change Over Time: