8:15 a.m.

UTC Wednesday, Jan 20th :

Feel free to contribute! I haven’t checked any of the math, just been trying
to get it typed up so it can be better deciphered. Best of luck!

∼ Dinosaur279

P.S. Please don’t do anything bad, thanks.

2:57 p.m. UTC Wednesday, Jan 20th :

I suggest to structure the document with one document regarding each

page and combine them in main with a seperate folder for figure so that the
file structure looks like

main.tex
figures
>>fig1.png
sections
>>page1.tex

PS. [Link to reddit post]

∼ gushallb

1
1 Page 1

Figure 1: Sketch from page 1

T = ABC is a triangle with sides of lengths a, b, c : c > b > a. C is the

origin of Cartesian coordinates, B lies on the positive X axis and Ax =
b cos C > 0. Point P = (X, Y ) lies interior to ΘT , the circumcircle of T
and P pedals triangle J = αβγ where α, β, γ spans A, B, C respectively.
|P C| sin C |P C|c
γ = |P C| sin C, β = |P B| sin B, α = |P A| sin A so βγ = |P B| sin B
= |P B|b
so:
√
PC b X2 + Y 2
γ = β ⇐⇒ = =p
PB c (X − a)2 + Y 2
2 2
b2 a
  
2 abc
⇐⇒ X + 2 +Y =
c − b2 c 2 − b2

In like manner we find:

2  2  2
a2 b cos C

abc sin A abc
γ = α ⇐⇒ X + 2 + Y + 2 =
c − a2 c − a2 c 2 − a2

And:
 2  2  2
abc cos A abc sin A abc
β = α ⇐⇒ X − 2 + Y + 2 =
b − a2 b − a2 b 2 − a2

2
The centers of these circles which pedal the isosceles pedals triangle of T are:

−b2 a
A0 = ( , 0)
c 2 − b2
−a2 b
B0 = 2 (cos C, sin C)
c − a2
abc
C0 = 2 (cos A, − sin A)
b − a2
Define A0 , B 0 , C 0 as the isocenters of ABC.

Theorem 1. The isocenters of T are colinear.

c2 −a2 b2 −c2
Proof. Let α = b2 −a2
so 1 − α = b2 −a2
. Then, αB 0 + (1 − α)A0 = C 0 .
The line of A0 B 0 C 0 is called the deck. In the given coordinates it satisfies:

−2bc(c2 − b2 ) sin A 2b3 c sin A

Y = X −
c 4 + b 4 − a2 c 2 − a2 b 2 c 4 + b 4 − a2 c 2 − a2 b 2
The algebra we encounter in this geometry is rich in differences of squares.

Theorem √ √ 2. Calculus:
4 4 4 −a2 b2 −a2 c2 −b2 c2 abc (b2 −a2 )2 −(c2 −a2 )(c2 −b2 )
|A0 B 0 | = abc a +b(c2+c
−b2 )(c2 −a2 )
= (c2 −b2 )(c2 −a2 )

Proof.

−a2 b cos C(c2 − b2 ) + b2 a(c2 − a2 ) −a2 b sin C(c2 − b2 )

 
0 0
B −A = , 2
(c2 − b2 )(c2 − a2 ) (c − b2 )(c2 − a2 )
 
abc 2 2
= 2 c cos A − ab cos B, −c sin A + ab sin B
(c − b2 )(c2 − a2 )
h i
Therefore |A0 − B 0 |2 = abc
(c2 −b2 )(c2 −a2 )
[c4 cos2 A − 2abc2 cos A cos B +
a2 b2 cos2 B + c4 sin2 A − 2abc2 sin A sin B + a2 b2 sin2 B]

3
2 Page 2
Proof.

= abc  
(c2 −b2 )(c2 −a2 ) c2 cos A−ab cos B,−c2 sin A+ab sin B

h i
Therefore |A0 − B 0 |2 = abc
(c2 −b2 )(c2 −a2 )
[c4 cos2 A − 2abc2 cos A cos B +
a2 b2 cos2 B + c4 sin2 A − 2abc2 sin A sin B + a2 b2 sin2 B]

4
3 Page 3

5
4 Page 4: Orbits and Bends

p
An orbit is a circle with radius ρ > 0 and center (0, ρ2 + e2 where e =
|DE|. √
A bend√ is a circle with center V = (f, 0), f ∈ R and radius f2 + e2 . Now
|V E| = f2 + E 2 so bends pass through E.
Theorem 3. Ω is a circle with center on the mast. Ω is an orbit ⇐⇒ Ω is
orthogonal to every bend.
p
Proof. ⇒ If —γD|
√ = ρ2 + e2 and this bend as V = (f, 0) intersects Ω at
ρ then |P V | = f
⇐

6
5 Page 5
Theorem 4. θ, the circumcircle of T = ABC is an orbit.
Proof. O, the center of θ, ??? O = a2 , a2 cos A


sin A
in the original coordinates:
C = (O2
, O), B = (a, O), etc. Using these same coordinates isocenter A =
−b2 a
c2 −b2
, O and,
s 2
0 b2 a a a2 (1 − sin2 A)
|OA | = + +
2
c −b 2 2 4 sin2 A
s
b4 a2 + a4 b2 a4 a4 a2
= + − +
(c2 − b2 )2 (c2 − b2 ) 4 4 4 sin2 A
s
b 2 a2 − b 4 a2 + a2 b 2 c 2 a2
= +
(c2 − b2 )2 4 sin2 A
s
a2 b 2 c 2 a2
= +
(c2 − b2 )2 4 sin2 A
√
= A0 E 2 + R 2 .
0 ◦ 0 2 0 2 2 0
√
√ A DO = 90 so A E = A D + e and |OA | =
Now A0 D2 + R2 + e2 =
A0 D2 + DO2 . Thus,
√
|DO| = R2 + e2 .

The deck is the O inverse of circle K (pun intended) with radius ρ:

√ R2
2ρ R2 + e2 = R2 so ρ = √ .
2 R2 + e2
√
The
p center of
√ K lies R2 + e2 − ρ above the deck so K is an orbit ⇐⇒
2 2 2
ρ + e = R + e − ρ. 2

7
We have,
s
p R4 + 4(R + e2 )e2
ρ2 + e2 =
4(R2 + e2 )
s
(R2 + 2e)2
= √
(2 R2 + e2 )2
R2
= √ 2 ,
2 R2 + e2 + √ e
R2 +e2

while,

There is evidence it is a pedal circle as well. O lies on Circle K and it pedals

T in T . Two ”Brochard Points” also lie on K and they too pedal T in T
(Altshiller-Court College Geometry Barn’s & Noble 1952 p278).
Three years ago I proved that if T is a right triangle all six pedal points of T
in T lie on Circle K, though at the time I knew not of the deck. I did know
the center of K was colinear with E and O, however, I give what I believe are
the coordinates of the six points. The problem is I used a different coordinate
system but I think with C = (0, 0), B = (0, a), A = (b, 0) the center of K is,
 2
b(a + c2 ) a(b2 + c2

,
4c2 4c2

and its radius is √

b 4 − a2 b 2 + a4 .

8
The even pedal points are

a2 b 2 ab2 2
 b a
(c , ab), (ab, c ), , ,
c 4 + a2 b 2 c 4 + a2 b 2 2 2
while the odd pedal points are,

b2 a2 ab
2 2
(2b, a), 2 2
(b, 2a), and 2 (a, b).
c + 3b e + 3a c
I obtained these by factoring 14 degree equations in two variables. Thank I
AM.
Constructing the mast of a right triangle and circle K is remarkably easy.
Step one is locate the circumcenter O, independent of the hypotenuse. Step
two is construct the altitude of the hypotenuse and let M be its midpoint.
2
Then M O is a diameter of Circle K and M O is the mast. The deck lies |MRO|
from O.
This simple construction of deck and mast suffices for all triangles pedal-
similar to a right triangle. Over 90% of the interior of the circumcenter of
every triangle is similar to right triangles.

9
6 Page 6

Figure 2: Now suppose p is a point above the deck. If P = (0, h) for h < e
2 πh2
then P is on the orbit with radius p = e 2h . If P = (0, h) for h ≥ e then P
h2 −e2
lies on the orbit with radius p = 2h . In neither case does P lie on a bend
but the mast is the limit of bends with center (0, N )N −→ ∞, N −→ ∞.

If P = (X, Y )X 6= 0, Y > 0, let V = (f, 0) where |V P | = |V E| so V lies on

the deck equidistant from P and E. Now construct the line through P
perpendicular to V P . This line cannot be parallel to the mast for (if) it
were P would lie on the deck 1 . Thus the perpendicular to√ V P at P
intersects the mast at a point γ = (0, K). Now |V P | = |V E| = f2√+ e2 so
if we set p = |P γ|, V P γ is a right triangle with legs(???) P V = f + e2
P γ = p and hypotenuse γV : (γV )2 = (P V )2 + |P γ|2 = f2 + e2 + p2 . Now
1
V is the point on the deck: |V P | = |V E|; V is center of the unique bend passing
through P. gamma is center of the unique orbit on which P lies. γ lies on the mast
p
p2 + e2 above D where p = |P γ| : P γ ⊥ P V .

10
V Dγ is palso a right triangle since V Dγ = 90°. It, too, has hypotenuse
|γV | = f +2 +p2 , its legs are f and |γD| so |V γ|2 = f2 + |γD|2 . But
|V γ| = f2 + e2 + p2 so Dγ 2 = p2 + e2 so the circle with center γ and radius
P γ = p is on an orbit.

We have thus put P in an

√ orbit with radius p and on a bend with center
V = (f, 0) with radius f + e2 . Now angles P V D = P V γ + γV √ D so
√
pf+ f2 +e2 p2 +e2
sin(P V D) = sin(P V γ) cos(γV D) + cos(P V γ) sin(γV D) = f2 +p2 +e2
,
and cos(P√ V D) = cos(P V γ) cos(γV D) − sin(P V γ) sin(γV D) =
√
f f2 +e2 −p p2 +e2
f2 +p2 +e2
.

 √ √ 
2 2 2
P = −f + f + e cos(P V D), f + e sin(P V D) 2
" √ √ p
−f(f2 + p2 + e2 ) + f2 + e2 (f f2 + e2 − p p2 + e2
= ,
f2 + p2 + e2
√ √ p #
f2 + e2 (pf0 f2 + e2 p2 + e2
f 2 + p2 + e 2
−f2 − fp2 − f2 e2 + f3 + fe2 √
 p
= + p( p 2 + e2 f2 + e2 ),
f2 + p2 + e2
√ p #
pf f2 + e2 + (f2 + e2 ) p2 + e2
f2 + p2 + e2
h p √ √ √ p i
= −fp2 p2 + e2 f2 + e2 , f2 + e2 (pf + f2 + e2 p2 + e2
√
√
p
pf + p2 + e2 f2 + e2  2 + e2

P = −p, f
f2 + p2 + e2
 √   √ 
P = sin(P V D) −p, f2 + e2 = sin(P γD) −p, f2 + e2

11
7 Page 7

If we let V = A0 then P = A, ρ = R, f = α so,

√ √
R R2 + e2 α2 + e2  √ 
A= − R, 2 + e2 ,
α2 + R2 + e2
and, √ p
Rρ + R2 + e2 β 2 + e2  p 2 
2 .
B= R, β + e
β 2 + R2 + e2
If we let µ = β + γ
√ √
Rµ + R 2 + e 2 µ2 + e 2  p 
C= − R, µ2 + e 2 .
µ2 + R2 + e2
Since A0 EB 0 = B 0 EC 0 = 6−◦ we can express α and γ as a function of β. By
area,
√
√ p 3
(α + β)e = α2 + e2 β 2 + e2
2
4e2 (α2 + 2αβ + β 2 ) = 3(α2 β 2 + e2 β 2 + e2 α2 + e4 ).

So,

e2 (α2 + 2αβ + β 2 ) = 3(α2 β 2 + e2 β 2 + e2 α2 + e4 ) − 32 e2 − 7αβe2 − 32 β 2 e2

= 3α2 β 2 − 6αβe2 + 3e4
= e2 (+β 2 )
= 3(e2 − αβ 2 ),

and, √
e(α + β) = 3(e2 − αβ).

12
Soloing, √ √
e( 3e − β) e( 3e − α
α= √ , β= √ .
e + 3β e + 3α
Now,
p p 3
β 2 + e2 µ2 + e 2
2
where, µ = β + γ,
h i
3 (β 2 + e2 )(µ2 + e2 ) = 4e2 (µ2 − 2µβ + β 2 )
3β 2 µ3 + 6µβe2 + 3e4 = e2 µ2 + 2µβe2 + β 2 e2 = e2 (µ − β)2
3(βµ + e2 )2 = (eγ)2
√
3 β(+γ) + e2 = eγ


√ 2 √ 2 √
3β + 2e = eγ − 2βγ
√ √
γ(e − 3β) = 3(β 2 + e2 ),

giving us α and γ as a function of β,

√ 2
3(β + e2 )
γ= √ .
e − 3β

13
8 Page 8

Figure 3: Sketch from page 8

Suppose we have a deck and mast and are given the Cartesian coordinates
of a point P = (X, Y ), X 6= 0, Y > 0. P lies on the line y = YX−e x + e
which passes through E. The perpendicular bisector `⊥ of EP 0 is therefore
y = Y−X x + β and X2 , Y 2+e lies on this so:


−e

X2 Y +e
β= +
2(Y − e) 2
2 2 2
X +Y +e
=
2(Y − e)
−X X 2 +Y 2 +e2
Thus `⊥ passes where y = Y −e
x + 2(Y −e)
and it strikes the deck where
X 2 +Y 2 +e2 X 2 +Y 2 +e2
x= 2X
Thus . V = (f, 0) = ( 2X , 0).
Y Y 2XY
Now VP has slope X−f
= 2 2 2 = X 2 −Y 2 +e2 . As the line of VP
X− X +Y +e2X
2XY
is points (x, y) wherewith y = X 2 −Y 2 +e2
x + β and (X, Y ) lies on this line
2 Y (e2 −X 2 −Y 2 ) Y (e2 −X 2 −Y 2 )
so β = Y − X 22X Y
−Y 2 +e2
= X 2 −Y 2 +e2
and y = X 2 −Y 2XY
2 +e2 x + X 2 −Y 2 +e2
.
Y 2 −X 2 −e2
Since P V ⊥ P γ, line P γ satisfies y = 2XY
x + β and (X, Y ) lies on

14
 2 2 −e2 2Y 2 −Y 2 +X 2 +e2 X 2 +Y 2 +e2
this line so Y = Y −X 2Y
+ β, β = 2Y
= 2Y
. We have
2 2 +e2
γ = (0, X +Y2Y
) and:

ρ2 = |γP |2
2
2Y 2 − X 2 − Y 2 − e2

2
=X +
2Y
4X Y + (Y − X 2 − e2 )2
2 2 2
=
4Y 2
x + Y + e4 − 2X 2 Y 2 − 2e2 Y 2 + 2X 2 e2
4 4
=
4Y 2
(X 2 + Y 2 )2 + 2e2 (X 2 + Y 2 ) + e4 − 4e2 Y 2
=
4Y 2
(X + Y + e ) − 4e2 Y 2
2 2 2 2
=
4Y 2
(X + Y + e2 − 2ey)(X 2 + Y 2 + e2 + 2ey)
2 2
=
4Y 2

2 2 2 )2 −4e2 Y 2
So ρ2 = (X +Y +e
p
2 2 2 2 2
4Y 2 = γ − e , so γ = ρ + e and γ = ρ2 + e2 .
So we have put P on a bend and an orbit orthogonal to another. Both are
unique since distinct orbits do not intersect and bends intersect only at E
above the deck.

15
9 Page 9

Theorem 5. Some theorem...

Proof. Let φ be an angle ≤ 30◦ and let B 0 = (β, D) be the isocenter of the
middle angle B of triangle ABC : A < B < C. Now Cβ = tan DEB so let β + ,
β − be points on the deck such that β − EB 0 = φ, B 0 Eβ + = φ, β − Eβ + = 2φ.
We have
DE −
= tan DEB −
e
= tan(DEB 0 + φ)
tan DEB 0 + tan φ
=
1 − tan DEB 0 tan φ
β
+ tan φ
= e β
1 − e tan φ
B + tan φ
= .
e − β tan φ
So,  
− β + tan φ
DB = e .
e − β tan φ

16
In like manner we have

tan B + ED = tan(DEB 0 − φ)
tan DEB 0 − tan φ
=
1 + tan DEB 0 tan φ
β
− tan φ
= e β .
1 + e tan φ

So,
B − e tan φ
tan B + ED = ,
e + β tan φ
and,
B+D
= tan B + ED,
e
so,  
+ β − e tan φ
B D=e .
e + β tan φ
We can therefore construct the bends with centers B − and B + . Then if Ω is
an orbit lying interior to θ, the circumcircle of ABC, we let B+ , B− be the
intersections of the bends and B + , B − and Ω.
1. To Prove B+ , B− pedal equiangular triangles which are opposite in
orientation.
2. The second unproved (but true) proposition is simpler. If V , W are
points on the deck such that V EW = 60◦ , the bends at V and W intersect
every orbit lying interior to the circumcircle of any deck-mast positioned
triangle at points that pedal the same triangle in the host.

Note that 1 and 2 allow to deal with φ only about B 0

Neat things will unfold

17