‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴــﻢ و أﺟــﺰاؤﻩ‬

‫‪ – I‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ -‬اﻟﻨﻘــﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ هﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‪ ،‬و هﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ و ﻗﺪ رﻣﺰﻧﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. (D) :‬‬

‫)‪(D‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ وﺣﻴـــﺪ‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (AB‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺰﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﻼﺣــﻈـﺔ هﺎﻣــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋــﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎت‬

 ‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ C‬و ‪ D‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ E‬و ‪ F‬و ‪ G‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ _ II‬اﻷوﺿﺎع اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﻴﻦ إذا آﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮآﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (D‬و )‪ (L‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﻴﻦ إذا آﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮآﺎن ﻓﻲ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (L‬و )‪ (K‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎن ‪.‬‬

 ‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻳﺎن ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ إذا آﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺮآﺎن ﻓﻲ أﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (D‬و )‪ (L‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺎن ﻗﻄﻌﺎ و ﻧﻜـــﺘﺐ ‪(D) // (L) :‬‬

‫و ﻧﻘﺮأ ‪ (D) :‬ﻳﻮازي )‪ (L‬أو )‪ (L‬ﻳﻮازي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ _ III‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪان ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ إذا آﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺤﺪدان زاوﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (D‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ ( R‬و ﻧﻜــﺘﺐ ‪( R ) ⊥ (D) :‬‬

‫و ﻧﻘﺮأ ‪ (D) :‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( R‬أو ) ‪ ( R‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(D‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬ﺧـﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ وﺣﻴــﺪ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬

‫‪ _ IV‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺰء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (D‬اﻟﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ :‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ أﺻﻠﻪ ‪ A‬و ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪. B‬‬
‫و ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. [AB) :‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ : (D‬ﺣــﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪. [AB‬‬
 ‫‪ – (2‬ﻧﺼﻔﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﺼﻔﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﻦ إذا آﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ و آﺎن ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ و ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤــﺎﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ [AB‬و )‪ [AC‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺮأس ‪ A‬و ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ )‪. (D‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ [AB‬و )‪ [AC‬ﻧﺼﻔﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ E‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (D‬هﻲ ‪ H‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ )‪(D‬‬
‫و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪. H‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ EH‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ E‬و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪(D‬‬

‫‪ _ V‬اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :‬ﻗـﻄــﻌـﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴـﻤﻴــﺔ ‪ .‬و ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. [AB] :‬‬
‫‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﻳﺴﻤﻴﺎن ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪. [AB‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (AB‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪[AB‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ هﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ و ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻄﻌــﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ M‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﻌــﺔ ]‪. [AB‬‬

‫و ‪MA = MB‬‬ ‫‪ M‬ﻣﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪ [AB‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ‪M ∈ [AB] :‬‬ ‫* ﺑﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﻴﻦ إذا آﺎن ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄـــﻮل‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن ]‪ [AB‬و ]‪ [CD‬ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎن ‪ ،‬و ﻧﻜــﺘﺐ ‪AB = CD :‬‬