CONJUNCTIONS

Irma Riyani, Ph.D.

THREE CATEGORIES OF CONJUNCTIONS

Types of Conjunction

1. Coordinating Conjunction
2. Correlative Conjunction
3. Subordinating Conjunction
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
 Conjunction Junction
 By Schoolhouse Rock

 Conjunction Junction, what’s your function?

Hooking up words and phrases and clauses.
Conjunction Junction, how’s that function?
I got three favorite cars
That get most of my job done.
Conjunction Junction, what’s their function?
I got “and”, “but”, and “or”,
They’ll get you pretty far.
 “And”: That’s an additive, like “this and that”.
“But”: That’s sort of the opposite, "not this but that”.
And then there’s “or”:
O-R, when you have a choice like
“This or that”.
“And”, “but”, and “or”, Get you pretty far.
 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
 A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases, or
clauses of equal weight or similar grammatical
construction.
 Coordinating conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so
 FANBOYS
 on ou r eo
 r d rt t
EXPLANATION
 For = Show reason or purpose (sometimes
because can be used instead)
- For introduce the cause
Ex. I go to the library, for I love to read

However, using the word for like this can sound a bit
formal and unnatural spoken English. Instead, it’s
better to use because or since. Meanwhile, the word
“for” can take different usages as a preposition, not a
conjunction.

Ex. Is this gift for me or someone else?

 And = connect two or more ideas
Ex. I like to eat apple and orange.
List (comma is not required)

I like to eat apple, and I like to drink coffee

Independent clause (comma is required)
 Nor = Show a non-contrasting, negative idea. Adds more
negativity.
Ex. I do not want to call you, nor to text you.
 While “and” is used to join two positive items together, the
conj. “nor” is used to pair two negative items. Its found either
with the word “not” or with the word “neither”
Ex. Neither the yoga nor the running made my back feel any
better.
But = Shows contrast or exeption.
Ex. The dress was beatifull but slightly expensive.

 Or = Shows choice or option.

Ex. You could call me or text me.
The conj. “or” can be used to present two or more options.
Ex. Do you like chocolate or vanilla?
You can stay at home, or you can go to the market.

Yet = also shows contrast or exception

The conj. “yet” is similar to “but.” It means something like
“nevertheless, or “but at the same time”
ex. He can be strict yet understanding at the same time.”
 Do not mix it up with another use of “yet”
Ex. Did she call you back yet?
 So = Shows consequence
Ex. The lady was feeling ill, so she went to the doctor.
 “So” is usually used to express a cause-and effect:
It introduces a clause that is the effect of a previous
clause.
Ex. It was the week before Idul Fitri, so the mall was
usually hectic.
 It is also used to justify a suggestion

Ex. It is going to be rain soon, so you need to be

hurry.
 Introduce new idea

Ex. So, what do you think about the new rule in this
university?
PHRASE AND CLAUSE
 Phrase: a group of two or more words that
express a single idea but do not usually
form a complete sentence
 Ex: I met your sister: noun phrase
 I bought a beautiful red dress
 I went to Spain to study language: Verb
Phrase:
 Clause: a group of words containing a
subject and predicate and functioning as a
member of a complex or compound
sentence
 Ex: I will wait, until the rain stop.
EXAMPLES:
 Words: I like apple and orange

 Phrase: I bought a brown leather bag and a wooly

jumper
 Which one would you like, hot chocolate or ice
coffee
 This morning I plan to wash the dishes and to
mop the floor.

 Clause:
 I write and you read
OTHER EXAMPLES AND EXERCISE
 I wanted to play outside.
 You will miss the train.

 Adam bought a new shoes.

 It did not turn up.

 He wore them to school.

 I have no money.

 She won the race.

 I waited for the bus.

 You must hurry.

 It was raining.

 Abbie ran as fast as she could.

 I want to buy that dress.

2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
A correlative conjunction joins another
correlative conjunction as a pair. The paired
correlative conjunctions serve as
conjunctions to connect two balanced
words, phrases, or clauses.
 Correlative conjunctions are: both-and,
from-to, whether-or, as-as, such-that, not-
but, neither-nor, not only-but also, as many-
as, just as-so, either-or, as-so, so-that
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION

A correlative conjunction is:

a. a word that appears in pairs and
connects equivalent parts of a sentence
b. actually a coordinate
conjunction connected to an adjective or
an adverb
 The following pairs of words are correlative
conjunctions:
 both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not
only...but also, so...as, whether...or
FUNCTION
 “Either” is used with “or” to express alternatives
 “Neither” is used with “nor” to express negative
alternatives
 “Both” is used with “and” to combine two words,
phrases, or clauses.
 “Not only” is used with “but also” to present two
related pieces of information.

 These are also called Parallel Structure:

Sentences that gives information in a list or series
that consist of two or more parts that have the
same grammatical function. This listing is known
as parallel structure.
EXAMPLES
1. You should either study for the exam or finish
your homework.
2. He neither called nor came to visit his mother.
3. Both Jill and Lydia are leaving now.
4. Today, it was not only warm but also humid.
THE SAME GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
 Noun: The children played on the swings, slides,
and seesaw.
 Gerund: Reading, writing and calculating are
important skills to learn.
 Infinitives: After the accident, Emma had to learn
how to speak, to walk, and to write again.
 Verb: We will run, swim, and play at the beach.

 Adjective: Betty is short, chubby and funny.

 Adverb: This car runs efficiently, quitely, and

dependably.
IDENTIFYING ERROR WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Not Parallel:
 My dog not only likes to play ball, but also chase
cars.
Parallel:
 My dog not only likes to play ball, but he also likes
to chase cars.
OR
 My dog likes not only to play ball, but also to chase
cars.
IDENTIFYING INCORRECT PARALLELS AND CORRECT
THEM!

1. At the party the children joined hands, sang songs and

were playing (played) circle games.
2. My hobby are both singing and to dance
3. He is not only funny but also he is intelligent.
1. ________ Jane ________ John like to go to the beach
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
2. You need to decide ________ going to the movies
________ going to the park today.
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
3. Every day during the Winter it is ________ raining
________ snowing.
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
4. She was not sure ________ she wanted to travel to Spain
________ travel to Italy.
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
5. I decided to purchase ________ the white shirt ________
the green shirt, but not both.
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
6. You were ________ late for class ________ forgot to do
your homework.
A. whether...or
B. either...or
C. neither...nor
D. not only...but also
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
 SubordinatingConjuction is a word that connects a
main clause to a subordinate clause.
A main clause is an independent clause that can
stand alone by itself as a sentence.
Ex. The student failed the test
A subordinate clause is a dependent clause that
adds some extra information to the main clause
not sentence
Ex. Because she did not study not a complete
idea; not enough information
 A DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 A clause is a unit which contains a subject and a verb.
Ex. It was raining
S V
A dependent clause is a clause which cannot exist on its
own; it needs a main clause (or independent clause)
Ex. Because it was raining,....
 (this is not mean anything and hard to understand in
conveying information), it needs main clause
Ex. Because it was raining, I took my umbrella
dependent clause independent clause
Because is an important word here Subordinating
Conjuction
It is is used to show the relationship between the two
clauses.
Because it was raining, I took my umbrella
dependent clause independent clause

A subordinating conjunction usually comes at the

beginning of dependent clause, but the independent
clause itself can be before the dependent clause.
When a dependent clause comes first before independent
clause, it usually followed by comma.
However, when independent clause comes first, comma is
not needed.

Ex. Although it was hot, he was wearing a coat.

He was wearing coat although it was hot.
 USING SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION
Some of the most important subordinating conjunctions
fall into two groups: contrast, and cause and effect:
Conjunction Function Example

Although Express John is short

(even) though contrast whereas Marry
Whereas between is tall
While ideas

Because Show a cause/ I lost my job

As effect relationship because I was
Since between ideas often late
 EXERCISE
1. Jun could not buy any birthday present__________he
didnot have any money.
2. Paula got the job __________she had no experience.
3. ______Imas does not speak English, she can not go to
university in Canada.
4. Jerry passed the exam first time ______ I had to
retake it three times.
5. I do not drink coffee ______it makes me nervous.
6. ________It was raining, I did not get wet.
7. I will be late today _____ my car has broken down.
8. You should stay away from bears ________they are
dangerous.
9. Some apples are red ______others are green.
10. _______there was no wind, the boat could not move.