HEALTH 9

Unit II

Unit II
INJURY
PREVENTION,
SAFETY AND
FIRST AID

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KEY STANDARDS
The learner demonstrates an understanding of key health concepts related to the achievement,
sustainability and promotion of wellness as it improves the quality of life of the individual, the
family and the larger community.

GRADE LEVEL STANDARDS

The learner demonstrates understanding of community and environmental health; injury
prevention, safety and first aid); and prevention of substance use and abuse to achieve, sustain,
and promote community health and wellness.

CONTENT STANDARDS
The learner demonstrates understanding of first aid principles and procedures

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learner performs first aid procedures with accuracy.

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Introduction
When a serious injury occurs, you have to think and act quickly. Medical assistance may
be only minutes away, but sometimes seconds count. What you do in those first few seconds and
minutes can make the difference between life and death. Quick, calm, and correct action can
make all the difference.
“First aid” is emergency care given to the sick or injured before medical personnel arrive.
That’s why a knowledge of first aid and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is so important.
And that’s why you’re participating in this session today.
The purpose of this session is to provide you with a basic overview of first-aid techniques
and priorities. It is not the same as a first-aid and CPR certification course. A certification course
is much more detailed and offers you the opportunity to practice first-aid and CPR skills as well
as to provide you with hours of classroom training.
We urge you to take a course and get certified. Taking a certification course will give you
the full knowledge and confidence you need to use first-aid skills on the job, at home, and
elsewhere in your community.
In the meantime, the information in this session can help you better handle medical
emergencies when you are the first or only person on the scene.

Objectives
 Recognize the benefits of obtaining first-aid and CPR certification
 Identify proper procedures for a variety of medical emergencies
 Assist in administering first aid when a co-worker is injured
 Do no further harm

First Aid is an immediate car given to a person who has been injured or suddenly ill
person. It is not the proper medical treatment and it includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed. First aider must ask for a legal consent from the patient or
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from any available relatives. The objective if first aid is to alleviate the pain, to prevent further
injury and to prolong life. The role is to bridge the gap between the patient and medical
assistance.

Characteristics of a Good First Aider

A good first aider must be gentle, not cause or add pain. Resourceful that he/she should
use anything around the area that can help the patient, always look for something useful. He/she
must also be observant to notice all the signs and symptoms of the patient. Must be tactful,
emphatic and comforting and must exercise professionalism at all time. Despite of the hindrances
in giving first aid, like the unfavorable weather and presence of the crowds especially relatives,
first aider must be remain caring and respectable.

Your Role as a First Aider

Early response can save lives and your role in the EMS system includes four steps:
1. Recognize the Emergency: It can happen anywhere to anyone that is why you must be
aware of any unusual situation or changes around you.
 Unusual noise like screaming, yelling or call for a help. Breaking of glass, sudden
loud noise like falling ladder or debris or even unusual silence.
2. Decide to Act: you have to do something after recognizing the emergency. There are
many reasons why people hesitate to do this but as we mentioned on the first part, “Good
Samaritan Law” can help you about this.
3. Call for Help: you have to activate the EMS (Emergency Medical Services) system. By
familiarizing yourself with the emergency hotline, you are increasing the chance of
survival for the patient.
4. Give Care: start giving care until you see the sign of life. You can stop if you are
“deadly tired”, or if the EMS arrived. Always remember to ask permission before giving
care.
It is but normal for a first aider to feel hesitant in giving first aid for emergency cases
except of course when his family and relatives are the ones concerned.

The five most common reasons why people hesitate to provide First Aid for Emergency Care
are the following:
1. Anxiety: people may hesitate due to general nervousness or anxiousness. This is
perfectly normal reaction when helping those in need. However, as it’s been
emphasized to trust your training and do the right things at the right time.

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2. Guilt: remember that as a lay person, you cannot guarantee that a patient will live or
fully recover, there’s too much beyond anyone’s control. However, you can have
confidence that given the circumstances, everything that can be done will be done.
3. Fear of imperfect performance: don’t get caught on the trap, it’s not hard to provide
adequate care, and adequate care is provided is always better than perfect care
withheld. Something is always better than nothing.
4. Responsibility: people may hesitate because they are afraid of being sued. Good
Samaritan Laws have been put in place to encourage people to come to the aid of
others.
5. Fear of Infection: the risk of infection is low and fear of infection should not cause
you to withhold CPR or emergency care. Your training includes learning to use
protective barriers to minimize the risk of disease transmission. By using barriers,
you’re highly unlikely to get any diseases or infection from someone you help.

Always remember that in the event if an accident, the First Aider’s life is also in danger.
Diseases and other health problems that the victim may have may be transmitted through the
following:
 Direct contact – if the first aider has a direct contact with and infected person’s
body fluids.
 Indirect contact – if the contamination is from the objects that have been
contaminated by blood of an infected person.
 Airborne – if the first aider inhales the infected droplets coming from the patient
as he/she coughs or sneezes.
 Vector – if the animal such as dog or an insect, such as tick, transmits a pathogen
into the human body through a bite. These concerns herpes, meningitis,
tuberculosis.
For this situation, care must be observed by the first aider. The following
PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION must be observed.

 Body Substance Isolation

This is to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from any other type of bodily
substance. Practices such as personal hygiene, wearing protective equipment
and regular cleaning and disinfecting equipment will help to prevent this kind
if disease.
 Do not abandon the patient once you begin care.
The exception to this is if you must do so protect yourself from imminent
danger.
There are five ways you should act to be protected by Good Samaritan Law:

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 Only provide care that is within the scope of your training as an
emergency responder.
 Ask permission to help
 Act in good faith
 Do not be reckless or negligent
 Act as a prudent person
Basic Equipment for First Aid
 Spine board  Poles
 Set of splints  Short board
 Blanket

First Aid Kit

 Triangular  Penlight’s  Iodine
bandages occlusive dressing  Scissors
 Tongue depressor  Band aid  Cotton
 Elastic roller  Plaster  Forceps
bandage  Rubbing alcohol  Gauze pads
 Gloves

PATIENT ASSESSMENT
It is a systematic method if gathering additional information about injuries ir conditions
that may need care.
1. Interview the Victim
 Ask the victim’s name
 Ask what happened
 Assesses the S.A.M.P.L.E history
S – Signs and symptoms
A – Allergies
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M – Medications
P – past medical history
L – Last meal taken
E – Event leading to injuries/illness

2. Check the Vital Sign.

Determine the radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)
Adult 60 – 90 beats/min
Child 80 – 100 beats/min
Infant 100 – 120 beats/min

Determine breathing (respiration rare)

Adult 12 – 20 breaths/min
Child 18 – 25 breaths/min
Infant 25 – 35 breaths/min

3. Do the head-to-toe examination for DCAP-BTLS:

D – Deformity B - Burn
C – Contusion T - Tenderness
A – Abrasion L - Laceration
P – Puncture S - Swelling

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Types of Wounds
A. Closed Wound. It involves the underlying tissue without break/damage in the skin or
mucous membrane.

Signs and Symptoms

 Pain and tenderness
 Swelling
 Discoloration (black or blue which is called ecchymosis)
 Hematoma may occur (pool of blood collected within the damage tissue.)

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 Uncontrolled restlessness
 Thirst
 Symptoms of shock
 Vomiting or cough-up blood.
 Passage of blood in the urine or feces
 Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal.

First Aid Management

 Ice – ice or cold packs will slow down the flow of blood due to the constricting of
blood vessels
 Splinting – immobilizing the soft tissue injury with a splint.

B. Open wound. It is a break in the skin or mucus membrane or if the protective skin layer
is damage.

 Classification of Open Wound

 Puncture – a stab wound from a solid sharp object

 Abrasion – scrape or the top layer of skin is removed

 Laceration – a jagged irregular edges caused by tearing away tissue

 Avulsion - Part of the body is removes or hanging

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 Incision – smooth edges cut

 Amputation – cutting or tearing off of a body part.

KINDS OF BLEEDING
 Capillary bleeding – oozing flow of blood
 Venous bleeding – even flow of blood, purplish color
 Arterial bleeding – irregular spurting of blood, bright red color

First Aid Management (Wound with Severe Bleeding)

 Control bleeding by direct pressure or pressure bandage
 Cover the wound with dressing and secure with an bandage
 Care for a shock (if symptom occur)
 Consult or refer to physician

DIFFERENT KINDS OF TRANSPORT

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Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must undergo
proper training. When doing this, a first aider must consider the following factors:
 Weight and height of the victim
 Status of the victim (conscious or unconscious)
 Environment (safe, floor is smooth, narrow or wide)
 Special need considerations (injuries of the victims)
ONE-MAN TRANSPORT
 Fireman’s Carry – the easiest way to transport a light and smaller victim
 Piggy Back – when the victim is conscious
 Pack Strap Carry - when the victim is smaller than the first aider
 Shoulder Drag – used when the floor is smooth, short distance transport
 Fireman’s Drag or Tied-hands Crawl – used when first aider and victim must crawl
underneath a low structure
 Blanket Drag – used when the victim is seriously injured and should not be lifted.
TWO-MAN CARRY
 Chair or Seat Carry – when there are two first aiders and a chair is available
THREE OR MORE-MAN TRANSPORT
 Hammock Carry – when there are three first aiders
 Bearer Alongside Carry – carriers will stay on the uninjured side of the victim
 Six Man Lift and Carry – when there are six first aiders
FIRST AID FOR COMMON UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

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POISONING
Poison in any substance solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair health cause death when
introduced into the body or into the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.
Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur
 Ingestion – by mouth
 Inhalation – by breathing
 Injection – by animal bites, sting or syringe
 Absorption – by skin contact

First Aid for Ingesting Poisoning

 Try to identify the poison
 Place the victim on his or her left side
 Monitor ABC’s
 Save empty container, spoiled food for analysis.
 Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an emergency
facility.
First Aid for Inhaled Poisoning

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 Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately
 Monitor ABC’c
 Seek medical attention

First Aid for Absorption Poisoning

 Remove the clothing
 Then with a dry cloth blot the poison form the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it
off
 Flood the area with copious amounts of water
 Continually monitor the patient’s vital signs

Injected poison is a poison that enters the body through a bite, sting, or syringe
First Aid for Insect Bites
 Remove stinger
 Wash wound
 Cover the wound
 Apply a cold pack
 Watch for signals of allergic reaction.

BASIC FIRST AID FOR MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

Electrical Shock  Check for breathing

 Don’t touch!
 Turn power off
 Call 911 Heatstroke
 Remove person  Immediately call 911
from live wire  Cool the person down
 Monitor

Fainting
 Check for breathing
 Administer CPR if necessary
 Call 911 if more than
a few minutes
 If conscious, lay the victim down with feet elevated

Heat Exhaustion  Lay victim down

 Move to cool place  Elevate feet

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 Loosen clothing  Ask a person to speak
 Give fluids or cough
 Apply cool compresses  Deliver 5 back blows
 Perform abdominal thrusts
Choking  Repeat sequence of back blows and
abdominal thrusts

Activity 1
Name: _____________________________________________Score: _________________
Year and Section: __________________________________ Rating: ________________
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

_______1. What do you call the immediate care given to an injured person before the arrival
of a physician?
A. First Aid B. Intensive Care
C. Chest Compression D. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
_______2. Which is an objective of first aid?
A. To prolong life
B. To intensify suffering
C. To end the services of a physician
D. To bridge the gap between the victim and the physician
_______3. When a first aider does not alarm a victim, what characteristic does s/he show?
A. gentleness C. resourcefulness
B. being observant D. tactfulness
_______4. What is the first thing to do in assessing an emergency situation?
A. Call for help
B. Survey if the scene is safe
C. Do a head-to-toe examination
D. Check the vital signs of the victim

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_______5. When is primary survey of the victim done?
A. When the victim is conscious
B. During the survey of the scene
C. When the victim is unconscious
D. After the victim has regained consciousness
_______6. What sterile cloth is used to cover a wound?
A. bandage B. cold compress C. dressing D. hot compress
_______7. What is used to stop bleeding and provide support for immobilization of a
fracture?
A. bandage B. cold compress C. dressing D. hot compress
_______8. Which is a break in the continuity of the tissue in the body?
A. fracture B. laceration C. sprain D. wound
_______9. What open wound is caused by nails, needles and other pointed objects?
A. avulsion B. incision C. laceration D. puncture
_______10. Which is used to transport an unconscious victim who should not be lifted due to
serious injuries?
A. blanket drag B. chair drag
C. hammock carry D. lover’s carry

Test II. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

________________1. It is good to give food to an unconscious victim.

________________2. First aid takes the place of the services of a physician.
________________3. The victim is experiencing shock if his eyes are dilated.
________________4. The RICE method is used in treating sprains and strains.
________________5. Apply direct pressure to stop severe bleeding of a wound.
________________6. A good first aider informs the victim of the severity of the injury.
________________7. Immobilize the fractured part before taking a victim to the hospital.
________________8. Primary and secondary surveys of the victim are performed if the scene is
not safe.
________________9. The first consideration in transporting a victim is to identify the place
where the victim will be transferred.
________________10. Checking if something is blocking the airway of the victim is the last step
in doing primary survey of the victim.

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