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Network Protection & Automation Guide

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AX3
Index

A 553 N 578

B 556 O 579

C 557 P 580

D 562 Q 583

E 566 R 583

F 568 S 587

G 569 T 590

H 571 U 596

I 572 V 597

J 575 W 598

L 575 Z 598

M 577
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20Hz low frequency injection source generator C8 8.2 329
A.C. electrified railway protection C10 1-9 379-394
A.C. pilot wire protection, unit protection of multi-ended feeders C5 3.1 249
Abstract service interface according IEC61850 D3 2.3 449
Acceleration scheme (distance relays) C4 3.3 238
Access point in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Accuracy of current transformers B2 4.1 113
Active power dependent load shedding D4 3.3 489
Additional features of numerical relays B1 6 102
Advantages vs conventional/hard-wiring according IEC 61850 D3 2.8 457
Air circuit breakers (ACBs), use in auto-reclose schemes D1 6.3.2 423
Algebra, vector A2 2 25
Analysis, symmetrical component A3 3 41
ANSI relay numbers AX2 Appendix 2 550
Anti-backspin function of motors C9 13 373
Anti-pumping devices, auto-reclose schemes D1 10.5 427
Apparent impedance seen by distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.1 252
Application of auto-reclosing D1 2 418
Application of directional overcurrent relays C1 14.3 165
Application of unit protection systems to mesh corner substations C2 8.2 196
Application of unit protection to breaker and a half substations C2 8.2 196
Applications with client-server communication according IEC 61850 D3 4.1 466
Applications with GOOSE communication according IEC 61850 D3 4.2 472
Arc flash on circuit breakers B3 5.7 135
Arc flash phenomenon C11 2 402
Arc protection and mitigation methods C11 6 407
Arc protection principles C11 7 408
Arc protection related standards C11 5 406
Arc protection: C11 1-11 401-412
Arc flash phenomenon C11 2 402
Arc protection and mitigation methods C11 6 407
Arc protection related standards C11 5 406
Arc protection systems: C11 9 409
Arc protection integrated in numerical protection relays C11 9.2 409
Dedicated arc protection systems C11 9.3 410
Stand-alone arc protection systems C11 9.1 409
Causes of arc faults in switchgear C11 3 403
Elimination of the arc fault C11 10 411

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Arc protection:
How to avoid nuisance tripping caused by switching arcs C11 8 409
Impacts and consequences of fault arcs C11 4 404
The principle of arc protection: C11 7 408
Fast detection of overcurrent C11 7.2 408
Fast optical detection of light C11 7.1 408
To protect circuit breakers B3 5.7 135
Typical application examples C11 11 412
Arc resistance formula C3 7.3 217
Armature reaction, of synchronous machines A4 3 58
Arrangement of busbar protection schemes C6 7 269
Arrangement of CT connections:
In high impedance busbar protection C6 8.5 276
In low impedance busbar protection C6 9.5 279
Asymmetry of synchronous machine A4 7 63
Asynchronous running C8 16.1.1 338
Attracted armature relays B1 2.1 95
Auto-close circuits D1 11 428
Automatic changeover systems for industrial/commercial networks B3 9 140
Automatic load restoration D4 4.1 490
Auto-reclosing: D1 1-12 417-428
Anti-pumping devices D1 10.5 427
Application of D1 2 418
Circuit breaker characteristics D1 4.1.3, 6.3 420, 423
Dead time D1 4.1, 6.4, 9 419, 423, 426
De-ionisation of fault path D1 4.1.4, 6.2 420, 422
Delayed D1 9 426
High-speed D1 8 425
Initiation of D1 10.1 427
Lock-out D1 10.7 427
Multi-shot D1 10.9 427
Number of shots (attempts) D1 4.3, 6.6 421, 424
On EHV lines D1 5-9 421-426
On HV distribution networks D1 3-4 419
Operating features D1 10 427
Reclaim time D1 4.2, 10.6 420, 427
Reclosing impulse D1 10.4 427
Reset time D1 4.1.5 420

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Auto-reclosing:
Single-phase D1 7 424
Single-shot D1 6.6 424
System stability and synchronism D1 4.1.1 419
Three-phase D1 3, 6, 9 419, 422, 426
Type of load D1 4.1.2 419
Use with blocking schemes D1 8.1 425
Use with transfer trip protection schemes D1 8.1 425
Use with zone 1 extension scheme D1 8.2 425
Auto-transformer:
Equivalent circuits A4 16 70
Feeding of a.c. electrified railways: C10 6 387
5 387
Backup protection C10
6.6 391
Description C10 6.1 387
Distance protection zone reaches C10 6.3 390
Distance protection zone time delay settings C10 6.4 391
Implication of two-pole switching and auto-reclosure C10 6.5 391
Protection philosophy C10 6.2 389
Positive sequence equivalent circuit A4 16.1 70
Protection C7 12 299
Special conditions of neutral earthing, zero sequence reactance A4 16.3 71
Zero sequence equivalent circuit A4 16.2 70
Auxiliary supplies: Electrical type tests E1 3.5 499
Average rate of change of frequency protection 81RAV D4 2.5 487

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Back-up protection: A1 9 18
For a.c. electrified railways C10 5 387
Balanced voltage system, unit protection C2 5 192
Balanced voltage unit protection scheme for Tee’d feeders C5 3.2 250
Bar primary current transformers B2 4.5.2 115
Basic circuit laws, theorems and network reduction A2 6 32
Bay unit testing as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.2.4 479
Bearing failures on motors C9 10 372
Behaviour of distance relays with earth faults C5 2.2.3 246
Bias in unit protection systems C2 4.2 191
Biased differential relays C2 4.2 191
Blocking schemes, distance protection: C4 4 240
Multi-ended feeders C5 5.3 255
Using zone 1 element C4 4.1.2 241
Using zone 2 element C4 4.1.1 240
Weak infeed conditions C4 4.2 241
Boundary characteristic of distance relay C3 2 211
Branch law A2 6.1 32
C6 9.6.6 281
Breaker fail protection
C11 11.2 413
Breaker operating times D1 4.1.3 420
Broken delta connection of voltage transformers B2 2.6 109
Buchholz protection C7 15.3 301
Buchholz relay C7 15.3 301
Busbar:
Differential C6 7-10 269-282
Faults C6 2 263
Numerical: C6 10 282
Frame-earth (Howard) C6 6 266
Mesh corner C6 7.2.1 271
Schemes C6 5 266
Speed C6 3.1 264
Stability C6 3.2 264
Types of protection system C6 4 265
Principles C6 7 269
Protection C6 3-10 264-282
High impedance C6 8 272
Low impedance C6 9 277
Bushing current transformers B2 4.5.2 115

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Cable circuits A4 18 73
Cable data A4 24 82
Cable gland insulation in frame-earth protection schemes C6 6.1 266
Calculation of overcurrent relay settings C1 13 163
Calculation of series impedance (overhead lines and cables) A4 19 74
Calculation of shunt impedance (overhead lines and cables) A4 20 75
Calculations, fault A3 2, 4-6 39, 43-50
Capacitor control B3 11.1 142
Capacitor protection B3 11 141
Capacitor voltage transformers: B2 3 111
Transient behaviour B2 3.2 112
Voltage protection of B2 3.1 111
Carrier channels D2 6.3 437
Carrier unit protection systems C2 9 197
Cascade voltage transformers B2 2.8 110
Catenary back-up protection: For a.c. electrified railways C10 5 387
Catenary thermal protection: For a.c. electrified railways C10 4.1 386
Characteristic angle of a relay C1 14.2 164
Characteristic time/current curves of IDMT relays C1 4 156
Characteristics switching: As application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.6 471
Characteristics:
Of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420
Of distance relays C3 7 216
Of generators A4 2-6 57-61
Of motors C9 2-7 361-370
Of overcurrent relays C1 4-8, 14, 16 156-159, 164, 167
Check feature for frame-earth busbar protection C6 6.4 268
Check system:
For frame-earth protection C6 6.4 268
For high impedance busbar protection C6 8.3 274
For low impedance protection C6 9.3 278
Choice of dead time D1 6.4 423
Choice of harmonic (transformer protection) C7 9.2 296
Choice of reclaim time D1 6.5 424
Circuit breakers:
Arc flash B3 5.7 135
Arc protection B3 5.7 135

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Circuit breakers:
Improved safety B3 5.7 135
Types:
Air B3 5.3 133
Miniature (MCB) B3 5.1 132
Moulded case (MCCB) B3 5.2 133
Oil B3 5.4 134
SF6 B3 5.6 135
Vacuum B3 5.5 134
Characteristics:
Closing time D1 4.1.3 420
Dead time D1 6.4 423
For auto-reclose schemes D1 4.1.3, 6.3 420, 423
Interrupting time C1 11.1 161
Monitoring numerical relays B1 6.3 102
Opening time D1 4.1.3 420
Circuit laws A2 6.1 32
Circuit quantities A2 4 28
Circuit theorems A2 6.2 32
Circuit variables A2 4.1 28
Circulating current system, unit protection C2 4 190
Class X (BS3938) current transformers B2 4.4 115
Classical single-phase feeding of a.c. electrified railways: C10 3 380
Distance protection zone reaches C10 3.3 381
Enhanced modern relay characteristics C10 3.5 385
Feeding diagram C10 3.1 380
Impact of trains with regenerative braking C10 3.6 385
Load avoidance C10 3.4 384
Protection philosophy C10 3.2 381
Closing impulse time D1 10.4 427
Closing time of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420
Combined differential and restricted earth fault protection of transformers C7 10 297
Combined I.D.M.T. and high set instantaneous overcurrent relays C1 5 157
Commissioning tests of protection relays: E2 1 517
Current transformer test: E2 1.3 518
Magnetisation curve E2 1.3.2 518
Polarity check E2 1.3.1 518

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Commissioning tests of protection relays:
Insulation test E2 1.1 517
Periodic maintenance tests: E2 7 527
Frequency of inspection and testing E2 7.1 527
Maintenance tests E2 7.2 527
Primary injection tests: E2 4 524
CT polarity check E2 4.3 525
CT ratio check E2 4.2 525
Primary injection testing of relay elements E2 4.4 525
Test facilities E2 4.1 524
Protection relay setting checks E2 1.5 519
Protection scheme design for maintenance E2 8 528
Relay self-test procedure E2 1.2 517
Secondary injection test equipment: E2 2 520
Secondary injection test sets E2 2.2 520
Test blocks/plugs for secondary injection equipment E2 2.1 520
Secondary injection testing: E2 3 523
Schemes using digital or numerical relay technology E2 3.1 523
Schemes using electromechanical / static relay technology E2 3.2 523
Test circuits for secondary injection testing E2 3.3 524
Testing of Protection Scheme Logic (PSL) E2 6 526
Tripping and alarm annunciation tests E2 5 526
Voltage transformer test: E2 1.4 518
Phasing check E2 1.4.3 518
Polarity check E2 1.4.1 518
Ratio check E2 1.4.2 518
Communication links D2 1, 7.2 433, 442
Communication modelling:
In the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Communication services:
According IEC 61850 D3 3 458
Client-server communication: D3 3.2 459
Device control D3 3.2.4 461
Event reporting and logging D3 3.2.3 460
File transfer D3 3.2.6 462
Real-time data access and retrieval D3 3.2.2 460
Self-description of device D3 3.2.1 459

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Communication services: Client-server communication:
Setting and setting group management D3 3.2.5 462
Substitution D3 3.2.7 462
General communication architecture D3 3.1 458
GOOSE communication D3 3.3 463
Sampled values D3 3.4 464
Time synchronisation D3 3.5 465
Comparison of transfer trip and blocking schemes C4 6 242
Complex numbers A2 3.2 27
Complex quantities A2 3 26
Complex transmission circuits, protection of C5 1-7 245-257
Complex variables A2 3.1 26
Composite error of current transformers B2 2 107
Condition monitoring of transformers C7 18 307
Conditions for direction comparison, unit protection C2 3 190
Connections for directional relays C1 14, 17.1 164, 170
Contact systems for relays A1 10.1 19
Control block in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Control with synchrocheck as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.3 469
Convention of direction of current flow, unit protection C2 2 190
Co-ordination of earth fault relays in three-phase four wire systems B3 7.2 137
Co-ordination of relays with fuses C1 12.3 163
Co-ordination problems in industrial and commercial networks B3 7 137
Co-ordination procedure for overcurrent protection relays C1 2 153
Core balance current transformer (CBCT) B2 4.5.3 115
Core faults:
In generators C8 3 317
In power transformers C7 2.6 289
Core-balance current transformers B2 4.5.3 115
Cross country fault analysis A3 4.6 46
CT polarity check for primary injection tests of protection relays E2 4.3 525
CT ratio check for primary injection tests of protection relays E2 4.2 525
Current differential protection scheme C2 8, 10 194, 197
Current distribution due to a fault A3 5 47
Current distribution factors A3 5.1 47
Current polarisation of directional earth fault relays C1 17.1.2 171
Current reversal on double circuit lines, distance protection C5 2.2.1 245

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Current setting of a relay C1 10 161
Current transformers: B2 4-5 113-121
Accuracy B2 4.1 113
Accuracy class B2 4.2 114
Accuracy limit current B2 4.3 114
Bar primary B2 4.5.2 115
Bushing B2 4.5.2 115
Class PX (IEC 60044-1) B2 4.4 115
Class X (BS 3938) B2 4.4 115
Construction B2 4.5 115
Equivalent circuit B2 4 113
Errors B2 4.1 113
Hall-effect B2 5.2.1 125
Harmonics in B2 4.11 120
Hybrid B2 5.1.2 122
Knee-point voltage B2 4.4 115
Line current B2 4.6 116
Linear B2 4.6.3 116
Magnetisation curve E2 1.3.2 518
Magnetisation curve B2 4.4 115
Novel B2 5 121
Open circuit secondary voltage B2 4 113
Optical B2 5.1 121
Polarity check E2 1.3.1 518
Rated short-time current B2 4.9 117
Secondary current rating B2 4.8 117
Secondary winding impedance B2 4.7 116
Summation B2 4.5.4 115
Supervision in numerical relays B1 6.2 102
Test windings B2 4.12 120
Tests E2 1.3 518
Transient response B2 4.1 113

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D.C. voltage signalling D2 7.1 441
Data attribute in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.4 451
Data modelling according IEC61850 D3 2.4 450
Data object in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.3 451
Data reference in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.5 452
Data set in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Dead line charging D1 9.2 426
Dead time in auto-reclose schemes D1 4.1, 6.4, 9 419, 423, 426
Definite time overcurrent relay C1 9 160
Definition of:
Protection equipment A1 2 13
Protection scheme A1 2 13
Protection system A1 2 13
Definitions of terms used in protection, control and automation AX1 Appendix 1 529
De-ionisation of fault path D1 4.1.4, 6.2 420, 422
Delayed auto-reclose scheme D1 9 426
Delta function for a.c. electrified railways C10 8 392
Delta/star transformer overcurrent protection C7 6 292
Delta-connected winding of a transformer C7 2.3, 7 288, 293
Determination of sequence currents A3 3 41
Device control as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.4 461
Device numbers, list of ANSI AX2 Appendix 2 550
Differential protection:
Digital systems C2 8 194
Electromechanical systems C2 7 193
For sectionalised and duplicate busbars C6 7.1 269
Numerical systems C2 8 194
Of busbars C6 7-10 269-282
Of direct connected generators C8 3 317
Of generator-transformers C8 4 319
Of multi-ended feeders C5 3 249
Of parallel feeders C5 2.1 245
Of transformer feeders C2 12.2 206
Static systems C2 7 193
Using high impedance relays C2 5 192
Using low impedance relays C2 4 190
Using optical fibre signalling C2 8.1 195

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Digital current differential protection systems C2 8 195
Digital relays B1 4 97
Direct and quadrature axis values of machines A4 8, 11 63, 65
C4 4 240
Directional comparison blocking schemes
C5 5.5 255
Directional comparison unblocking scheme C4 5 242
Directional control of impedance type distance relays C3 7.2 216
Directional relays:
Connections C1 17.1 170
Earth fault C1 17-19 170-173
Overcurrent C1 14 164
Phase fault C1 14 164
Discrimination:
By current C1 3.2 154
By time C1 3.1 154
Time and current C1 3.3, 11 155, 161
Distance relay:
Apparent impedance seen by C5 4.1 252
Application example C3 12 230
C3 10 227
Application problems C5 4 252
D1 8 425
Application to:
a.c. electrified railways C10 2, 6 379, 387
Multi-ended feeders C5 5 255
Parallel feeders C5 2 245
Plain feeders C3 6 215
Characteristics: C3 7 216
Amplitude and phase comparison C3 7.1 216
Fully cross-polarised mho C3 7.5 219
Lenticular C3 7.4.3 219
Offset mho C3 7.4 218
Other C3 7.9 222
Partially cross-polarised mho C3 7.6 220
Plain impedance C3 7.2 216
Quadrilateral C3 7.7 221
Self polarised mho C3 7.3 217

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Distance relay:
Performance of:
Digital types C3 3.2 213
Electromechanical types C3 3.1 212
Numerical types C3 3.2 213
Static types C3 3.1 212
Schemes: C4 1-6 235-242
Acceleration C4 3.3 238
Blocking over-reaching schemes C4 4 240
Comparison of transfer trip and blocking schemes C4 6 242
Direct under-reach transfer tripping scheme C4 3.1 237
Directional comparison unblocking C4 5 242
Lines using high-speed auto-reclose D1 8 425
Multi-ended feeders C5 5 255
Permissive over-reach transfer tripping C4 3.4 238
Permissive under-reach transfer tripping C4 3.2 237
Permissive under-reaching acceleration C4 3.3 238
Transfer trip C4 3 237
Using zone 1 element C4 4.1.2 241
Using zone 2 element C4 4.1.1 240
Weak infeed conditions C4 3.5, 4.2 239, 241
Zone 1 extension C4 2 236
Settings: C3 6 215
Other zones C3 6.4 215
Reverse zones C3 6.4 215
Zone 1 C3 6.1 215
Zone 2 C3 6.2 215
Zone 3 C3 6.3 215
Starters for switched distance protection C3 8.1 224
Switched distance protection relays C3 8.1 224
Under-reach C3 10.3 227
Under-reach on parallel lines C5 2.2.2 246
Voltage supervision in C3 10.7 228
Zones of protection C3 6 215
Current reversal on double circuit lines C5 2.2.1 245
Earth fault impedance measurement C3 9.2 225
Effect of earthing method C3 9 225

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Distance relay:
Effect of source impedance C3 9 225
Example setting calculation C3 12 230
Features of C3 7, 11 216, 229
Forward reach limitations C3 10.5 228
Implementation C3 8 223
Minimum length of line C3 10.2 227
Minimum voltage at relay terminals C3 10.1 227
Multi-ended feeders C5 4 252
Over-reach C3 10.4 228
Parallel feeders C5 2 245
Percentage over-reach C3 10.4 228
Percentage under-reach C3 10.3 227
Phase fault impedance measurement C3 9.1 225
Principles of C3 2 211
Distributed generation: C8 20 347
Islanding detection C8 20.3 349
Low voltage ride through (LVRT) C8 20.2.2 347
Q-U protection C8 20.2.4 348
Reactive current C8 20.2 347
Underfrequency load shedding C8 20.2.3 348
Distribution transformer earthing of generators C8 2, 7.2.2, 7.2.3 316, 326, 327
Disturbance recorder function in numerical relays B1 6.4 102
Documentation for IED according IEC 61850 D3 2.6 455
Double busbar substation, application of auto-reclose to D1 12.1 428
Double circuit lines, current reversal on C5 2.2.1 245
Double frequency or broad band trap D2 6.3 437
Double-layer winding C8 5.1 319
Dual fed substations, earth fault protection in B3 7.2 137
Dynamic unit testing of protection relays E1 7.2 509
Dynamic validation type tests of protection relays E1 8 510

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Earth fault impedance measurement using distance relays C3 9.2 225
Earth fault protection for entire generator stator winding C8 8 329
Earth fault protection:
Of generators C8 3, 7, 8 317, 325, 329
Of induction motors C9 6 368
Of transformers C7 6-8, 10 292-293, 297
On insulated networks C1 18 171
On Petersen Coil earthed networks C1 19 173
Sensitive C1 16.3, 17 169, 170
Time grading of C1 16.2 169
Using overcurrent relays C1 16-19 167-173
With residually-connected CTs B3 7.1 137
Earthing arrangements for frame-earth protection C6 6.1 266
Earthing transformer protection C7 11 299
Earthing, system, effect of on zero sequence quantities A3 6 50
Effect of:
Earthing methods on distance relays C3 9 225
Fault current on distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.3 253
Pre-fault load on distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.2 253
Saturation on machine reactances A4 12 66
Source impedance on distance relays C3 9 225
System earthing on zero sequence quantities A3 6 50
Effective setting of earth fault relays C1 16.1 167
Effective setting of electromechanical earth fault relays C1 16.1.2 168
Electrical faults in stator windings C8 3 317
Electrical faults in stator windings C9 6 368
Electromagnetic voltage transformers: B2 2 107
Cascade type B2 2.8 110
Construction B2 2.5 109
Errors in B2 2.1 107
Protection of B2 2.4 109
Residual connection of B2 2.6 109
Transient performance B2 2.7 110
Voltage factor B2 2.2 108
Electromechanical relays B1 2 95
Electromechanical unit protection systems C2 7 193
Embedded generation C8 20 347

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End zones of a protected feeder (distance protection schemes) C4 1 235
Engineering cycle according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
Engineering process according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
Environmental Type Test of protection relays: E1 6 507
Cyclic temperature/humidity test E1 6.3 507
Enclosure protection test E1 6.5 508
Fast cyclic temperature E1 6.4 508
Humidity test E1 6.2 507
Mechanical tests E1 6.6 508
Seismic test equipment E1 6.6 508
Temperature test E1 6.1 507
Equations and network connections for various types of faults A3 4 43
Equivalent circuits:
Auto-transformer A4 16 70
Cables A4 23 81
Current transformer B2 4 113
Induction motor C9 7 370
Overhead lines A4 23 81
Synchronous generator A4 2-8 57-63
Transformer A4 14-15 67-68
Voltage transformer B2 2 107
Errors:
In current transformers B2 4.1 113
In relays C1 11.2 161
In voltage transformers B2 2.1 107
Event reporting and logging in IEC 61850 as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.3 460
Evolution of IEC 61850 D3 1.4 446
Example relay setting calculations:
a.c. electrified railways C10 9 394
Complex transmission circuits C5 7 257
Distance C3 12 230
Earth fault, overcurrent C1 20.2 180
Generator C8 21 350
Induction motor C9 15 374
Industrial systems B3 11 141
Overcurrent C1 20 175
Parallel feeders – distance C5 7.1 257

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Example relay setting calculations:
Parallel feeders overcurrent C1 20.3 181
Phase fault C1 20.1 175
Ring main C1 20.4 182
Transformer C7 19 308
Unit protection C2 12 204
Examples of auto-reclosing schemes D1 12 428
Examples of electromechanical unit protection systems C2 7 193
Examples of static unit protection systems C2 7 193
Extremely inverse overcurrent relay C1 7 159

F
Factors influencing HV auto-reclose schemes D1 4 419
Fast load shedding D4 3.5 489
Fault calculations A3 2-6 39-50
Fault current contribution from induction motors B3 8 139
Feeder substation protection for a.c. electrified railways C10 8 392
Ferro-resonance B2 3.3 112
File transfer as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.6 462
Flags A1 10.2 19
Forward reach limitations of distance relays C3 10.5 228
Four-switch mesh substation,auto-reclosing applied to D1 12.3 429
Four-wire dual-fed substations B3 7.2 137
Frame-earth protection (Howard protection): C6 6 266
Check system C6 6.4 268
Scheme for double bus station C6 6.3 268
Single busbar C6 6.1 266
With sectioned busbars C6 6.2 267
Frequency of Inspection and Testing of protection relays E2 7.1 527
Frequency Protection: D4 1-6 485-492
Active power dependent load shedding D4 3.3 489
Automatic load restoration D4 4.1 490
Average rate of change of frequency protection 81RAV D4 2.5 487
Fast load shedding D4 3.5 489
Frequency supervised rate of change of frequency protection 81RF D4 2.4 486
Generator turbine abnormal protection D4 5 491

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Frequency Protection:
Load restoration D4 4 490
Load shedding D4 3 488
Overfrequency protection 81O D4 2.2 486
Rate of change of frequency protection 81R D4 2.3 486
Underfrequency based load shedding D4 3.1 488
Underfrequency protection 81U D4 2.1 486
Undervoltage based load shedding D4 3.4 489
Frequency shift keyed signals, protection signalling using D2 7.3 442
Frequency supervised rate of change of frequency protection 81RF D4 2.4 486
Fully cross-polarised mho relay C3 7.5 219
Fundamental theory A2 1 25
Fundamentals of protection practice A1 1-12 11-21
Fuses for use with distribution transformers C7 6.1 292
Fusing factor B3 4.3 132

G
Gas and oil surge relay (Buchholz relay) for transformers C7 15.3 301
Gas devices for protection of transformers C7 15 301
General requirements as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.2.5 482
Generator overfluxing withstand characteristics C8 14.1 335
Generator turbine abnormal protection D4 5 491
Generator: C8 1-21 315-350
Complete schemes:
For direct-connected generators C8 19.1 344
Generator-transformer units C8 19.2 345
Distributed generation C8 20 347
Earthing C8 2 316
Examples of protection calculations C8 21 350
Impedances:
Direct axis A4 8, 11 63, 65
Effect of saturation A4 11 65
Negative sequence A4 9 65
Positive sequence A4 13 66
Quadrature axis A4 5, 8, 11 60, 63, 65
Zero sequence A4 10 65

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Generator: Impedances:
Protection:
Differential protection of direct-connected generators C8 3 317
Differential protection of generator-transformer units C8 4 319
Earth fault protection for entire stator winding C8 8 329
Inadvertent energisation C8 13 335
Inter-turn fault C8 5 319
Loss of excitation C8 16 338
Low forward power C8 11.1 332
Negative phase sequence C8 12 333
Neutral voltage displacement C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327
Overcurrent protection C8 6 323
Overfluxing C8 14.1 335
Overfrequency C8 14.2 336
Overheating C8 18 344
Overspeed C8 11.1 332
Overvoltage C8 9 331
Pole slipping protection C8 17 341
Reverse power C8 11.2 332
Rotor earth faults C8 15.1 336
Rotor faults C8 15 336
Rotor shorted turn protection C8 15.3 338
Stator earth fault C8 7, 8 325, 329
Unbalanced loading C8 12 333
Underfrequency C8 14.2 336
Undervoltage C8 10 331
Voltage controlled overcurrent C8 6.2.1 324
Voltage restrained overcurrent C8 6.2.2 324
Winding protection C8 3 317
Generator-transformer protection C8 4 319
GOOSE control block in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Grading margins for overcurrent relays: C1 11-12 161-162
Earth fault relays C1 16.2 169
Fuse to fuse C1 12.2 163
Fuse to relay C1 12.3 163
Grading margins for overcurrent relays: Relay to relay C1 12.1 162
Grading of ring mains C1 15, 20.4 166, 182

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Ground fault neutraliser (GFN) C8 2 316

H
Hardware architecture of numerical relays B1 5.1 99
Harmonic content of inrush waveform, transformer C7 3.1 291
Harmonics 3rd & 5th for a.c. electrified railways C10 8 392
Harmonics in current transformers B2 4.11 120
Heating of induction motor windings C9 3, 7 362, 370
High impedance busbar differential protection: C6 8 272
Check feature C6 8.3 274
CT supervision C6 8.4 274
Effective setting C6 8.2 273
Practical details of C6 8.6 276
Primary operating current C6 8.2 273
Stability C6 8.1 272
High impedance earthfaults for a.c. electrified railways C10 8 392
High impedance relays in busbar protection C6 8 272
High resistance earthing of generators C8 2 316
High resistance ground with a distribution transformer C8 2 316
High speed auto-reclosing:
On EHV systems D1 6-8 422-425
On lines using distance relays D1 8 425
High voltage capacitor of line coupling equipment D2 6.3 437
History of IEC 61850 D3 1.3 446
Howard protection (frame-earth protection) C6 6 266
HRC fuse applications C7 6.1 292
HRC fuse applications B3 4 131
HRC fuses B3 4 131
Hysteresis effect B2 4.10.2 119

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IDMT overcurrent relay C1 4 156
IEC 61850 and applications D3 1-4 445-466
IEC 61850 applications D3 4 466
IEC 61850 communication standard: D3 1-3 445-458
Abstract service interface D3 2.3 449
Data modelling: D3 2.4 450
Access point D3 2.4.6 452
Communication modelling D3 2.4.6 452
Control block D3 2.4.6 452
Data attributes D3 2.4.4 451
Data objects D3 2.4.3 451
Data reference D3 2.4.5 452
Data set D3 2.4.6 452
GOOSE control block D3 2.4.6 452
Logical devices D3 2.4.1 451
Logical nodes D3 2.4.2 451
Physical device D3 2.4 450
Report control block D3 2.4.6 452
Server D3 2.4.6 452
SubNetwork D3 2.4.6 452
Engineering process: D3 2.5 453
Engineering cycle D3 2.5 453
IED configuration tool D3 2.5 453
Substation configuration language D3 2.5 453
System configuration tool D3 2.5 453
System specification tool D3 2.5 453
Global approach D3 2.1 447
Parts of the standard D3 2.2 447
IEC relay symbols AX2 Appendix 2 550
IED D3 1 445
IED configuration tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
Impedance notation A2 5 31
Impedances:
Fault current contribution from B3 8 139
Generator:
Direct-axis A4 11 65
Negative sequence A4 9 65

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Impedances: Generator:
Positive sequence A4 13 66
Quadrature axis A4 5, 11 60, 65
Zero sequence A4 10 65
Induction motor:
Negative sequence C9 7 370
Positive sequence C9 7 370
Transformer:
Positive sequence A4 14, 16 67, 70
Zero sequence A4 15, 16 68, 70
Implementation of distance relays C3 8 223
Incomplete longitudinal current differential protection of generator C8 5.3 321
Incorrect relay operation, reasons for A1 4 15
Indicating lamps in protection schemes A1 10.2 19
Indication or flags A1 10.2 19
Induction motor characteristics C9 3-7 362-370
Induction motor equivalent circuit C9 7 370
Induction motor protection: C9 2-13, 15 361-373, 374
Anti-backspin C9 13 373
Bearing failures C9 10 372
Earth fault C9 6 368
Examples of C9 15 374
Faults in rotor windings C9 8 371
Locked rotor C9 4 363
Loss of load C9 12 373
Modern relay design C9 2 361
Negative phase sequence C9 7 370
Number of starts limitation C9 4.4 365
Overcurrent C9 5 366
Re-acceleration C9 4.3 365
Stalling C9 4.2 365
Starting C9 4.1 364
Thermal C9 3 362
Undervoltage C9 11 372
Industrial and commercial power system protection: B3 1-13 129-150
Automatic changeover systems B3 9 140
Busbar arrangement B3 2 129

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Industrial and commercial power system protection:
Capacitor control B3 11.1 142
Characteristics B3 4.1 131
Co-ordination problems B3 7 137
Discrimination B3 4.2 131
Discrimination in B3 3 130
Effect of ambient temperature B3 4.4 132
Examples of protection B3 12 146
Fault current contribution from induction motors B3 8 139
Fusing factor B3 4.3 132
HRC fuses: B3 4 131
Motor power factor correction B3 11.2 142
Power factor correction B3 11 141
Protection against overvoltage B3 10 141
Protection against reverse phase sequence B3 10 141
Protection against undervoltage B3 10 141
Protection of cables by B3 4.3 132
Protection of capacitors B3 11.3 142
Protection of motors by B3 4.5 132
Industrial circuit breakers B3 5 132
Industrial consumers, auto-reclosing requirements D1 4.1.2 419
Inrush waveform of transformers C7 2 287
Instantaneous overcurrent relays, characteristics of C1 5 157
Instrument transformers: B2 1-5 107-121
Capacitor voltage B2 3 111
Current B2 4 113
Electromagnetic voltage B2 2 107
Novel B2 5 121
Insulated networks, earth fault protection of C1 18 171
Insulation tests of protection relays E2 1.1 517
Interchangeability according IEC 61850 D3 2.7 456
Interference and noise, effect on protection signalling D2 6 436
Interoperability vs Interchangeability according IEC 61850 D3 2.7 456
Intertripping:
Blocking scheme:
Performance requirements D2 5.3 436
Signalling D2 4.3 435

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Intertripping:
By d.c. signal on separate pilots D2 7.1 441
Direct tripping, signalling D2 4.1 435
For multi-terminal lines C5 5 255
For transformers C7 17 306
Intertripping, performance requirements D2 5.1 435
Methods D2 4 435
Permissive tripping:
Performance requirements D2 5.2 436
Signalling D2 4.2 435
Signalling for D2 4 435
Interturn fault protection for the generator stator winding C8 5 319
Interturn faults in power transformers C7 2.5 288
Inverse overcurrent relays:
Extremely inverse C1 7 159
IDMT C1 4 156
Very inverse C1 6 158
In-zone capacitance C7 16.1.4 304
Issues with numerical relays B1 7 104

J
Junction law A2 6.1 32

L
Lenticular characteristic of distance relay C3 7.4.3 219
Line attenuation, power line carrier communications D2 6.3 437
C1 18.2,19 171-173
Line charging current C2 8, 12 194, 205
C7 16.1.4 304
Line differential protection C2 1-13 189-207
Line trap D2 6.3 437
Lines Tapped (T-lines) C8 20.2.2 347
List of ANSI device numbers AX2 Appendix 2 550
List of IEC protection symbols AX2 Appendix 2 550
Live line reclosing D1 9.1 426
Load restoration D4 4 490

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Load shedding D4 3 488
Local/Remote control as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.2 467
Lock-out in auto-reclosing schemes D1 6.6, 10.7 424, 427
Logic systems B1 6.6 103
Logical Device in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.1 451
Logical Node in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.2 451
Longitudinal zero sequence over voltage protection of generator C8 5.5 322
Loss of excitation protection for generators C8 16 338
Loss of excitation protection for synchronous motors C9 14.1 373
Loss of load protection of motors C9 12 373
Low forward power protection of generators C8 11.1 332
Low frequency injection method 100% earth fault protection of generator C8 8.2 329
Low impedance biased differential protection C6 9.6 279
Low impedance differential protection (biased):
Busbars C6 9 277
Check feature C6 9.3 278
CT supervision C6 9.4 279
Effective setting C6 9.2 278
For generators C8 3.1 317
For transformers C7 8 293
Primary operating current C6 9.2 278
Stability C6 9.1 277
Low speed (delayed) auto-reclosing D1 9 426

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Machine reactances (synchronous machines) A4 8-12 63-66
Machine reactances, effect of saturation A4 12 66
Magnetically polarised armature relays B1 2.1 95
Magnetisation curve of a current transformer B2 4.4 115
Magnetising inrush in power transformers C7 3 290
Maintenance tests for protection relays E2 7.2 527
Maloperation with reverse faults, distance relays, multi-ended feeders C5 4.4 254
Manipulation of complex quantities A2 3 26
Manual closing of circuit breakers, auto-reclosing schemes D1 10.8 427
Margins, grading for overcurrent relays C1 11-12 161-162
Mathematical operators A2 3.3 27
Maximum torque angle of relay (MTA) C1 14.2.2 165
Measuring transformers: B2 1-5 107-121
Capacitor voltage B2 3 111
Current B2 4 113
Electromagnetic voltage B2 2 107
Novel B2 5 121
Merz-Price protection systems C2 1 189
Mesh law A2 6.1 32
Mesh substation, four-switch, auto-reclosing applied to D1 12.3 429
Methods of protection signalling D2 7 441
Mho relay:
Fully cross-polarised C3 7.5 219
Lenticular C3 7.4 218
Offset mho C3 7.4 218
Partially cross-polarised C3 7.6 220
Self-polarised C3 7.3 217
Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) B3 5.1 132
Minimum length of line for distance protection C3 10.2 227
Minimum voltage at relay terminals C3 10.1 227
Motor currents during starting conditions C9 4 363
Motor differential protection C9 5.1 366
Motor power factor correction B3 11.2 142
Motor protection C9 1-15 361-374
Motor windings, heating of C9 3 362
Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) B3 5.2 133
Multi-ended feeders protection of C5 3-5 249-255

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Multi-shot auto-reclosing D1 10.9 427
Mutual compensation C5 2.2 245
Mutual coupling, effect of on unit and distance protection schemes C5 2 245

N
Nature and effect of transformer faults C7 1 287
Negative phase sequence protection of generators C8 12 333
Negative phase sequence protection of motors C9 7 372
Negative sequence network A3 3.2 42
Negative sequence reactance:
Induction motor C7 7 371
Synchronous generator A4 9 65
Network connections for various types of fault A3 4 43
Network reduction A2 6.3 33
Neutral voltage displacement (NVD) protection C8 21.1.4 351
Neutral voltage displacement relay C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327
Noise and interference in protection signalling systems D2 6 436
Non-linear resistor, use in busbar protection schemes C6 8.6.7 276
Non-unit transformer-feeder protection schemes C7 16.1 302
Notation, impedance A2 5 31
Novel instrument transformers B2 5 121
Number of shots, auto-reclosing schemes D1 4.3, 6.6, 10.9 421, 424, 427
Number of starts limitation of induction motors C9 4.4 365
Numerical busbar protection C6 10 283
Numerical busbar protection,reliability considerations C6 10.1 283
Numerical differential protection system C2 8 194
Numerical relay issues B1 7 104
Numerical relay software B1 5.2 101
Numerical relays B1 5-7 98-104

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Offset mho distance relay C3 7.4 218
Ohm distance relay C3 7.2 216
Oil and gas devices for transformer protection C7 15 301
Oil circuit breakers (OCBs) B3 5.4 134
Opening time of circuit breakers D1 4.1.3 420
Operating features of auto-reclose schemes D1 10 427
Operation indicators A1 10.2 19
Operation of induction motors with unbalanced voltages C9 7 370
Operators in vector algebra A2 3.3 27
Optical fibre channels D2 6.5 439
Out-of-step tripping for generators C3 7.8 221
Out-of-step tripping for generators C8 17 341
Output devices, of relays A1 10 19
Overcurrent protection C1 1-21 153-185
Overcurrent relay:
90A1 quadrature connection C1 14.2 164
Calculation of settings C1 13, 16 163, 167
Definite time C1 9 160
Directional earth fault C1 17 170
Directional phase fault C1 14 164
Earth fault protection C1 16 167
Extremely inverse C1 7 159
Grading margin C1 11-12 161-162
Instantaneous C1 5 157
Inverse definite minimum time C1 4 156
Other characteristics C1 8 159
Timing error C1 11.2 161
Transient over-reach C1 6.1 158
Very inverse C1 6 158
Overcurrent starters for distance relays C3 8.1 224
Overfluxing in power transformers C7 2.8.3, 2.8.4, 13 289, 290, 300
Overfrequency protection 81O D4 2.2 486
Overhead lines: A4 18-22 73-80
Calculation of impedances A4 19-20 74-75
Data A4 24 82
Equivalent circuits A4 21-22 78-80
With or without earth wires A4 21 78

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Overheating of generators C8 18 344
Overheating of power transformers C7 4 291
Overload protection:
Of generators C8 18 344
Of motors C9 3 362
Of transformers C7 2.8.1, 4 289, 291
Over-reach of a distance relay C3 10.4 228
Over-reach, transient, of a relay C1 6.1 158
Overshoot of overcurrent relays C1 11.3 161
Overspeed of generators C8 11.1, 14.2 332, 336
Overvoltage protection of generators C8 9 331

P
Parallel feeders, overcurrent protection of C1 14.3 165

Parallel feeders, distance protection of C5 2.2 245

Parallel feeders, unit protection of C5 2.1 245

Parallel-connected branches of the stator winding C8 5.1 319

Partially cross-polarised mho relay C3 7.6 220

Parts of IEC 61850 D3 1.2, 2.2 446, 447

B2 4 113
Peak voltage developed by current transformers
C6 8.6.7 276

Percentage under-reach of distance relays C3 10.3 227

Performance of distance relays C3 3 212

Periodic maintenance tests of protection relays E2 7 527

Permissive intertrip over-reaching scheme C4 3.4 238

Permissive intertrip under-reaching scheme C4 3.2 237

Petersen coil, protection of networks earthed using C1 19 173

Phase comparison protection schemes C2 10.1, 11 197, 201

Phase comparison protection schemes for Tee’d feeders C5 3.3 251

Phase fault impedance measurement using distance relays C3 9.1 225

Phase fault overcurrent relay settings C1 13 163

Phase reversal protection B3 10 141

Phase shift due to system capacitance C2 11.1 201

Phase unbalance relays C9 7 370

Phase-phase fault analysis A3 4.2 44

Phase-phase-earth fault analysis A3 4.3 45

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Physical device in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4 450
Plain impedance relay C3 7.2 216
Plain tone signals, protection signalling using D2 7.2 442
Pole slipping of generators C8 17 341
Polyphase systems A2 4.4 30
Positive sequence equivalent circuits:
Auto-transformer A4 16 70
Cables A4 23 81
Induction motor C9 7 370
Overhead transmission lines A4 22 80
Synchronous machine A4 8 63
Transformer A4 14 67
Positive sequence network A3 3.1 42
Positive sequence reactance of synchronous machine A4 4, 8 59, 63
Power factor correction B3 11 141
Power line carrier communications (PLCC) technique D2 6.3 437
Power line carrier unit protection phase comparison schemes C5 3.2 250
Power quantities A2 4.3 29
Power swing blocking C3 10.6 228
Power system plant A4 1 57
Power transformer:
Measuring transformers B2 1-5 107-125
Two-winding transformers A4 14.1 67
Unit systems A1 5.2 16
Power/angle curve D1 5 421
Primary injection testing of relay elements E2 4.4 525
Primary injection tests: E2 4 524
CT polarity check E2 4.3 525
CT ratio check E2 4.2 525
Test facilities E2 4.1 524
Primary protection A1 9 18
Principles of distance relays C3 2 211
Principles of time/current grading C1 3 154
Principles of unit protection systems C2 1 189
Private pilot wires and channels D2 6.1 436
Product safety tests of protection relays: E1 5 505
CE marking E1 5.7 506

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Product safety tests of protection relays:
Dielectric voltage withstand E1 5.3 505
Earth bonding impedance E1 5.6 506
Insulation resistance E1 5.2 505
Insulation withstand for overvoltages E1 5.4 506
Single fault condition assessment E1 5.5 506
Thermal withstand E1 5.1 505
Production testing of relays E1 9 513
Production tests of protection relays E1 9 513
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) in numerical relays B1 6.6 103
Protection against:
Asynchronous operation for generators C8 16 338
Pole slipping for generators C8 17 341
Power swings–distance relays C3 7.8 221
Sudden restoration of supply C9 14.2 374
Protection equipment testing E1 1-7 495-509
Protection equipment, definition of A1 2 13
Protection of:
a.c. electrified railways C10 1-9 379-394
Busbars C6 1-10 263-282
Capacitors B3 11.3 142
Complex transmission circuits C5 1-8 245-260
Generators C8 1-20 315-347
Motors C9 1-14 361-373
Multi-ended feeders–distance protection C5 4, 5 252, 255
Multi-ended feeders–unit protection C5 3 249
Parallel feeders C5 2 245
Phase reversal B3 10 141
Series compensated lines C5 6 256
Synchronous motors C9 14 373
Transformer-feeders C7 16 302
Transformers C7 1-10 287-297
Voltage transformers B2 2.4 109
Protection performance A1 4.6 15
Protection relay B1 1-7 95-104
Protection relay setting checks E2 1.5 519
Protection requirements for busbars C6 3 264

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Protection reset time, auto-reclose schemes D1 4.1.5 420
Protection scheme design for maintenance of protection relays E2 8 528
Protection scheme, definition of A1 2 13
Protection signalling: D2 1-7 433-441
Effect of interference D2 6 436
Effect of noise on D2 6 436
For unit protection schemes D2 2 433
Intertripping D2 4 434
Methods D2 7 441
Performance requirements D2 5 435
Signalling methods D2 7 441
Transmission media D2 6 436
Protection system, definition of A1 2 13
Pull-out protection for synchronous motors C9 14.1 373

Q
Quadrature axis machine impedances A4 5, 11 60, 65
Quadrature connected relays C1 14.2 164
Quadrilateral relay C3 7.7 221

R
Radio channels, protection signalling D2 6.4 439
Railways: C10 1-9 379-394
Autotransformer feeding C10 6 387
Catenary backup protection C10 5 387
Catenary thermal protection C10 4 386
Classical single-phase feeding C10 3 380
Delta function C10 8 392
Example of classical system protection C10 9 394
Feeder substation protection C10 7 391
Protection of a.c. electrified C10 1-9 379-394
Protection philosophy C10 2 379
Rate of change of frequency protection 81R D4 2.3 486
Rating tests as electrical type tests E1 3.1 499
Re-acceleration of induction motors: of induction motors C9 4.3 365

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Reactances:
Auto-transformer A4 16, 17 70, 71
Cables A4 18, 20, 23, 24 73, 75, 81, 82
Induction motor C9 7 370
Overhead transmission lines A4 18-22, 24 73-80, 82
Synchronous machine A4 4, 8-12 59, 63-66
Transformer A4 14-15, 17 67-68, 71
Reaction, armature, of synchronous machines A4 3 58
Real-time data access and retrieval as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.2 460
Reclaim time in auto-reclosing D1 4.2, 6.5, 10.6 420, 424, 427
Reclosing:
Delayed D1 9 426
High-speed D1 6-8 422-425
Of EHV networks D1 5 421
Of HV networks D1 3 419
Of live lines D1 9.1 426
Recommended grading margins C1 12 162
Relay burden at electrical type tests E1 3.2 499
Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) C1 14.2.2 165
Relay Inputs at electrical type tests E1 3.3 499
Relay output contacts at electrical type tests E1 3.4 499
Relay self-test procedure of protection relays E2 1.2 517
Relay types: B1 1-5 95-98
Differential C2 4-11 190-201
Digital B1 4 97
Directional C1 14, 17 164, 170
Distance C3 7 216
Earth fault C1 16 167
Electromechanical B1 2 95
Numerical B1 5, 6 98, 102
Overcurrent C1 4 156
ROCOF C8 20.3.2 349
Static B1 3 96
Voltage vector shift C8 20.3.1 349
Relay:
Application of directional overcurrent C1 14.3 165
Bias (of differential relays) C2 4.2 191

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Relay:
C1 14.2 164
Characteristic angle (RCA)
C3 7.3 217
Characteristics:
ANSI C1 4 156
Custom C1 8 159
Definite time C1 9 160
Distance C3 7 216
Extremely inverse C1 7 159
IDMT C1 4 156
IEC C1 4 156
Instantaneous C1 5 157
Neutral voltage displacement C8 7.1.3, 7.2.4 326, 327
Very inverse C1 6 158
Connections for directional elements C1 14, 17.1 164, 170
Contact systems A1 10.1 19
Current setting C1 10 161
Data management in numerical relays B1 7.2 104
Deterioration in service A1 4.5 15
Example setting calculations:
Distance C3 12 230
Generator C8 21 350
Induction motor C9 15 374
Overcurrent C1 20.1 175
Ring main C1 20.4 182
Transformer C7 19 308
Unit protection C2 12 204
Features of numerical relays B1 5-6 98-102
Flags A1 10.2 19
Grading margins C1 11-12 161-162
Installation of A1 4.3 15
Issues with numerical relays B1 7 104
Maximum torque angle C1 14.2.2 165
Operation indicators A1 10.2 19
Output devices A1 10 19
Overcurrent C1 4 156
Overshoot C1 11.3 161

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Relay:
Performance, definition for distance relays C3 3 212
Production testing E1 9 513
Relay characteristic angle C1 14.2 164
Selectivity A1 5 16
Self testing B1 5 98
Setting study, basic requirements C1 2 153
Speed of operation A1 7 17
Stability A1 6 17
Targets A1 10.2 19
Testing and commissioning B1 7.3 104
Time grading margin C1 11 161
Timing error C1 11.2 161
Transient over-reach C7 16.1.2 303
Trip circuit supervision A1 12 21
Tripping circuits A1 11 20
Type testing of E1 1-7 495-509
Voltage setting in busbar protection C6 8.6.3 276
Reliability of numerical busbar protection C6 10.1 283
Reliability of protection equipment A1 4 15
Remanence flux, effect of in a current transformer B2 4.10.2 119
Rented pilot circuits and channels D2 6.2 437
Report control block in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Requirements of the signalling channel D2 5 435
Residual compensation in distance relays C3 9.2 225
Residual current A3 6.1 50
Residual flux, effect of in a current transformer B2 4.10.2 119
Residual voltage A3 6.1 50
Residually connected voltage transformers B2 2.6 109
Resonant ground with a ground fault neutraliser C8 2 316
Restricted earth fault protection:
Of generators C8 7.3 327
Of transformers C7 7 293
Reverse faults, maloperation of distance protection schemes on C5 4.4 254
Reverse Interlocking as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.2.1 472
Reverse looking relay setting, distance relay blocking schemes C4 4.1.1 240
Reverse power protection of generators C8 11.2 332

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Ring mains:
Example of grading C1 20.4 182
Grading of C1 15 166
ROCOF relay C8 20.3.2 349
Rotor earth fault protection for synchronous generator C8 20.3.1 349
Rotor protection (generator) C8 15 336

S
Salient pole rotor, synchronous machine A4 5 60
Saturation of current transformers B2 4.10 117
Secondary injection test equipment for protection relays E2 2 520
Secondary injection test sets for protection relays E2 2.2 520
Secondary injection testing of protection relays E2 3 523
Selection of the parameter subset as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.4 470
Selectivity of protection equipment A1 5 16
Self-balance differential protection of motors C9 5.2 367
Self-description of device as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.1 459
Self-testing (of numerical relays) B1 5 98
Sensitive earth fault protection:
Of generators C8 7.1.2 325
Of motors C9 6 368
Overcurrent C1 16.3, 17-19 169, 170-173
Sensitivity of protection equipment A1 8 17
Sequence networks A3 3 41
Sequence reactances:
Auto-transformer A4 16 70
Cables A4 23 81
Induction motor C9 7 370
Overhead transmission lines A4 18-22 73-80
Synchronous generator A4 8-10 63-65
Transformer A4 14-15 67-68
Series compensated lines, protection of C5 6 256
Series sealing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.1 20
Server In the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Setting and setting group management as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.5 462
Setting of overcurrent relay C1 10 161

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SF6 circuit breakers, use in auto-reclose schemes D1 6.3.3 423
Shunt fault equations A3 4 43
Shunt reinforcing with series sealing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.3 20
Shunt reinforcing, relay tripping circuits A1 11.2 20
Sign conventions A2 4.2 29
Signalling performance requirements D2 5 435
Signalling, protection D2 1-7 433-441
Simulation hardware of protection relays E1 8.2.1 511
Simulation software of protection relays E1 8.2.2 511
Simulator applications of protection relays E1 8.2.3 512
Single frequency line trap D2 6.3 437
Single-phase auto-reclosing D1 7 424
Single-phase open circuit fault analysis A3 4.5 46
Single-phase systems A2 4.4 30
Single-phase to earth fault analysis A3 4.1 44
Single shot auto-reclosing D1 4.3, 6.6 421, 424
Single switch substation, auto-reclose applied to D1 12.2 429
Software modifications - regression testing of protection relays E1 7.9 510
Software Type Testing of protection relays E1 7 509
Software version control in numerical relays B1 7.1 104
Software/Hardware integration testing of protection relays E1 7.5 509
Software/Software integration testing of protection relays E1 7.4 509
Speed of protection equipment A1 7 17
Split phase transverse current differential protection of generator C8 5.2 320
Stabilising resistance C2 4.1 190
Stability of protection equipment A1 6 17
Stalling of induction motors C9 4.2 365
Standard IDMT overcurrent relays C1 4 156
Standby transformer, auto-close schemes D1 11.1 428
Star/delta theorem, Kennelly’s A2 6.2 32
Star-connected winding of a transformer, impedance earthed C7 2.1 287
Star-connected winding of a transformer, solidly earthed C7 2.2 287
Starting protection for induction motors C9 4.1 364
Starting relays for switched distance protection C3 8.1 224
Static differential protection systems C2 7 193
Static relays B1 3 96
Static unit testing of protection relays E1 7.1 509

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Stator protection:
For generators C8 3 317
For induction motors C9 3, 6 362, 368
Stator windings, electrical faults in:
Generators C8 3 317
Induction motors C9 3, 6 362, 368
Steady-state theory of synchronous machines A4 4 59
SubNetwork in the IEC 61850 data model D3 2.4.6 452
Substation Configuration Language (SCL) according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
Substation control as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.1 466
Substitution as communication service of IEC 61850 D3 3.2.7 462
Sub-transient reactance of generators A4 8, 11 63, 65
Sudden restoration of supply, synchronous motor protection C9 14.2 374
Summation arrangements, unit protection C2 6 192
Superposition theorem A2 6.2 32
Supervision of trip circuits A1 12 21
Switch-on-to-fault feature C3 6.4 215
Symmetrical component theory A3 3 41
Synchronism check relay D1 9.2 426
Synchronous machines: A4 2 57
Armature reaction A4 3 58
Asymmetry A4 7 63
Cylindrical rotor A4 4 59
Direct axis reactances A4 4-11 59-65
Negative sequence reactance A4 9 65
Quadrature axis reactances A4 5, 11 60, 65
Reactances A4 4-12 59-66
Salient pole rotor A4 5 60
Saturation, effect on reactances A4 12 66
Steady-state theory of A4 4 59
Transient analysis A4 6 61
Zero sequence reactance A4 10 65
Synchronous motor protection: C9 14 373
Low forward power protection C9 14.2.2 374
Out-of step protection C9 14.1 373
Protection against sudden restoration of supply C9 14.2 374
Underfrequency protection C9 14.2.1 374

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System configuration tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
System earthing, effect of on zero sequence quantities A3 6 50
System fault studies A3 5 47
System specification tool according IEC 61850 D3 2.5 453
System tripping angles, unit protection schemes C2 11.2 201
System Zo/Z1 ratio A3 6.2 50
System ZS/ZL ratio, distance relay performance C3 4 213
System-wide interlocking as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.2.2 474

T
Tank-earth protection (transformers) C7 14 300
Targets A1 10.2 19
Tee’d feeder unit protection schemes C5 3.2-3.3 250-251
Telephone type pilots D2 6.1, 6.2 436, 437
Teleprotection signalling systems D2 3 433
Terminology AX1 Appendix 1 529
Test block E2 2.1 520
Test blocks/plugs for secondary injection equipment for protection relays E2 2.1 520
Test facilities for primary injection to protection relays E2 4.1 524
Test plug E2 2.1 520
Testing of Protection Scheme Logic of protection relays E2 6 526
Tests:
Commissioning E2 1 517
Equipment, secondary injection tests E2 2 520
Maintenance E2 7.2 527
Primary injection E2 4 524
Production E1 9 513
Protection scheme logic E2 6 526
Secondary injection E2 2, 3 520, 523
Tripping and alarm annunciation E2 5 526
Type:
Dynamic validation E1 8 510
Electrical E1 3 499
Electromagnetic compatibility E1 4 500
Environmental E1 6 507
Product safety E1 5 505

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Tests: Type:
Software E1 7 509
Theorems, circuit A2 6.2 32
Theory:
Current transformer B2 4 113
Synchronous machine A4 2-12 57-66
Transformer A4 14-16 67-70
Voltage transformer B2 2 107
Thermal protection:
Of a.c. electrified railway catenary C10 4 386
Of generator C8 18 344
Of motor C9 3 362
Of transformer C7 4, 18 291, 307
Thévenin’s theorem A2 6.2 32
Third harmonic voltage method 100% earth fault protection of generator C8 8.1 329
Three terminal lines, protection of C5 3 249
Three-phase auto-reclosing D1 3, 6, 9 419, 422, 426
Three-phase fault analysis A3 4.4 45
Three-phase fault calculations A3 2 39
Time grading of earth fault relays C1 16.2 169
Time multiplier setting (TMS) C1 4 156
Time synchronisation in numerical relays B1 6.5 103
Time synchronisation of relays C2 8.1 195
Time/current characteristics of overcurrent relays C1 4 156
Traceability of verification and validation tests of protection relays E1 7.8 510
Transactor C2 5 192
Transfer trip distance protection schemes: C4 3 237
Direct under-reach scheme C4 3.1 237
Permissive over-reach scheme C4 3.4 238
Permissive under-reach scheme C4 3.2 237
Permissive under-reaching acceleration scheme C4 3.3 238
Weak infeed conditions C4 3.5 239
Transformer:
Condition monitoring C7 18 307
Core faults C7 2.6 289
Equivalent circuits A4 14-15 67-68
Faults, nature and effect C7 2 287

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Transformer:
Impedances A4 17 71
Instrument: B2 1-5 107-121
Capacitor voltage B2 3 111
Current B2 4 113
Electromagnetic voltage B2 2 107
Magnetising inrush C7 3 290
Novel B2 5 121
Overheating C7 4 291
Overload conditions C7 2.8.1 289
Overvoltage conditions C7 2.8.3 289
Positive sequence equivalent circuit A4 14 67
Protection: C7 5-15 292-301
Buchholz relay C7 15.3 301
Combined differential and earth–fault C7 10 297
Delta/star connected C7 8 293
Delta-connected windings C7 7 293
Differential C7 8-10 293-297
Examples of C7 19 308
Intertripping C7 17 306
Oil and gas devices C7 15 301
Overcurrent C7 6 292
Overfluxing C7 13 300
Overload protection C7 2.8.1 289
Restricted earth fault C7 7 293
Tank-earth C7 14 300
Thermal C7 4, 18 291, 307
Reactances:
Positive A4 14, 17 67, 71
Zero A4 15, 17 68, 71
Zero sequence equivalent circuit A4 15 68
C2 12.2 206
Transformer-feeder protection of
C7 16 302
Transient analysis of synchronous machines A4 6 61
Transient factor of a current transformer B2 4.8 117
Transient fault D1 1 417
Transient instability in unit protection systems C2 4.1 190

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Transient over-reach of a relay C1 5 157
Transient reactance of generator A4 6, 8.2 61, 64
Transient response:
Of a capacitor voltage transformer B2 3.2 112
Of a current transformer B2 4.10 117
Of a voltage transformer B2 2.7 110
Translay ‘S’ static circulating current unit protection C2 7.2 193
Translay balanced voltage electromechanical unit protection system C2 7.1 193
Transmission line with or without earth wires A4 21 78
Transmission lines:
Data A4 24 82
Equivalent circuit A4 18-22 73-80
Series impedance A4 19, 22 74, 80
Shunt impedance A4 20, 22 75, 80
Transmission media interference and noise: D2 6 436
Optical fibre channels D2 6.5 439
Power line carrier communications techniques D2 6.3 437
Private pilot wires and channels D2 6.1 436
Radio channels D2 6.4 439
Rented pilot wires and channels D2 6.2 437
Transmission of disturbance recording as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.1.5 470
Transverse zero sequence current differential protection of generator C8 5.4 321
Trip circuit supervision A1 12 21
Tripping and alarm annunciation tests for protection relays E2 5 526
Tripping circuits A1 11 20
Turns compensation of a current transformer B2 4.1.2 113
Turns compensation of a voltage transformer B2 2.1 107
Type testing of protection relays: E1 1-7 495-509
Accreditation E1 1.7.1 496
Accredited labs E1 1.7 496
Accredited type test reports E1 1.7.2 497
Commissioning tests E1 1.4 495
Dynamic unit testing E1 7.2 509
Dynamic validation type tests E1 8 510
Electrical type tests: E1 3 499
Functional tests E1 2 498

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Type testing of protection relays:
Electromagnetic compatibility tests: E1 4 500
a.c. ripple on d.c. supply E1 4.2 501
Conducted and radiated emission E1 4.9 503
Conducted disturbance induced by RF - immunity tests E1 4.11 504
Damped oscillatory magnetic field E1 4.12.3 505
d.c. and a.c. voltage dip and short interruption E1 4.1 501
Electrostatic discharge test E1 4.8 502
Fast transient test E1 4.5 502
Gradual shut-down/start-up for a.c. & d.c. power supply E1 4.3 501
Magnetic field tests E1 4.12 504
Power frequency interference E1 4.7 502
Electromagnetic compatibility tests:
Power frequency magnetic field tests E1 4.12.1 504
Pulsed magnetic field E1 4.12.2 505
Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test E1 4.10 504
Slow & fast damped oscillatory wave E1 4.4 501
Surge immunity test E1 4.6 502
Environmental type test of protection relays: E1 6 507
Cyclic temperature/humidity test E1 6.3 507
Enclosure protection test E1 6.5 508
Fast cyclic temperature E1 6.4 508
Humidity test E1 6.2 507
Mechanical tests E1 6.6 508
Seismic test equipment E1 6.6 508
Temperature test E1 6.1 507
IEC61850 accreditation and recognition E1 1.8.1 497
IEC61850 certificate and report accredited E1 1.8.2 497
IEC61850 communication testing E1 1.8 497
Periodic maintenance checks E1 1.5 495
Product safety tests of protection relays: E1 5 505
CE marking E1 5.7 506
Dielectric voltage withstand E1 5.3 505
Earth bonding impedance E1 5.6 506
Insulation resistance E1 5.2 505
Insulation withstand for over-voltages E1 5.4 506
Single fault condition assessment E1 5.5 506

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Type testing of protection relays: Product safety tests of protection relays:
Thermal withstand E1 5.1 505
Reference standards E1 1.1 495
Routine factory production tests E1 1.3 495
Software modifications - regression testing E1 7.9 510
Software type testing E1 7 509
Software/hardware integration testing E1 7.5 509
Software/software integration testing E1 7.4 509
Static unit testing E1 7.1 509
Traceability of verification and validation tests E1 7.8 510
Type test reports E1 1.6 496
Type tests E1 1.2 495
Unit testing environment E1 7.3 509
Use of microprocessor-based simulation equipment E1 8.2 510
Use of power system analogue models E1 8.1 510
Validation testing E1 7.7 509
Verification testing E1 7.6 509
Types of busbar protection systems C6 4 265
Typical applications with IEC61850: D3 4 466
Applications with client-server communication: D3 4.1 466
Characteristics switching D3 4.1.6 471
Control with synchrocheck D3 4.1.3 469
Local/remote control D3 4.1.2 467
Selection of the parameter subset D3 4.1.4 470
Substation control D3 4.1.1 466
Transmission of disturbance recording D3 4.1.5 470
Applications with GOOSE communication: D3 4.2 472
Bay unit testing D3 4.2.4 479
General requirements D3 4.2.5 482
Reverse interlocking D3 4.2.1 472
System-wide interlocking D3 4.2.2 474
Uniqueness of control D3 4.2.3 477
Typical examples of time and current grading, overcurrent relays C1 20 175

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Unbalanced loading (negative sequence protection): of generators C8 12 333
Unbalanced loading (negative sequence protection): of motors C9 7 370
Underfrequency based load shedding D4 3.1 488
Underfrequency protection 81U D4 2.1 486
Underfrequency protection of generators C8 14.2 336
Under-power protection of generators C8 11.1 332
Under-reach of a distance relay C3 10.3 227
Under-reach of distance relay on parallel lines C5 2.2.2 246
Undervoltage based load shedding D4 3.4 489
Uniqueness of control as application with IEC 61850 D3 4.2.3 477
Unit protection schemes:
Current differential C2 4, 10 190, 197
Examples of C2 12 204
Line differential C2 1-13 189-207
Multi-ended feeders C5 3 249
Parallel feeders C5 2.1 245
Phase comparison C2 11 201
Signalling in D2 2 433
Tee’d feeders C5 3.2-3.3 250-251
Translay C2 7.1, 7.2 193, 193
Using carrier techniques C2 9 197
Unit protection: C2 1-13 189-207
Balanced voltage system C2 5 192
Circulating current system C2 4 190
Digital protection systems C2 8 194
Electromechanical protection systems C2 7 193
Numerical protection systems C2 8 194
Static protection systems C2 7 193
Summation arrangements C2 6 192
Unit testing environment of protection relays E1 7.3 509
Unit transformer protection (for generator unit transformers) C8 4.2 319
Use of microprocessor based simulation equipment of protection relays E1 8.2 510
Use of power system analogue models of protection relays E1 8.1 510

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Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) B3 5.5 134
Validation testing of protection relays E1 7.7 509
Van Warrington formula for arc resistance C3 7.3 217
Variation of residual quantities A3 6.3 51
Vector algebra A2 2 25
Verification testing of protection relays E1 7.6 509
Very inverse overcurrent relay C1 6 158
Voltage and phase reversal protection B3 10 141
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection C8 6.2.1 324
Voltage dependent overcurrent protection C8 6.2 324
Voltage distribution due to a fault A3 5.2 49
Voltage factors for voltage transformers B2 2.2 108
Voltage limit for accurate reach point measurement C3 5 214
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection C8 6.2.2 324
B2 2-3 107-111
Voltage transformers:
E2 1.4 518
Capacitor B2 3 111
Cascade B2 2.8 110
Construction B2 2.5 109
Errors B2 2.1 107
Phasing check E2 1.4.3 518
Polarity check E2 1.4.1 518
Ratio check E2 1.4.2 518
Residually-connected B2 2.6 109
Secondary leads B2 2.3 109
Supervision in distance relays C3 10.7 228
Supervision in numerical relays B1 6.2 102
Transient performance B2 2.7 110
Voltage factors B2 2.2 108
Voltage vector shift relay C8 20.3.1 349

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Warrington, Van, formula for arc resistance C3 7.3 217
Wattmetric protection, sensitive C1 19.2 174
Wound primary current transformer B2 4.5.1 115

Z
Zero sequence equivalent circuits:
Auto-transformer A4 16.2 70
Synchronous generator A4 10 65
Transformer A4 15 68
Zero sequence network A3 3.3 43
Zero sequence quantities, effect of system earthing on A3 6 50
Zero sequence reactance:
Of cables A4 24 82
Of generator A4 10 65
Of overhead lines A4 21, 24 78, 82
Of transformer A4 15, 17 68, 71
Zone 1 extension scheme (distance protection) C4 2 236
Zone 1 extension scheme in auto-reclose applications D1 8.2 425
Zones of protection A1 3 13
Zones of protection, distance relay C3 6 215

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