Asset LTE-Practical's Demostrations

Asset LTE- Practical's / Demostrations
Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International

WELCOME
INSTRUCTOR - GRAHAM
WHYLEY

LTE – Frequency Bands


Supported Channels (non-overlapping)
E-UTRA Downlink Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)
Band Bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
1 60 - - 12 6 4 3
2 60 42 20 12 6 4* 3*
3 75 53 23 15 7 5* 3*
4 45 32 15 9 4 3 2
5 25 17 8 5 2* - -
6 10 - - 2 1* X X
7 70 - - 14 7 4 3*
8 35 25 11 7 3* - -
9 35 - - 7 3 2* 1*
10 60 - - 12 6 4 3
11 25 - - 5 2* 1* 1*
12 18 12 6 3* 1* - X
13 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
14 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
...
33 20 - - 4 2 1 1
34 15 - - 3 1 1 X
35 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
36 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
37 20 - - 4 2 1 1
38 50 - - 10 5 - -
39 40 - - 8 4 3 2
40 100 - - - 10 6 5
* UE receiver sensitivity can be relaxed
X Channel bandwidth too wide for the band
- Not supported

E-UTRA Bandwidth E-ARFCN Bandwidth E-ARFCN Duplex
Band UL (MHz) UL DL (MHz) DL Mode
13000 – 13599 FDD

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 0 – 599
2 1850-1910 13600 – 14199 1930-1990 600 - 1199 FDD
3 1710-1785 14200 – 14949 1805-1880 1200 – 1949 FDD
4 1710-1755 14950 – 15399 2110-2155 1950 – 2399 FDD
5 824-849 15400 – 15649 869-894 2400 – 2649 FDD
6 830-840 15650 – 15749 875-885 2650 – 2749 FDD
7 2500-2570 15750 – 16449 2620-2690 2750 – 3449 FDD
8 880-915 16450 – 16799 925-960 3450 – 3799 FDD
9 1749.9-1784.9 16800 – 17149 1844.9-1879.9 3800 – 4149 FDD
10 1710-1770 17150 – 17749 2110-2170 4150 – 4749 FDD
11 1427.9-1452.9 17750 – 17999 1475.9-1500.9 4750 – 4999 FDD
12 698-716 18000 – 18179 728-746 5000 – 5179 FDD
13 777-787 18180 – 18279 746-756 5180 – 5279 FDD
14 788-798 18280 – 18379 758-768 5280 – 5379 FDD
... … … … … …
33 1900-1920 26000 – 26199 1900-1920 26000 – 26199 TDD
34 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 TDD
35 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 TDD
36 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 TDD
37 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 TDD
38 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 TDD

39 1880-1920 28250 – 28649 1880-1920 28250 – 28649 TDD
40 2300-2400 28650 – 29649 2300-2400 28650 – 29649 TDD
Frame Structures

LTE – Frame Structure

Frame Structures-TDD
0 1 2 3 19
10 ms

Frame Structures-TDD

Frame Structures-FDD
10 ms
0 1 2 3 19
In half-duplex FDD operation, the UE cannot

transmit and receive at the same time while there
are no such restrictions in full-duplex FDD.
One Sub-
frame = 1 mS Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
Frame Structures-FDD

LTE Carriers

LTE Carriers E-UTRA

Band
1
Downlink
Bandwidth
60
1.4
-
Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)
3
-
5
12
10
6
15
4
20
3
Since the appropriate LTE Frequency Band 2
3
60
75
42
53
20
23
12
15
6
7
4*
5*
3*
3*
and LTE Frame Structure have been 4
5
45
25
32
17
15
8
9
5
4
2*
3
-
2
-
selected or defined then the Carriers can 6
7
10
70
-
-
-
-
2
14
1*
7
X
4
X
3*
be defined. 8
9
35
35
25
-
11
-
7
7
3*
3
-
2*
-
1*
10 60 - - 12 6 4 3
11 25 - - 5 2* 1* 1*
12 18 12 6 3* 1* - X
13 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
14 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
...
33 20 - - 4 2 1 1
34 15 - - 3 1 1 X
35 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
36 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
37 20 - - 4 2 1 1
38 50 - - 10 5 - -
39 40 - - 8 4 3 2
40 100 - - - 10 6 5
- Not supported
Bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

LTE Carriers E-UTRA

Band
1
Downlink
Bandwidth
60
1.4
-
Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)
3
-
5
12
10
6
15
4
20
3
Since the appropriate LTE Frequency Band 2
3
60
75
42
53
20
23
12
15
6
7
4*
5*
3*
3*
and LTE Frame Structure have been 4
5
45
25
32
17
15
8
9
5
4
2*
3
-
2
-
selected or defined then the Carriers can 6
7
10
70
-
-
-
-
2
14
1*
7
X
4
X
3*
be defined. 8
9
35
35
25
-
11
-
7
7
3*
3
-
2*
-
1*
10 60 - - 12 6 4 3
11 25 - - 5 2* 1* 1*
12 18 12 6 3* 1* - X
13 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
14 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
...
33 20 - - 4 2 1 1
34 15 - - 3 1 1 X
35 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
36 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
37 20 - - 4 2 1 1
38 50 - - 10 5 - -
39 40 - - 8 4 3 2
40 100 - - - 10 6 5
- Not supported
Assign Carrier to Frequency Bandwidth

1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Band (MHz)
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

LTE – Carriers

LTE – Carriers

LTE – Carriers 1 1920-1980 13000 – 13599 2110-2170 0 – 599 FDD

LTE – Carriers

Slot Structure and Physical Resources
•ONE slot = 12
consecutive
subcarriers
•One slot = 0.5mS
•6 or 7 OFDM symbols
(depending upon cyclic
perfix size), thus a
single resource block is
containing either 72 or
84 OFDM symbols
•12x 7 = 84 OFDM
symbols

Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
LTE – Carriers # of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

LTE – Carriers ...

33
…
1900-1920
…
26000 – 26199
…
1900-1920
…
26000 – 26199
…
TDD
34 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 TDD
35 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 TDD
36 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 TDD
37 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 TDD
38 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 TDD

39 1880-1920 28250 – 28649 1880-1920 28250 – 28649 TDD
40 2300-2400 28650 – 29649 2300-2400 28650 – 29649 TDD

LTE – Carriers
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0

LTE – Carriers
R1 R0 R1 R0
R0 R1 R0 R1
R1 R1
R0 R0
R0 R1 R0 R1
Configuration of
Carrier- 2 antenna

LTE – Carriers

REUSE 1(PRIORITISATION)
15 Mhz
Carrier 1
A1
A1
5
Mhz
A3
A2
A3
Carrier 1 Carrier 1 A2
Each sector divides the available bandwidth into prioritised

(one third) and non-prioritised (two third) sections.

15 Mhz The simplest way to minimize ICI
Carrier 1 within a Frequency Reuse 1 (FR 1)
A
1
scenario is by prioritisation of
A
1
Number of Partitions = 3
resources. Reuse 1 (Prioritisation)
5
Mh scheme prioritises certain portions of
z
the carrier bandwidth (i.e.,
A
3 number of RBs) in each cell
A according to a set plan.
A 2
Carrier 1 3 A
Carrier 1
2 The whole bandwidth is still available
for transmission in all cells, but the
concept is that each cell uses its
prioritised RBs more often than its
non-prioritised RBs, so that it
minimises the interference that it may
cause to other cells.

Coordination factor
The improvement of Traffic &
Control SINR with the
deployment of Prioritisation is
dependent on the Cell Loading
and on the coordination factor.
coordination factor of 0
assumes no
coordination at all. No dB
improvement. No ICI
coordination factor of 1 means

perfect coordination.
Recommended 0.7


Soft Frequency Reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme (Power Ratio 50%, Bandwidth

Ratio 50%)

inter-cell interference control (ICIC).
The available thresholds

are “RSRP” and
“Relative RSRP”.
RSRP is self explanatory
while the latter is defined
in dBs and can be
expressed as
the difference between
the RSRPs of the
serving and the
strongest interfering cell

Global Editor

Reuse Partitioning

Reuse Partitioning
•Multiple partitions.
•Two dedicated zones, one for CCUs, the
other for CEUs.
•Each sector can only consume CE
resources from its own dedicated CE partition

Comparison

Site Data Base

Bearers

LTE – Bearers

LTE – Bearers The Default Uplink
and Downlink LTE
bearers are defined
per CQI providing 15
DL bearers and 4 UL
bearers.
CQI is a report sent

from the UE to the
eNodeB suggesting
the appropriate
Modulation and
Coding to be used by
the eNodeB
Channel Quality Indicator Reporting
CQI Modulation Actual Required
Each default Bearers has coding rate SINR
Control & Traffic SINR
1 QPSK 0.07618 -4.46
requirements according to
2 QPSK 0.11719 -3.75
3 QPSK 0.18848 -2.55
PDSCH
4 QPSK 308/1024 -1.15
5 QPSK 449/1024 1.75
6 QPSK 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 378/1024 5.2
8 16QAM 490/1024 6.1
PUSCH PUCCH 9 16QAM 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 466/1024 10.85
CQI Report 11 64QAM 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 666/1024 12.75
13 64QAM 772/1024 14.55
14 64QAM 873/1024 18.15
The UE may not have 15 64QAM 948/1024 19.25
57
PUSCH resources Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Channel Quality Indicator Reporting
CQI Modulation Actual Required
coding rate SINR
1 QPSK 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.11719 -3.75
15 Defaulf
Bearers 3 QPSK 0.18848 -2.55
PDSCH
4 QPSK 308/1024 -1.15
5 QPSK 449/1024 1.75
6 QPSK 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 378/1024 5.2
8 16QAM 490/1024 6.1
PUSCH PUCCH 9 16QAM 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 466/1024 10.85
CQI Report 11 64QAM 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 666/1024 12.75
13 64QAM 772/1024 14.55
14 64QAM 873/1024 18.15
The UE may not have 15 64QAM 948/1024 19.25
57
PUSCH resources Copyright2011
2010 AIRCOM International
Copyright AIRCOM International
coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual Required
coding rate SINR The coding rate indicates
1 QPSK 0.1523 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.2344 0.11719 -3.75
how many real data bits
3 QPSK 0.3770 0.18848 -2.55 are present out of 1024
4 QPSK 0.6016 308/1024 -1.15 while the efficiency
5 QPSK 0.8770 449/1024 1.75
provides the number of
6 QPSK 1.1758 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 1.4766 378/1024 5.2
information bits per
8 16QAM 1.9141 490/1024 6.1 modulation symbol.
9 16QAM 2.4063 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 2.7305 466/1024 10.85
602/1024 = 0.5879
11 64QAM 3.3223 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 3.9023 666/1024 12.75
QPSK = 2bits
13 64QAM 4.5234 772/1024 14.55 Efficiency=
14 64QAM 5.1152 873/1024 18.15 2x0.5879=1.1758 data
15 64QAM 5.5547 948/1024 19.25
bits per symbol

coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual Required
coding rate SINR The coding rate indicates
1 QPSK 0.1523 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.2344 0.11719 -3.75
how many real data bits
3 QPSK 0.3770 0.18848 -2.55 are present out of 1024
4 QPSK 0.6016 308/1024 -1.15 while the efficiency
5 QPSK 0.8770 449/1024 1.75
provides the number of
6 QPSK 1.1758 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 1.4766 378/1024 5.2
information bits per
8 16QAM 1.9141 490/1024 6.1 modulation symbol.
9 16QAM 2.4063 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 2.7305 466/1024 10.85
602/1024 = 0.5879
11 64QAM 3.3223 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 3.9023 666/1024 12.75
QPSK = 2bits
13 64QAM 4.5234 772/1024 14.55 Efficiency=
14 64QAM 5.1152 873/1024 18.15 2x0.5879=1.1758 data
15 64QAM 5.5547 948/1024 19.25
bits per symbol

Coding rate

Bearers

Bearers

MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
•The propagation channel is the air interface, so that
transmission antennas are handled as input to the channel,
whereas receiver antennas are the output of it
MIMO Types Number of Antennas
SISO MISO SIMO MIMO

(Single Input (Multiple Input (Single Input (Multiple Input
Single Output) Single Output
Multiple Output) Multiple Output)
…
… … …

MIMO
LTE supports downlink transmission on 1, 2 or 4 cell specific antenna ports
corresponding either to 1, 2 or 4 cell-specific reference signals.
On their turn each one of the RS corresponds to one antenna port.
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R1 R1
each antenna is uniquely R1 R1

identified by the position
R1 R1
of the reference signals
On their turn each one of the RS R1 R0 R1
corresponds to one antenna port.
MIMO
• Single antenna port; port 0

• Single User – MIMO
• Transmit diversity
• Open loop spatial multiplexing
• Closed loop spatial multiplexing
• Multi User – MIMO
• Closed-loop Rank=1 pre-coding

Tx diversity:
The first and simplest downlink LTE multiple antenna scheme is :
Open-loop Tx diversity.
It is identical in concept to the scheme introduced in UMTS Release 99.
010100
T R SU-MIMO
010100
X X
010100
Closed loop Tx diversity

The more complex, closed loop Tx diversity techniques from UMTS have not
been adopted in LTE, which instead uses the more advanced MIMO, which
was not part of Release 99.

Open-loop spatial multiplexing, no UE
feedback required
SU-MIMO includes :
conventional techniques such as Delay
(cyclic for OFDM) Diversity
•In open loop in which no feedback is provided from UE

configuration collapse’s to time diversity and relies on
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
•Creates multi-path on the received signal. Prevents

signal cancellation
In case of UEs with high velocity, the quality of the feedback

may deteriorate.
Thus, an open loop spatial multiplexing mode is also
supported which is based on predefined settings for spatial
multiplexing and precoding.
Closed loop Tx diversity
SU-MIMO includes :Spatial Multiplexing
and Precoded Spatial Multiplexing.
The UE asks for two PUSCH

layersRank Indicator 2
from the enodeB.
UE feels it can distinguish
between to different layers
Data and Control Multiplexing
Layer Mapping
CQI PMI RI
Rate Matching Layer 0 Layer 1
4 bit
16 CS
Pre Coding
Code Block Segmentation
Turbo Coding Transport Blocks
Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(PUSCH): This physical channel
Data found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink
counterpart of PDSCH

SU-MIMO-Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data simultaneously
on the same resource block(s)
SU-MIMO
010
CW0 CW1
T R
010 100 X
X
R0 R0
100 R0
R0
R0
R0
R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Two code-word streams 2x2 SU-MIMO R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Depending on the pre-coding used, each Each antenna is uniquely

code word is represented at different identified by the position
powers and phases on both antennas. of the reference signals

Single user MIMO principle
4 Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing. Here the UE reports both the RI
and index of the preferred pre-coding matrix.
Spatial Multiplexing does

increase throughput but
this comes at an expense
of higher SINR
requirements as shown on
the LTE bearers
Rank Indicator (RI) is the UE’s recommendation for the number of layers, i.e.
streams to be used in spatial multiplexing. RI is only reported when the UE is
operating in MIMO modes with spatial multiplexing
Spatial Multiplexing - Rate Gain
Spatial Multiplexing (SM) targets increasing users’ throughput.
Depending on the number of TX and RX antennae the user
experiences a Rate Gain

Spatial
Multiplexing does
increase
throughput but
this comes at an
expense of higher
SINR
requirements as
shown on the LTE
bearers
SU-MIMO SU-MIMO Tx Diversity
This is the coverage area Roughly speaking Diversity is used

for SU-MIMO to improve coverage
+22dB
When applying diversity
This is the coverage area
for SU-MIMO What changes, are the SINR
requirements for the bearers that are
reduced.
Spatial Multiplexing (SM) targets increasing
users’ throughput. Depending on the number of
TX and RX antennae the user experiences a
Rate Gain
SM is used to Roughly speaking Diversity is used

increase single to improve coverage
users’ throughput
+22dB

Achievable DL Bearer without and with –
MIMO Coverage Improvement (2TX by 2 RX)
By increasing the coverage for each bearer respectively the

result will be larger areas with higher CQI bearers.

Achievable DL Bearer without and with –
MIMO Coverage Improvement (2TX by 2 RX)
So from a system perspective Diversity not only increases

coverage but network throughput as well.

SU-MIMO – Diversity
SM is used to increase single Roughly speaking

users’ throughput +22dB Diversity is used to
improve coverage
What changes, are the SINR

requirements for the bearers that are
divided by the corresponding table
value

How do we set this up on Asset

Bearers-LTE Parameters
Above this threshold

switch to SU-MIMO
If
enabled
Below this threshold
switch to SU-MIMO
Diversity
SU-MIMO SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
Multi User – MIMO

Multi User – MIMO
MU-MIMO is used
to increase the
cells’ throughput.
This is achieved by
co-scheduling
terminals on
the same Resource
Blocks.
Spatial Multiplexing does increase throughput but this comes at an

expense of higher SINR requirements as shown on the LTE bearers

Applying MU-
Multi User – MIMO
MIMO will make no
obvious changes to
a network unless it
is overloaded.
In order for MU-

MIMO to be used
there is a higher
Traffic & Control
SINR requirement
defined

MU-MIMO
MU-MIMO increases cell throughput and number of terminals

MU-MIMO
Applying MU-MIMO will make no obvious changes to a
network unless it is overloaded.
To demonstrate the use of MU-MIMO we will spread terminals

and run the SIM in snapshot mode.
The density of terminals will be high enough for many of them

to fail due to insufficient capacity.
Then we will enable MU-MIMO and observe how the network

is now capable to serve more of the terminals

MU-MIMO
RSRQ changes when MU-MIMO is deployed because the number of

served terminals changes.

DL Data Rate without and with MU-MIMO
large improvements close to the cell edge

DL Cell Throughput without and with MU-
MIMO
DL Cell Throughout (per cell) when MUMIMO
is enabled.
effect of the eNodeB now being

capable to serve a higher
number of users by scheduling
them on the same resources

The following table indicates how a highly loaded network can accommodate extra
users by deploying MU-MIMO.

Bearers
Bearers
MU-MIMO is used to
increase the cells’
throughput.
In order for MU-MIMO to

be used there is a higher
Traffic & Control SINR
requirement defined


How do you set MU-MIMO in Asset

Above this threshold

switch to SU-MIMO
If
enabled
Below this threshold
switch to SU-MIMO
Diversity
+22dB
If
enabled
MU-MIMO SU-MIMO Diversity
+18dB
Above this
threshold switch to
MU-MIMO
If Below this
enabled threshold switch to
SU-MIMO
Diversity
SU-MIMO MU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB +18dB
Diversity
As previously mentioned Diversity’s main purpose is to increase coverage and
this is done by decreasing the bearers’ SINR requirements.
The bearers with the decreased SINR requirements are easier to achieve.
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the

SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the same. RSRQ R0 R0
R0 R0
stays the same as well. R0 R0
R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
What changes, are the SINR requirements for R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
the bearers that are divided by the R0

R0
R0
R0
R0 R0
corresponding table value.
each antenna is uniquely

identified by the position
of the reference signals

RSRP
RSRP is not affected by cell loads. This is the reason why a network is usually
firstly dimensioned to provide adequate signal strength at the desired areas.
WHY?

RSRQ WHY?
Especially with MU-
RSRQ on the other hand is affected by cell loads MIMO

Comparing all different options for SU-
MIMO and how they affect Data Rates.

Summary

Terminal Types

Terminal Types

Terminal Types
Path Loss

Path Loss

Terminal Types
kTB :thermal noise level , in

units of dBm, in the specified
bandwidth
The receiver Noise Figure

(NF) is a measure of the
degradation of the SINR
caused by components in the
RF signal chain. This
includes the antenna filter
losses, the noise introduced
by the analogue part of the
receiver
SINR (IN) SINR (OUT)

Ref Sens = KTB + NF + SINR

Link Budget- Up link-Thermal noise
Bandwidt Thermal noise
h (Δf) power
1 Hz −174 dBm Terminal noise can be
10 Hz −164 dBm calculated as:
100 Hz −154 dBm
“K (Boltzmann constant) x
1 kHz −144 dBm T (290K) x bandwidth”.
10 kHz −134 dBm
100 kHz −124 dBm
180 kHz −121.45 dBm One LTE resource block
360Mhz -118.4 Two LTE resource blocks
200 kHz −120.98 dBm
k = Boltzman constant (1.38*10-23
1 MHz −114 dBm Joules/Kelvin)
2 MHz −111 dBm T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin
R = Resistance in ohms
6 MHz −106 dBm
B = Bandwidth in Hz
20 MHz −101 dBm
Terminal Types
Bandwidt Thermal noise
h (Δf) power
180 kHz −121.45 dBm One LTE resource block
Terminal noise can be calculated as:

“K (Boltzmann constant) x T (290K) x bandwidth
1.38*10-23 x 290000 x 180000=0.0000 0000 000072034

Convert to dBm = 10 log 0.0000 0000 000072034
-121.45 dBm for one resource block (180kHz)
k = Boltzman constant (1.38*10-23 Joules/Kelvin)

T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin
R = Resistance in ohms
B = Bandwidth in Hz

Terminal Types DLRS TX Power
Downlink Reference Signal
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)

RSRQ is defined as the ratio N×RSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RB’s of the
E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator
shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.

Terminal Types

Terminal Types

Terminal Types

Terminal Types

Traffic Raster

Services

Intoduction
QoS differentiation, i.e. prioritisation of different services
according to their requirements becomes extremely
important when the system load gets higher.
The most relevant parameters of QoS classes

are:
•Transfer Delay
• Guaranteed Bit rate:

Delay sensitive QoS Classes have guaranteed bit rate
requirements.
.

Intoduction
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP):
Within each QoS class there are different allocation and

retention priorities.
The primary purpose of ARP is to decide whether a bearer

establishment / modification request can be accepted or
needs to be rejected in case of resource limitations .
In addition, the ARP can be used (e.g. by the eNodeB) to

decide which bearer(s) to drop during exceptional resource
limitations

Intoduction
Users within the same QoS class and ARP class will share
the available capacity.
If the number of users is simply too high, then they will suffer
from bad quality.
In that case it is better to block a few users to guarantee the

quality of existing connections, like streaming videos.

Services
When running a simulation,
ASSET first attempts to serve
the GBR demands of both
Real Time and Non-Real
Time services, taking into
account the Priority values of
the different services.
Resources are first allocated

to the service with the highest
priority, and then to the next
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) highest priority service, and
so on.
If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met, then different
scheduling algorithms can be employed to attempt to serve the MBR of real time
services.

LTE QoS

When running
Services a simulation,
ASSET first
attempts to
serve the GBR
demands of
both Real Time
and Non-Real
Time services,
taking into
No carrier account the
defined OR Priority values
BEARER of the different
services.
After defining the General Service Parameters one or more Carriers can be related
to the Service. Since a supporting Carrier has been assigned to the Service, all UL
and DL Bearers will be available for selection as the Supporting Bearers.

Services
A Minimum Bit Rate (Min-GBR) and a Maximum Bit Rate (Max-MBR) have been
specified for the service.
If a terminal achieves connection to one or more of the available bearers then the
eNodeB will firstly allocate enough resources to it in order to achieve the Min-
GBR.
It will keep allocating more resources to it until the terminal either reaches the
Max-MBR ceiling or until there not more resources available due to cell loading.

LTE – Bearers
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE bearers are defined per CQI providing 15 DL bearers
and 4 UL bearers.
The most preferable bearer is DL-CQI-15 and the least preferable bearer is DL-CQI-1

Services
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE

bearers are defined per CQI providing 15
DL bearers and 4 UL bearers

Services
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE

bearers are defined per CQI providing 15
DL bearers and 4 UL bearers

Services
After defining the General Service Parameters one or more Carriers can be related
to the Service. Since a supporting Carrier has been assigned to the Service, all UL
and DL Bearers will be available for selection as the Supporting Bearers.

Packet Scheduler

Packet Scheduler
If resources are still available
after the GBR demands have
been met, then different
scheduling algorithms can be
employed to attempt to serve
the Max Bit Rate.

Round Robin Scheduler
UE 1 Data UE 1 Data
Request
UE 6
sent
The aim of this
UE 2 Data UE 2 Data
scheduler is to
Request UE 5 sent
share the
UE 3 Data
available/unused
UE 3 data UE 4
Request sent resources equally
among the RT
UE 4 Data UE3 UE 4 Data
Request sent terminals
UE 2 UE 5 Data
UE 5 Data
Request sent
UE 1
UE 6 Data UE 6 Data
Request sent
NodeB Buffers NodeB Packet

Scheduler
The Round Robin approach is completely
random asit simply allocates the same
resources to all terminals in turns.
Proportional Fair
If resources are still available after the GBR
demands have been met:
Terminals with higher data rates get a larger

share of the available resources.
Each terminal gets either the resources it

needs to satisfy its RT-MBR demand.

Proportional Demand
If resources are still available after the GBR
demands have been met:
The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining

unused resources to RT terminals in proportion to their
additional resource demands.
Proportional Demand completely ignores RF

conditions

Max SINR
Terminals with higher bearer rates(and consequently higher SINR) are preferred
over terminals with lower bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR).
This means that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better
SINR/channel conditions, thereby maximising the throughput.
where S is the average received signal

power,
I is the average interference power,
and N is the noise power.
Best RF conditions are served first.

Max SINR
Own-signal interference in LTE an occur due to :
•Inter-symbol interference due to multipath power exceeding cyclic prefix length

•Inter-carrier interference due to Doppler spread (large UE speed)
In LTE, orthogonality is often assumed unity for simplicity:
a = 1 is assumed for LTE and hence Iown = 0.
where S is the average received signal

power,
I is the average interference power,
and N is the noise power.

The effect of different schedulers on a fairly
loaded network

The effect of schedulers on a heavily loaded
network
Max SINR Scheduling will maximise the network

throughput as terminals with the best RF
conditions are served first.
PCI Planning

PCI

PCI GROUP CODE CELL
General SPECIFIC
FREQ SHIFT
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
5 1 2 5
6 2 0 0

PCI GROUP CODE CELL
PCI SPECIFIC
FREQ SHIFT
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
5 1 2 5
6 2 0 0

PCI GROUP CODE CELL
General SPECIFIC
FREQ SHIFT
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
5 1 2 5
6 2 0 0

General

Minmise Groups

Minmise Codes

LTE Network Performance- Coverage and
Capacity Predictions

Cell Loads
Option 1 - Cell loads
Site Database and specifically under the LTE Parameters tab in the fields of
Downlink Load (as a percentage) and Mean UL Interference Level (in dB)..

Cell Loads
The second option is to create a traffic raster spreading the defined LTE
Terminal Type(s) and then the cell load levels get calculated by running
Simulator Snapshots. In both cases a reference terminal type has to be
specified for the calculation process.
Cell load levels get calculated

by running Simulator
Snapshots.

Cell Loads
The second option is to create a traffic raster spreading the defined LTE
Terminal Type(s) and then the cell load levels get calculated by running
Simulator Snapshots. In both cases a reference terminal type has to be
specified for the calculation process.
You must run a traffic raster first

Creating a Traffic Raster
Creating a
Traffic Raster
This is usually
done per
clutter type by
assigning a
terminal
density or a
relative weight
to each one of
the clutters.

Creating a
Traffic Raster
This is usually
done per
clutter type by
assigning a
terminal
density or a
relative weight
to each one of
the clutters.

Traffic




LTE Simulation - Resolution
The decision on what
resolution should be
used for the simulations
is based on what
propagation models are
assigned to the cell
antennas.
• Firstly, it is suggested
to use a propagation
model at the resolution
it has been tuned for.

Resolution
Secondly, it is suggested to
use two propagation
models.
•The first one (Primary)
should be calculated at high
resolution (2-20 meters) and
for a relatively small radius
(1-3 km).
• The second one

(Secondary) should be
calculated at relatively lower
resolution (20-100 meters)
and for a larger radius (3-
30km).

Array Setting

Path Loss
•The first one (Primary)
should be calculated at
high resolution (2-20
meters) and for a
relatively small radius
(1-3 km).
The second one

(Secondary) should
be calculated at
relatively lower
resolution (20-100
meters) and for a
larger radius (3-
30km).Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
Number of covering cells
The number of
covering cells mainly
affects the accuracy of the
interference based
calculations.
The more cells taken

into account, the more
accurate the interference
values are.

Results

Best RSRP

Path Loss

Simulator Results

Simulator Results

Simulator Results
Default
Beares

BCH/SCH SINR
BCH/SCH SINR is not affected by the cell load.
BCH and SCH channels are positioned in the 6 central RBs of the Band Width
and effect from interference is small.

RSRQ
RSRQ on the other hand is affected by cell loads. WHY?

Diversity
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the
same. RSRQ stays thesame as well.
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers that are divided by
the corresponding table value.
+22dB

Diversity
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the
same. RSRQ stays thesame as well.
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers.
As previously mentioned Diversity’s main purpose is to increase coverage

and this is done by decreasing the bearers’ SINR requirements.
By increasing the coverage for each bearer respectively the result will be
larger areas with higher CQI bearers.
So from a system perspective Diversity not only increases coverage but

network throughput as well.
+22dB
Diversity
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers that
are divided by the corresponding table value.

Diversity

DL Data Rate Improvement with Spatial
Multiplexing
+22dB
Adaptive Switching
Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing provide significant gains
to the network.
Both of them can be deployed at the same time in Adaptive Switching mode by
eNodeBs so as to provide higher throughput to users close to the cell and
extended coverage to users at cell edge.
SU-MIMO Diversity SU-MIMO
+22dB

Simulator Results

Cell Edge Threshold

Cell Edge Threshold (Global Editor)

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13000 – 13599 FDD

3 1710-1785 14200 – 14949 1805-1880 1200 – 1949 FDD

4 1710-1755 14950 – 15399 2110-2155 1950 – 2399 FDD

5 824-849 15400 – 15649 869-894 2400 – 2649 FDD

6 830-840 15650 – 15749 875-885 2650 – 2749 FDD

7 2500-2570 15750 – 16449 2620-2690 2750 – 3449 FDD

8 880-915 16450 – 16799 925-960 3450 – 3799 FDD

9 1749.9-1784.9 16800 – 17149 1844.9-1879.9 3800 – 4149 FDD

10 1710-1770 17150 – 17749 2110-2170 4150 – 4749 FDD

11 1427.9-1452.9 17750 – 17999 1475.9-1500.9 4750 – 4999 FDD

12 698-716 18000 – 18179 728-746 5000 – 5179 FDD

13 777-787 18180 – 18279 746-756 5180 – 5279 FDD

14 788-798 18280 – 18379 758-768 5280 – 5379 FDD

33 1900-1920 26000 – 26199 1900-1920 26000 – 26199 TDD

34 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 TDD

35 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 TDD

36 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 TDD

37 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 TDD

38 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 TDD

Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International

Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International

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In half-duplex FDD operation, the UE cannot

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LTE Carriers E-UTRA

Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

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LTE Carriers E-UTRA

Assign Carrier to Frequency Bandwidth

Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

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LTE – Carriers 1 1920-1980 13000 – 13599 2110-2170 0 – 599 FDD

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Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

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LTE – Carriers ...

34 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 2010-2025 26200 – 26349 TDD

35 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 1850-1910 26350 – 26949 TDD

36 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 1930-1990 26950 – 27549 TDD

37 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 1910-1930 27550 – 27749 TDD

38 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 2570-2620 27750 – 28249 TDD

Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International

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Each sector divides the available bandwidth into prioritised

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Asset LTE-Practical's Demostrations

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