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Pg.1 - Chapter 1
Pg.1 - Chapter 1
Pg.1 - Chapter 1
Pg.1 – Chapter 1
- Ecosystem
- Two types of ecosystem (2)
- Terrestrial Ecosystem (4)
- Aquatic Ecosystem (2)
- Arthur G. Tansley
- Functions of ecosystem (5)
- Components of Ecosystem (2)
- Biotic
- Abiotic
- Feeding relationships and Tropical Levels (3)
- Different consumers based on diet (4)
- Food Chain
- Food Web
- Energy pyramid
Pg. 2 - Energy Flow (5)
- Laws of Thermodynamics (2)
- Energy flow/tropic levels/ Pyramid of energy (4)
- Types of Food Chain (3)
- Biomass
- Thermal Conversion (6)
Pg. 3 - Chapter 2
- Impacts on human kind and the environment (4)
- Sociological Impact
- Sociology Impacts to human kind (7)
- Impacts to Environment (4)
- Economic Impact
- Economy Impact to human Life (5)
- Impact to environment (6)
- Technological Impact to environment (4)
- Technological Impacts human kind (5)
- Political Impacts
- Politics
Pg. 4 - Political Impacts in human kind (5)
- Political Impacts in environment (4)
- Rep. Acts protecting the environment 9003 (5)
Pg. 4 - Chapter 3
- Earth quake
- Effects of earthquake (6)
- Effects of earthquake to mankind (2)
- Volcanic Eruption
- Pacific ring of fire
- Threats of Volcanic Eruption (6)
- Typhoon and flood
Pg. 5. - Tropical Cyclone (3)
- Typhoon
- Floods
- Types of Floods (5)
- Effects of Floods in humankind (7)
- Effects in the environment (4)
Pg. 5 – Chapter 4
- Energy Situation
- Energy source (3)
- History of energy (4)
- Time Line (15)
Pg. 6 - Uses and Sources of Energy (4)
- Residential
- Commercial
- Transportation
- Industrial
- Sources of energy in the Philippines
- Coal Power Plants
- Energy Crisis (5)
- Energy Preservation and Solutions (5)
- Alternative Source of energy (8)
Chapter 1
Ecosystem – a community where living and non-living organisms such as plants, animals, and other species
reside and communicate to form a way of life an environment out of it.
Two types of ecosystem:
- Terrestrial ecosystem
- Aquatic ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Forest Ecosystem
- Grassland Ecosystem
- Tundra Ecosystem
- Desert Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem – largest ecosystem in the world that consist 70% of the surface of earth
- Freshwater ecosystem
- Marine ecosystem
Arthur G. Tansley
- A British ecologist who first coined the term “Ecosystem” in 1935
- Living organism, non-living or physical environment are part of “whole system”
Functions of ecosystem
- Regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability
- It is also responsible for cycling of nutrients between the living organisms and physical environment’
- It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem
- It cycles the minerals through the biosphere
- The physical environment helps in the synthesis of organic components that involves the exchange
of energy.
Components of Ecosystem
- Biotic – Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
- Abiotic – Air, Light, Humidity, Soil, Water, Mineral, Temperature, and Altitude
Biotic – Living components of the ecosystem that is classified based on energy requirement source
Abiotic – Non-living elements or factors in an ecosystem.
- Also called as “ecological factors”
Feeding relationships and Tropical Levels
- Producers
o Autotrophs/ plants they are producers because the can directly use the energy from the sun
o Process of production – Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis (bacteria make their energy
from chemicals in the environment)
- Consumers
o Get energy by eating or consuming other living or once-living things.
o Also called heterotrophs
o Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
- Decomposers – break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds.
Different consumers based on diet (Tropic Level
o Primary consumers – producers
o Secondary consumers – herbivores
o Tertiary consumers – carnivores
o Quaternary consumers – eats tertiary and producers (top carnivores/omnivores)
Food Chain
- Just 1 path of energy
- Shows specific relationship and are linear
Food Web
- All possible paths
- Shows complex feeding relationship and many food chains
Energy Pyramid
- Shows the distribution of energy and organism’s numbers in an ecosystem
- 100 – primary producers, 10 - primary consumers, 1 – Secondary consumers, .1 – third, 0.01 –
quaternary
- 90 percent of the energy is lost in the atmosphere and only 10 percent is transferred each time the
energy is transferred from one consumer to another
Energy Flow
- The chemical energy is the main source of energy required by all living organisms.
- One of major factors that ensures and support the survival of all organisms
- Energy flow is important to maintain ecological balance
- Solar energy is the primary source of energy
- Energy flow takes place via food chain and food web
- Energy flow follows 10 percent law
Laws of thermodynamics
- First law
o Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another
- Second Law
o Energy is transferred more and more of it is wasted
Energy flow and tropic levels/ Pyramid of energy
- Producers – 10,000 kcal/J
- Primary Consumers- 1,000 kcal/J
- Secondary Consumers – 100 kcal/J
- Tertiary Consumers – 10 kcal/J
Types of Food Chain
- Grazing food Chain (GFC)
o Normal food chain
- Saprophytic food chain (SFC)
o The dead organic matter occupies the lowermost level of food chain followed by the
decomposer
- Parasitic food chain (PFC)
o Large organisms are exploited and therefore food chain passes to smaller organism
Pyramid of energy
- Represents how much energy from the sun is retained and stored in the form of new biomass
- Only 10% is transferred
Biomass
- It is organic and made of materials that comes of living organisms
- Also materials are also called biomass feed stocks ex. Wood, plant, and animal waste
- It can be transferred into usable energy into direct and indirect means
- Direct (burned to produce heat/converted into electricity). Indirect (Processed in to biofuel)
Thermal Conversion
- Heating of biomass feedstock in order to burn, dehydrate, or stabilize it.
o Torre faction – before efficiently burning biomass it must be dried (form of briquettes)
o Direct Firing - Burning the briquettes directly to produce steam (used to power turbines)
o Co Firing – eliminating the need of factories for processing biomass (reduce the emission of
carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases)
o Pyrolysis – method of heating biomass without the presence of oxygen. (produce pyrolysis
oil, bio char, and syngas)
o Biofuel – used to power vehicles
o Anaerobic decomposition – process where microorganisms such as bacteria, breaks
down material in the absence of oxygen. (Biomass decays then produce methane that can
replace fossil fuels)
Chapter 2
Impacts on human kind and the environment
- Sociological impact
- Economical impact
- Technological impact
- Political Impact
Sociological Impact
- Sociology (study of human social relationship)
- We begin to learn our culture and the way of our society just before birth. (Socialization)
Impacts to human kind
- Peoples way of life
- Their culture
- Their community
- Their political systems
- Their Environment
- Their Health and well being
- Their fears and aspiration
Impacts to Environment
- Environmental problems are the result of human activity
- Environmental problems have significant impact on people
- Solutions to our environment problems requires economic and environmental problems
- Many environmental problems reflect and illustrate social inequality based of social class, race and
ethnicity
- Environmental movement, constitute social movement
Economical Impact
- Economy (Production, Consumption, and exchange activities) (country’s ability to generate
money)
Impact to human Life
- Affects government policy and spending
- Affect public infrastructure and services
- Cost of living will also fluctuate
- Value of currency also fluctuates
- Results in different quality of life
Impact to environment
- Pollution
- Less visible more diffuse pollution
- Damage to nature
- Global warming and volatile weather
- Soil erosion
- Loss of Biodiversity
Technological Impact to environment
- Environmental pollution
- Environmental degradation
- Ecological system imbalance and disruptions
- Global Warming
Learning
Communication
Less active lifestyle
Health issues
End of intimacy
Political Impacts
Politics - the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live.
Political Impacts in human king
- Rights of individual
- Where you live
- Where you go
- What you do
- Individuals health
Republic act no 7277 an act for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance for disable persons
Rep. act 9262 Anti-Violence Against women and their children
Political Impacts in environment
Chapter 3
Earth quake
- Ground shaking
- Tsunamis
- Large earthquakes
- Land Subsidence
- Lateral Spreading
- Liquefaction
Effects of earthquake to mankind
- Homelessness
- Mortality and injury
Volcanic Eruption
- Occurs when hot materials from earth’s interior are thrown out of the volcano
Pacific ring of fire
- Path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanos
- 53 active volcanos in PH.
- Taal and Mayon deadliest
Threats of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Ash - actually fine, glassy fragments and particles that cause severe injury to breathing
passages, eyes, open wounds, and irritation in skin.
Damage to properties
Economic Impact
Deterioration of water quality
Lahar flows
Humans
Typhoon and flood
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system.
Tropical Cyclone
Tropical depression
Tropical Storm
Typhoon/Hurricane
Typhoon
- A giant rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and destruction.
- Typhoon main reason of flooding
Floods
- Overflow of water from water bodies.
Types of Floods
- River Floods
- Coastal Floods
- Storm Surge
- Inland Flooding
- Flash Floods
Effects of Floods in humankind
- Killed/Injured
- Contamination
- Power Supplies disruption
- Homes and Properties
- Possessions to be washed away
- Hospital are Closed
- Being Stranded
Effects in the environment
- Animals and their habitats
- Chemical to aquatic habitat
- Reduce and contaminate coastal production
- Too much sediment and Nutrients
Chapter 4
Energy Situation
- Energy comes from:
o Coal
o Oil
o Gas
History of energy
- 18th Century
o Sun and Wind is used as a source of energy
o Use of energy of human relies on muscular and biomass energy
- Mid19th Century
o (Industrial Revolution) use of coal to power steam engines
- 20th Century
o Higher energy content (Oil, Combustion Engine, and Oil powered Ship)
st
- 21 Century
o From complex fossil fuels (Coal and Oil) to Simper fossil fuel (Natural Gas)
o Biotechnologies
o Nuclear Energy
Time Line
- 2000 B.C - Chinese use crude oil for lighting and heating.
- 200 B.C - Chinese use natural gas to make salt from salt water through gas-fired
evaporators.
- B.C - Use of Hydropower by Greeks to grind grains.
- About 1300- First Horizontal Axis Windmills appeared in Western Europe.
- 1769 – (James Watt) Creation of steam engines powered by coal.
- 1821 – (Michael Faraday) Discovered principle of Electromagnetic rotation the leads to
creation
of Electric Motor.
- 1879 – (Thomas Edison) Creation of indecent light bulb.
- 1882 – (Thomas Edison) First coal-fired electric generating station (Tested on New York
to
supply electricity).
- 1884 - (Nikola Tesla) Created electric alternator.
- 1890 - Mass production of automobiles (Increased the demand for oil).
- 1905 - (Albert Einstein) Publish the Relativity E=mc2 that opened the era of Nuclear
Reaction.
- 1942 - (Enrico Fermi) Created the Human Controlled, self-sustained Nuclear Reactor.
- 1947 - Bell telephone Laboratories created the first Transistor.
- 1954 - First Nuclear power plant was created in Russia.
- 1973 - Use of solar energy from solar panels
- 1990’s - Creation of LED which is considered as a milestone in energy-saving technology.
Uses and Sources of Energy
- Residential
- Commercial
- Transportation
- Industrial
Residential
- Uses 40% of total energy use globally.
- It is where most energy are wasted.
Commercial
- The uses of energy in the commercial space is more or less similar to the uses in the industrial
space
Transportation
- Transportation is 100% dependent to energy
- 70% of petroleum goes to transportation sector
Industrial
- Relies mainly to:
o Natural Gas (30% of energy consumed)
o Petroleum and other liquid (26%)
o Electricity (10%)
o Coal, Renewables, and biofuels (34%)
Sources of energy in the Philippines
- The Philippines is highly dependent on coal as source for electricity generation.
- Coal power plants generated 46.8 million MWh in 2017.
- Sources of energy
o Coal Power Plants (49.6%)
o Renewable energy (24.6%)
o and natural gas power plants (21.8%)
o Oil-based power plants contributed the least, at (4%).
Coal Power Plants
- it is the cheapest fuel option but coal is also the most polluting one.
- coal is no longer the safe, long-term investment it once was.
- According to Greenpeace, approximately 2,400 Filipinos might die each year because of health
disease and complication caused by coal power plants
Energy Crisis
- Overconsumption
- Overpopulation
- Poor Infrastructure
- Waste of Energy
- Major Accidents and Natural Calamities
Energy Preservation and Solutions
- Move towards renewable Energy
- Buy Energy Efficient Products
- Energy Simulation (Software that helps create energy-inefficient buildings)
- Perform Energy Audit (Track where there is no energy. Reduce carbon footprint and save energy)
- Common Stand in Climate Change
Alternative Source of energy
- Solar Power Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Hydroelectric Energy
- Wave Energy
- Natural Gas
- Geothermal Energy
- Wind Energy
- Biomass Energy