4.

UNIT IV

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

PART - A
1. State Fourier Integral theorem.
Solution:

If f(x) is piece-wise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in

( ,  ) , then

 
1
f ( x)    f (t ) e is ( x  t ) dt ds
2
 

or equivalently
 
1
f ( x) 
   f (t ) cos  (t  x ) dt d
0 

This is known as Fourier Integral theorem or Fourier integral formula.

2. Show that f(x) = 1, 0 x cannot be represented by a Fourier Integral.

Solution:
 
 f ( x ) dx = 1 dx =  x 
0 = 0
0 0

(i.e).,  f ( x ) dx is not convergent.
0

Hence f(x) = 1 cannot be represented by a Fourier integral.

3. Write down the Fourier transform pair.
Solution:
Fourier transform of a function f(x) is defined by

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx .
2  

Inverse Fourier transform is given by


1  isx
f ( x)   F (s) e
2  
ds .

4. Find the Fourier transform of e  x ,   0 .

Solution:
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
2  
 4. 2

Here f(x) = e  x
Check given function is an odd or even function
f (-x) = e   x = e  x = f(x)
Therefore, given function is an even function.
W.K.T. cos x is an even function, sin x is an odd function
Equation (1) becomes,

 x 1
e
 x
F (e ) e isx dx
2 

1
e
 x
= (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx (since e isx = cos sx  i sin sx )
2 
 
1  x i  x
=
2 
e cos sx dx 
2
e

sin sx dx

 x
e cos sx  even * even  even function e
 x
sin sx  even * odd  odd function
  

e cos sx dx  2  e
 x  x
e
 x
cos sx dx sin sxx dx  0
 0 


2
e
 x
= cos sx dx    x    x  0 
 x   
0  x   
2 0
 x


2. 2
e
x
= cos sx dx
2.  0

2 a   
a 
e
 ax
F (e
 x
) = by formula cos bx dx  2 
  a 2  s 2   0 a b 
2

5. State convolution theorem in Fourier Transform.

Solution:
The Fourier transform of the convolution of f (x) and g (x) is the product of their
Fourier transform. (i.e.)., F[f (x) * g (x)] = F[s]G[s].
6. Find the Fourier Sine transform of e 3 x .
Solution:
W.K.T. The Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is given by

2
FS ( f ( x )) 
  f ( x) sin sx dx
0
3 x
Here, f(x) = e

2
FS (e 3 x )  e
3 x
sin sx dx
 0
 4. 3

2 s   
b 
e
 ax
F (e 3 x ) = by formula sin bx dx  2 
  3 2  s 2   0 a b 
2

1
7. If F [f(x)] =F[s], prove that F [ f ( ax )]  F ( s / a ) . (or) State and prove change of
a
scale property in Fourier Transform.
Solution:
W.K.T., the Fourier transform of f(x) is given by,

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x )) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx (1)

1
F ( s / a) 
2 
 f ( x ) e ixs / a dx (2)

Proof:
Therefore, Equation (1) becomes

1
F(f (ax ))   f (ax) e
isx
dx
2 

Let t = ax  x = t/a  dx =dt/a

Limits: when x =    t =  
when x =   t = 
 the above equation becomes,

1
F(f (ax))   f (t ) e
ist / a
dt / a
2 


1 1
=
a 2


f (t ) e ist / a dt

1
= F ( s / a ) [From equation (2)]
a

1
 F [ f ( ax)] 
a
F ( s / a) Hence the proof.

8. State Parseval’s identity on Fourier Transform.

Solution:
If F[s] is the Fourier transform of f(x).
 

Then,  
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds .
 

9. State and prove modulation property in Fourier cosine transform. (or)

1
Prove that FC [ f ( x) cos ax ]   FC ( s  a)  FC ( s  a) .
2
Solution:
We know that, the Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is given by
 4. 4


2
FC ( f ( x)) 
  f ( x) cos sx dx
0
(1)
2


FC ( s  a ) 
 
0
f ( x ) cos( s  a ) x dx 

 
2
FC ( s  a )   f ( x ) cos( s  a ) x dx 
 0

 (2)
Here, f(x) = f ( x) cos ax
 Equation (1) becomes,

2
FC ( f ( x ) cos ax ) 
  f ( x) cos ax cos sx dx
0

 cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) 
cos A cos B  2  Here A = ax, B = sx
 

2 cos ( s  a ) x  cos( s  a ) x
 
= f ( x) dx
0
2
 
1 2 1 2
=
2  
0
f ( x ) cos ( s  a ) x dx 
2   f ( x) cos ( s  a) x dx
0

1
=  FC ( s  a)  FC ( s  a ) [from (2)]
2
1
 FC [ f ( x) cos ax ] 
2
 FC ( s  a)  FC ( s  a)
Hence the proof.

10. Define self reciprocal.

Solution:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to F(s), then function f(x) is called self
reciprocal.
0, x  a

11. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by .



1
0
a
x


x
b
 b

Solution:
W.K.T., the Fourier transform of f(x) is given by,

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x )) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
0, x  a

Here, f(x) = 


1
0
a
x


x
b
 b

a b 
1 1 1
F ( f ( x))   f ( x) eisx dx   f ( x) eisx dx   f ( x) e
isx
dx
2  2 a 2 b

b
1
 e
isx
dx
2 a
 4. 5

b
1  e isx  1  e isb e isa 
      
2  is  a 2  is is 

1  e isb  e isa 
F ( f(x) )   
2  is 

12. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e  x .

Solution:
We know that, the Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is given by

2
FC ( f ( x)) 
  f ( x) cos sx dx
0
(1)

Here f(x) = e  x
 Equation (1) becomes,

2
FC (e  x )  e
x
cos sx dx
 0

2 1   
a 
e
 ax
F (e  x ) = by formula cos bx dx  2 
 12  s 2   0 a b 
2

13. Find the Fourier Sine transform of 1/x.

Solution:
W.K.T. The Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is given by

2
FS ( f ( x )) 
  f ( x) sin sx dx
0

Here, f (x) = 1/x

 above equation becomes,


1  2 1 
 0  x 
FS      sin sx dx
x 
Let t = sx  x = t/s  dx =dt/s
Limits: when x = 0  t = 0
when x =  t =

1  2 s 
 0  t 
FS      sin t dt / s
x 


2  sin t 
 0  t 
=   sin t dt
 4. 6

2   
= =
  2  2

 FS  x
1  
=
  2

14. Prove that F  x n f ( x )   (i ) n

dn
F ( s)
ds n
Solution:
W.K.T., the Fourier transform of f(x) is given by,

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x )) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx

n n 
d 1 d
F ( s)   f ( x) e
isx
dx
ds n 2 ds
n


1 dn

2 ds
n 

f ( x ) e isx dx


1  n isx

2 
 f ( x)
s n
e dx


1

2 

f ( x) e isx (ix ) n dx


1
 (i ) n  ( x)
n
f ( x ) e isx dx
2 

n
d
n
F ( s )  (i ) n F [ x n f ( x )]
ds
1 dn
 F [ x n f ( x)]  F (s)
(i ) n ds n
dn
 F [ x n f ( x )]    i 
n
F ( s)
ds n
 4. 7

PART-B

PROBLEMS BASED ON FOURIER TRANSFORM


1 , x  a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  

0 , x  a where a is a positive real
number.
  2
sin t   sin t  
Hence deduce that (i) 
0
t
dt 
2
and (ii) 0  t  dt  2 .
Solution:
The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
2  

Equation (1) becomes,

1  1 a
F (s)  isx dx  isx dx
 f ( x) e 1 e
2   2  a


1
=
2 

f ( x ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx (since e isx = cos sx  i sin sx )

a
2
F(s) =
2
 cos sx dx
0  cos sx  even function
a a
a  cos sx dx  2  cos sx dx
2  sin sx  a 0
=  
  s 0 sin sx odd function
a
 sin sx dx 0
a
 4. 8

2  sin sa sin 0 
= 
  s s 

 F (s) 
2  sin sa 

  s 


Deduction part

sin t 
(i) 
0
t
dt 
2
The Inverse Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by
1 
f ( x)   F ( s ) e  isx ds
2   (2)

(e i  cos  i sin  )
1
  F ( s ) (cos s x  i sin sx ) ds
2  

2 
f ( x)   F ( s ) cos sx ds
2 0
(  it is even )

Substitute the value of F(s) in above equation,


2 2  sin sa 
f ( x) 
 
0

  s 
 cos sx ds


2  sin sa 
f ( x) 
  
0
s 
 cos sx ds


  sin sa 
f ( x)     cos sx ds
2 0
s 


  sin t 
f ( 0)     cos(0) dt / a
2 0 
t/a 


  sin t 
  a  dt / a
2 0  t 


  sin t 
  dt
2 0 
t 
 4. 9

 2
 sin t  
(ii) 0  t  dt  2
We know that parseval’s identity is
 

 
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds
 

Here |f(x) |and |F(s)| is an even function.

 2  2
2  f ( x) dx  2  F ( s ) ds
0 0
2
a 
 sin sa 
  1 2 dx   2   ds
0 0   s 
a  2

  1dx   
2 sin sa 
 ds
0 0
 s 
 2
2  sin sa 
  x a
   ds
0
0
  s 
2
   sin sa 
2 0  s 
 a.    ds

Now put , a=1, t  as  s  t  ds  dt

   sin t 
2

2 0  t 
    dt

 2

  sin t 
2 0  t 
   dt


a
2
 x2 , x  a
2. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  

0 , x  a where a is a positive
real number.
 
sin t  t cos t sin s  s cos s
Hence find the value of (i) 0 t3
dt (ii) 
0 s3
cos( s / 2) ds

 2
 sin t  t cos t 
(iii )    dt
0 t3 
Solution:

The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by


1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
2  

Equation (1) becomes,


1
F (s) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx
 4. 10


1
=
2 

f ( x ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx (since e isx = cos sx  i sin sx )
 
1 i
=
2


f ( x ) cos sx dx 
2 
 f ( x ) sin sx dx

a a
1 i
 (a  x ). cos sx dx   (a  x 2 ). sin sx dx
2 2 2
=
2 a 2 a

a
2
 (a  x 2 ) cos sx dx
2
F(s) =
2 0

     
a

2  a 2  x 2  sin sx
 ( 2 x )
cos sx
 ( 2 )
sin sx
 
 s s2 s3 0
2 2
 (a x ) cos sx  even fun

= a a
 ( a 2  x 2 ) cos sx dx  2  ( a 2  x 2 ) cos sx dx
a 0
2   sin sa    cos sa    sin sa  
 0     ( 2 a )   ( 2)   = 2 2
   s 
 ( a  x ) sin sx  odd function
 s2   s 3   a
 ( a 2  x 2 ) sin sx dx 0
2   cos sa   sin sa   a
 (2a) 2   (2) 3  
   s   s  

2  sin sa  as cos sa 
F ( s)  2
  s3 


Deduction part u  a2  x2 v  cos sx

sin sx
 u '   2x v1 
sin t  t cos t s
(i) 0 t3
dt
 cos sx
u ''   2 v2 
The Inverse Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by s2
 sin sx
1

v3 
 F ( s) e
isx
f ( x)  ds s3
2 

(2)

1 
f ( x)   F ( s ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) ds
2  

2 
=  F ( s ) cos sx ds ( it is even)
2 0

Substitute the value of F(s) in above equation,

 4. 11


2 2  sin sa  as cos sa 
a2  x2 
 2
0
  s3  cos sx ds


4  sin sa  as cos sa 
a2  x2 
  0
s3  cos sx ds

 2  sin sa  as cos sa 
(a  x 2 )     cos sx ds (3)
4 0 s3

  sin t  t cos t 
(1  0)     cos(0) dt
4 0 
t3 


  sin t  t cos t 
  dt
4 0 
t3 


sin s  s cos s
(ii) 
0 s3
cos( s / 2) ds

a  1, ; x  1 / 2 in (3)

  sin s  s cos s 
(1  1 / 4)     cos(s / 2) ds
4 0 
s3 


3  sin s  s cos s 
  cos(s / 2) ds
16 0 
s3 

 2
 sin t  t cos t 
(iii) 0  t3
 dt

We know that parseval’s identity is
 

 
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds
 

Here |f(x)| and| F(s) |is an even function.

The above equation becomes

 

 f ( x ) dx   F ( s ) ds
2 2

0 0

a  2
2 2  sin sa  as cos sa 
  a 2  x 2 dx   2  ds
0 0
  s3
a  2
8  sin sa  as cos sa 
  (a 2  x 2 ) 2 dx    ds
0 0
  s3
 4. 12

Put a=1
2
  (1  x ) dx    sin s  3s cos s  ds
1 2 2 2 8

0 0  s 
1  2
8  sin s  s cos s 
  (1  2 x 2  x 4 )dx     ds
0 0
 s3
 1 2
 2x3 x5  8  sin s  s cos s 
 x       ds
 3 5 0 0   s3 
 2
 2 1   8  sin s  s cos s 
 1      0  0  0      ds
 3 5   0  s3 
 2
8 8  sin s  s cos s 
15 0  
   ds
s3 
 2
8   sin s  s cos s 
 .   ds
15 8 0  s3 
2
   sin s  s cos s 
15 0 
   ds
s3 

Put t=s implies dt = ds

 2
  sin t  t cos t 
   dt
15 0  t3 


1  x , x  1
3. Find the Fourier transform of f (x)  

0 , x  1 where a is a positive real
number.
 2  4
 sin x    sin x  
Hence find the value of (i) 0  x  dt  2 (ii) 0  x  dt  3
Solution:

The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

1 
F (s)   f ( x) e
2  
isx dx
(1)
1 1
=  (1 x ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx
2 1 (since e isx = cos sx  i sin sx )
1 1 1
 (1  x ) cos sx is even
=  (1 x ) cos sx dx 
2 1
i
 (1 x ) sin sx dx
2 1
1 1
 (1 x ) cos sx dx  2  (1 x ) cos sx dx
1 0
 (1  x ) sin sx is odd
1
 (1 x ) sin sx dx  0
1
 4. 13

1
2
 (1  x ) cos sx dx
  x    x  0 
F(s) =  x  
 x

0  x   
2 0

1
2
=
  1  x  cos sx dx
0

1
2
F(s) =  1  x   sin sx   (1)  cos2 sx   (0)  sin3 sx 
  s   s   s  0
u 1  x v  cos sx
sin sx
u '  1 v1 
s
'' cos sx
2   sin sa    cos s     1   u 0 v2 

 0 
s2
=   (1)   0  (1) 2 
   s   s
2
   s  

= 2   cos s    1  = 2   cos s 1 
    2
  s 2   s 2    s 2 s 

2 1  cos s 
=
  s 2 

  1  cos   2 sin 
2
2  sin( s / 2) 
F (s)  2 2
/2
  s 


Deduction part
 2
 sin x  
(i) 0  x  dt  2

The Inverse Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

1 
 isx ds
f ( x)   F (s) e
2   (2)

1  i 
  F ( s ) cos sx ds   F ( s ) sin sx ds
2  2 

2 
f ( x)   F ( s ) cos sx ds
2 0
(it is even)

 2
2 2  sin( s / 2) 
1 x 
 2
0
  s  cos sx ds
 4. 14

 2
 sin( s / 2) 
1 x   
 0 s
4
 cos sx ds (1  x ) 
4 0
 s

  sin( s / 2 ) 2
cos sx ds ( 3)

Now, put , t  s / 2  2t  s  ds  2dt ; x  0

 2
  sin( t ) 
(1  0 )    cos(0) 2dt
4 0  2t 

 2
 2  sin(t ) 
4 0  t 
 dt
4

 2
 4  sin(t ) 

. dt
4 2 0  t 

2
   sin(t ) 
2 0  t 
 dt

replace t by x,
 2
  sin( x ) 
   dx
2 0 
x 

 4
(ii)  sin x  
0  x  dt  3

We know that parseval’s identity is

 

 
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds
 

Here f(x) and F(s) is an even function.

 

 f ( x ) dx   F ( s ) ds
2 2

0 0

1  2 2
2  sin( s / 2) 
  1
2
x dx   2 ds
0 0
  s 

1  2 2
2  sin( s / 2) 
  (1  x ) 2
dx   2 ds
0 0
  s 

  x    x  0 
 x   
 x 0  x   
 4. 15

1  4

  (1  2 x  x )dx   
2 8 sin( s / 2) 
  s  ds
0 0

 1 4
 2 3

  x  2 x  x   8   sin( s / 2)  ds
 2 3 0  0  s 
 4
 2 1   8  sin( s / 2) 
 1      0  0  0      ds
 2 3    0 s
 4
1 8  sin( s / 2) 
 
3  0  s  ds
 4
  sin( s / 2) 
   ds
24 0  s
Put , t  s / 2  2t  s  ds  2dt
 4
  sin(t ) 
  2dt
24 0  2t 
 4
2  sin(t ) 
24 16 0  t 
  dt

 4
 16  sin(t ) 
 .  dt
24 2 0 
t 
 4
 sin(t ) 
  dt
3 0  t 

(t is a dummy variable, let t = x)

 4
  sin( x ) 
  dx
3 0 x  

4. Properties of Fourier Transform

1. Shifting property:

(i ) F ( f ( x  a ))  e ias F ( s )
(ii ) F (e iax f ( x))  F ( s  a )

Proof (i)

The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by


1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x )) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
 4. 16


1
F ( f ( x  a )) 
2


f ( x  a ) e isx dx (2)

Let t = x  dt =dx


1
F ( f ( x  a )) 
2


f (t ) e is ( t  a ) dt


1
F ( f ( x  a )) 
2


f (t ) e ist e isa dt

 1


F ( f ( x  a ))  e isa 
 2


f (t ) e ist dt 


 F ( f ( x  a ))  e isa F ( s ) (From (1))

Proof (ii)

Using equation (1)


1
F (e iax f ( x ))  e
iax
f ( x ) e isx dx
2 


1
F (e iax f ( x )) 
2 
 f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx

F (e iax f ( x ))  F ( s  a )

2. Modulation Property
1
F [ f ( x ) cos ax ]   F ( s  a )  F ( s  a)
2

We know that, the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by


1
F ( f ( x )) 
2 
 f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
1


F ( s  a) 
2 

f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx 

 
1
F ( s  a)   f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx 
2 

 (2)
Here, f(x) = f ( x) cos ax
 Equation (1) becomes,
 e iax  e  iax 
cos ax 

1 
F ( f ( x ) cos ax) 
2 

f ( x ) cos ax e isx dx  2 


1  e iax  e  iax  isx
= 
2 
f ( x )
 2
 e dx

 4. 17

 
1 1 1 1
= 2 2


f ( x) e iax e isx dx 
2 2


f ( x) e iax e isx dx

 
1 1 1 1
= 2 2


f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx 
2 2


f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx

1 
 
1 1
= 2
 2


f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx 
2  
f ( x ) e i ( s  a ) x dx 


1
 F [ f ( x) cos ax ]   F ( s  a )  F ( s  a )
2

5. Find the Fourier transform of e  a 2

x2
and hence show that e
x 2
/2
is a self-reciprocal
a2 x2 2
under Fourier transform and also find F [ xe ] (OR) Prove that e  x /2
is a self-
reciprocal under Fourier transform
Solution:
We know that, the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by

1
F ( f ( x )) 
2 

f ( x ) e isx dx (1)

1
e
2
x2 a 2 x 2
F (e  a ) e isx dx
2 
2 2 1   ( a 2 x 2  isx )
F (ea x )  e dx (2) A
2 2 2
a x 2 AB  isx
2  
is
 A  ax  2 ( ax ) B  isx B 
2a

Substituting the above value in equation (2) ( A B ) 2  A2  2 AB  B 2

2 2 1 


  ax 

is  2
 
2a 
s2 

4 a2  a 2 x 2 1

  ax
e 
is  2
 
s2
2 a  e 4 a 2 dx

 ax 
is 2
2a

 a 2 x 2 isx 
i 2s 2
4a2
F ( ea x )  e  dx F (e )

 
2  2 
is 2 2 2 s2 2
 ax   a x  isx  i  1
s2 2
2a 4a2


 
 is 
a 2 x 2 4 a2   ax  
F (e )
e
e  2 a  dx is 2 s2 2 2
2  ax    a x  isx
2a 4a 2

Let
 is 
u   ax    du  adx  du / a  dx
 2a 
s2

4a2 
e
e
2 2
u 2
F (e  a x
) du / a
2 
s2

e 4a 2  2
  a 2  
 e  u du
 4. 18

s2

e 4 a2   u 2 
     e du   
a 2    
s2

2
a 2 x 2 e 4a
 F (e ) ( 3)
a 2

To show that
2
e x /2
is a self – reciprocal.
Comparing this e  x
2
/2
with e  a
2
x2 we get a 2 1 / 2  a  1 / 2

Substitute the value of a in equation (3)

s2

4 (1 / 2 )
2 e
 F (e  x /2
)
1
2
2
s2

x2 / 2
 F (e ) e 2

 f ( x)  F ( s)
 e x 2
/2
is a self – reciprocal.
Hence the proof
2
a x2
To find the value of F [ xe ]

W.K.T the property,

F  x n f ( x )   ( i ) n
dn
F ( f ( x))
ds n
2
x2
F[ x e  a ]
By using above property we can find the value of
2
a x2
By comparing, n=1, f(x) = e

 F x e 1 a2 x2
  ( i )
d1
1
2 2
F (e  a x )
1

ds
 s2 
2

1  

F x e 1 a x 2 2
  ( i )1
d
1

e 4a
ds  a 2

 

 
 s2 
2

1 d
 e 4a 1 
  ( i ) 1   (From (3))
ds  a 2 
 
 4. 19

 s2 
2

 e 4a   2 s 
  (i )   2 
a 2  4a 
 
s2
 F ( xe  a
2x2
)  2
is
2a 3
 e

4a 2

6. Find the Fourier transform of e  a x and hence deduce that


cos xt  a x 1 
(i) a 0
2
t 2
dt 
2a
e (ii)  x 2
a 
2 2
dx 
4a 3

Solution:

The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by


1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
2  

1  x
F ( s) 
2 e

e isx dx


1
e
 x
= (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx (since e isx = cos sx  i sin sx )
2 
 
1  x i  x
=
2 
e cos sx dx 
2
e

sin sx dx

 x
e cos sx  even * even  even function e
 x
sin sx  even * odd  odd function
  

e cos sx dx  2  e
 x  x
e
 x
cos sx dx sin sxx dx  0
 0 


2
e
 x
= cos sx dx
   x    x  0 
 x   
0  x   
2 0
 x


2. 2
e
x
= cos sx dx
2.  0

2 a   
a 
e
 ax
F (s ) =  by formula cos bx dx  2 
  a 2  s 2   0 a b 
2

Deduction Part:

cos xt  a x
(i) a
0
2
 t2
dt 
2a
e

The Inverse Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

f ( x) 
1 
 F (s) e
 isx ds (2)
2  
 4. 20

1  i 
=  F ( s ) cos sx ds 
2  
 F ( s ) sin sx ds
2  

 F ( s ) cos sx  even function

2 
f ( x)   F ( s ) cos sx ds  
2 0
 F ( s ) cos sx dx  2  F ( s ) cos sx dx
 0

Substitute the value of f(x) and F(s) in above equation,

e
a x

2  2

a
 0  a2 s2

cos sx ds 
e
a x

2

a

 0 a2  s2
cos sx ds  ( 3)


cos xt  a x
Comparing the above equation with result (i) a
0
2
 t2
dt 
2a
e

Now put , s  t  ds  dt ; x  x

The equation (3) becomes


2a  1 
  a
a x
e  cos tx dt
 0
2
 t 2 


  cos xt 
 2
a x
e dt
2a 0 
a  t2 


1 
(ii)  x 2
a 2 2

dx 
4a 3

We know that parseval’s identity is

 

 
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds
 

Here f(x) and F(s) is an even function.

The above equation becomes

 

 f ( x ) dx   F ( s ) ds
2 2

0 0
 4. 21

a  2
2 2 a 
  e a x dx    2 
ds
0 0
 a  s 
2

a 
2 a2
  e  2 ax dx   ds
0 0
 a2  s2   2

 
 e 2 ax  2a 2 1

  2a  0
 
  a
0
2
 s2 
2
ds


 e  e 0  2a 2 1
 
  2a 2a  
  a
0
2
 s2 
2
ds


  1  1
 0  2 a    2 ds
2a 2   0 a  s2   2


 1

4a 3
 
0 a  s 
2 2 2
ds

replace s by x

 1
  dx
4a 3
0 a 2
 x2 
2

Problem based on Fourier cosine and sine transform

1. Find the Fourier Cosine and sine transform of e  ax and deduce that
 
cos sx   ax s sin sx 
(i) 0 a s
2 2
ds 
2a
e (ii) a
0
2
s 2
ds  e  ax .
2
And also find

Fc [ xe  ax ] and Fs [ xe  ax ] .

Solution:

Here f(x) = e  ax

The Fourier Cosine transform of f(x) is

2
FC ( f ( x )) 
 0
 f ( x ) cos sx dx (1)
2   ax
FC ( e  ax )  e cos sx dx
 0
 4. 22

 
a 
e
2   ax
FC ( e
 ax
) 
a
  a2 s2   by formula cos bx dx  2 
 0 a b 
2

The Fourier Sine transform of f(x) is


2
FS ( f ( x)) 
  0
f ( x ) sin sx dx (2)

2
FS (e  ax )  e
 ax
sin sx dx
 0

2 s   
b 
e
 ax
FS (e ax )    by formula sin bx dx  2 
  a2  s2   0 a b 
2

Deduction Part:

cos sx   ax
(i) a
0
2
 s2
ds 
2a
e

The inverse Fourier Cosine transform is given by


2
f ( x) 
 F
0
C ( s ) cos sx ds


2 2 a 
e ax 
 
0
  cos sx ds
  a2  s2 


2a  cos sx 
 0  a 2  s 2 
e ax    ds


  cos sx 
e  ax    2  ds
2a 0 
a  s2 


s sin sx 
(ii) a
0
2
s 2
ds  e  ax
2

The inverse Fourier Sine transform is given by


2
f ( x) 
 F
0
S ( s ) sin sx ds


2 2 s 
 0   a 2  s 2 
e ax    sin sx ds
 4. 23


2  s sin sx 
e  ax 
   a
0
2  ds
 s2 


  s sin sx 
e ax    2  ds
2 0 
a  s2 

To find Fc [ xe  ax ] and Fs [ xe  ax ]

We can find the value by using the following property

Property

d
(i ) FC [ xf ( x )]  FS [ f ( x)]
ds
d
(ii ) FS [ xf ( x )]  FC [ f ( x )]
ds

d
Fc [ xe  ax ]  FS [e  ax ] (By property (i))
ds

d  2  s 
    (From equation (2))
ds    a 2  s 2 

2  (a 2  s 2 )  s(0  2s) 

  
  
a2  s2
2
 


2  a 2  s 2  2s 2 
  
 
  a 2  s 2 2 

2  a 2  s 2 

FC [ xe  ax ]  

  a 2  s 2 2  


d
FS [x e  ax ]  FC [e  ax ] (By property (ii))
ds

 d  2  a 
    (From equation (2))
ds    a 2  s 2 
 4. 24

2  (a 2  s 2 ).(0)  a(0  2s ) 

  
  a2  s2 2 
 
2   2as 

 

  a 2  s 2  2 


2  s 
FS [ xe  ax ]  2a  
 

 a  s 2
2
 2 


1
2. Find the Fourier cosine transform of and find the Fourier sine transform of
x  a2
2

x
x  a2
2

Solution:
1
To find the Fourier cosine transform of
x  a2
2

Let f(x) = e  ax
2 a 
We know that, FC (e ax )   2 2 
 a s 

By Inverse Fourier Cosine transform


2
f ( x) 
 F
0
C ( s ) cos sx ds


2 2 a 
e ax 
 
0
 2 2 
 a s 
cos sx ds


 e  ax 2  1 
2 a
   2  cos sx ds
 0  a  s2 

replace s by x


 e  as 2  1 
 0  a 2  x 2 
    cos sx dx
2 a

 e  as  1 
  FC  2 (1)
 a  x 
2
2 a
 4. 25

x
To find the Fourier Sine transform of
x  a2
2

x
Let f(x) =
x  a2
2

By the property,
d
FS [ xf ( x )]  FC [ f ( x )]
ds
x d  1 
FS [ ] FC  2
x a  x  a 
2 2 2
ds
 d   e  as 
   (From equation (1))
ds  2 a 
  e  as 
  (a ) 
 2 a 

 x    as
FS  2 2 
 e
x  a  2
3. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e  a 2
x2
and hence show that e
x 2
/2
is a self-
2
reciprocal OR) Prove that e  x /2
is a self-reciprocal under Fourier Cosine
transform
Solution:
We know that, the Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is given by

2
FC ( s ) 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx (1)

Here, f(x) = e  a 2
x2


2
e
2
x2 a2 x 2
FC (e  a ) cos sx dx
 0

 1


e
2
x2 a 2 x 2
FC (e  a )  R.P  e isx dx 
 2  
 1


e
2
x2 ( a 2 x 2 isx )
FC (e a )  R.P  dx 
 2   (2)

Let
 4. 26

A2  a2x2 2AB  isx

is
 A  ax  2(ax)B  isx  B 
2a
 ( A  B ) 2  A 2  2AB  B 2
2
 is  i 2s 2
  ax    a 2 x 2  isx  2
 2a  4a
2
 is  s2
  ax    a 2 x 2  isx  2 i 2  1
 2a  4a
2
 is  s2
  ax    2  a 2 x 2  isx
 2a  4a

Substituting the above value in equation (2)

 


   ax 
is 
2
 
s2 



1
)  R.P  dx 
4a2
e 
a2 x2  2a  

FC (e
 2 





 
2
  is  s2
1  ax   
)  R.P  e dx 
a 2 x 2  2a  4 a2
FC (e e
 2 
 

 s2 
2
2
  is 
 e 4a  ax   
e
2 2
a x
FC (e )  R.P   2a 
dx 
 2  
 

Let
 is 
u   ax    du  adx  du / a  dx
 2a 
Limits: When x =   u =  
When x =   u= 
 s2 
2


 e 4a 

a 2 x 2 u 2
FC (e )  R.P  e du / a 
 2  
 
 s2 
2


 e 4a 
e
u 2
  R.P  du 
a 2   
 
 s2 
  
 e 4 a2    2 
  R.P     e  u du  
 a 2   
  

 
 
 4. 27

s2

2
a 2 x 2 e 4a
 FC ( e )
a 2
(3)

To show that
2
e x /2
is a self – reciprocal.
Comparing this e  x
2
/2
with e  a
2
x2 we get a 2 1 / 2  a  1 / 2

Substitute the value of ‘a’ in equation (3)

s2

4 (1 / 2 )
2 e
 FC (e  x /2
)
1
2
2
s2

 x2 / 2
 FC (e ) e 2

 f ( x)  F ( s)
 e x 2
/2
is a self – reciprocal.
Hence the proof

Problems based on using transforms


dx
1. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2 by using transforms.

Solution
Let
f ( x )  e  ax , g ( x)  e  bx

We know that

FC  f ( x)   F ( s )  FC e  ax    2
 2
a 

  a  s2 

FC  g ( x)   G ( s )  FC e bx    2
 2
b 

  b  s2 
By Parseval’s identity
 


0
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   F ( s )G ( s)ds
0

 
2 a  2 b 
e e bx dx  
 ax
 2 2   2 ds
0 0   a  s    b  s2 
 
2ab  1  1 
e 
( a b ) x
dx   2  2  ds
0
 0  a  s  b  s 2 
2
 4. 28

 
 e ( a b ) x  2ab  ds 

  ( a  b)  0
    2 2 2 2 

 0  (a  s )(b  s ) 

 1  2ab  ds 


0  
(a  b) 
   2 2 2 2 

 0  (a  s )(b  s ) 

  ds 
   2 2 

2ab(a  b) 0  (a  s )(b  s ) 
2 2

Replace s by x

  dx 
   2 2 

2ab(a  b) 0  (a  x )(b  x ) 
2 2


x 2 dx
2. Evaluate 0 ( x 2  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 ) by using transforms.
Solution
Let
f ( x )  e  ax , g ( x)  e  bx

We know that


FS  f ( x)   F ( s )  FS e  ax   2
 2
s 
2 
 a s 

FS  g ( x)   G ( s )  FS e bx   2
 2
s 
2 
 b  s 
By Parseval’s identity
 


0
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   F ( s )G ( s)ds
0

 
2 s  2 s 
e e bx dx  
 ax
 2 2   2 ds
0 0   a  s    b  s2 
 
2  s  s 
e  0  a 2  s 2  b 2  s 2
(a b) x
dx     ds
0 

 e ( ab) x  2  s 2 ds 
    
 2 2 2

2 
  (a  b)  0  0  (a  s )(b  s ) 

 1  2  s 2 ds 
 ( a  b)     2
0    
2 
0  ( a  s )(b  s ) 
2 2
 

  s 2 ds 
   2 
2 
2(a  b) 0  (a  s )(b  s ) 
2 2

replace s by x
 4. 29


  x 2 dx 
   2 2 

2(a  b) 0  (a  x )(b  x ) 
2 2


dx
3. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a2 )2 by using transforms.

Solution
Let
f ( x)  g ( x)  e  ax ,

We know that

FC  f ( x)   F ( s )  FC e  ax    2
 2
a 
2 
 a s 
By Parseval’s identity
 


0
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   F ( s )G ( s)ds
0

 
2 a  2 a 
e e  ax dx  
 ax
 2 2   2 2 
ds
0 0  a  s   a  s 
 2 
2a  1  1 
e   a
 2 ax
dx  2  2 
ds
0  0
2
 s  a  s 
2

 2 
e 
2 ax
2a  ds 
  
  2a  0    (a
0
2
 s2 )2


2 
 1  2a  ds 
0  2a      (a
0
2
 s 2 )2



  ds 
   2 
2 2 
0  (a  s ) 
3
4a

replace s by x

  dx 
4a 3 0  ( x 2  s 2 ) 2 
  


x 2 dx
4. Evaluate 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 by using transforms.
Solution
Let
f ( x)  g ( x)  e  ax ,

We know that

FS  f ( x)   F ( s )  FS e  ax    2
 2
s 
2 
 a s 
 4. 30

By Parseval’s identity
 


0
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   F ( s )G ( s)ds
0

 
2 s  2 s 
e e  ax dx  
 ax
 2 2   2 2 
ds
0 0  a  s   a  s 
 
2  s  s 
e 
 2 ax
dx   2  2 ds
0
 0  a  s  a  s 
2 2


 e 2 ax  2  s 2 ds 
     2 2 2
  2a  0  0  ( a  s )



 1  2  s 2 ds 
2a   0  (a 2  s 2 ) 2 
 0    

   s 2 ds 
4a 0  (a 2  s 2 ) 2 
  

replace s by x

  x 2 ds 
   2 
4a 0  (a  x 2 ) 2 

dx
5. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 1)( x 2  4) by using transforms.

Solution
Let
f ( x )  e  ax , g ( x)  e  bx Here a=1, b=2

 f ( x )  e  x , g ( x )  e 2 x

We know that

FC  f ( x)   F ( s )  FC e  x    2 1 
 
  12  s 2 

FC  g ( x)   G ( s )  FC e  2 x    2
 2
2 
2 
 2 s 
By Parseval’s identity
 


0
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   F ( s )G ( s)ds
0

 
2 1  2 2 
e e  2 x dx  
x
 2 2   2 2 
ds
0 0
 a  s   b  s 
 
4  1  1 
e 
3 x
dx   2  2 ds
0
 0  1  s  2  s 
2 2
 4. 31

 
 e 3 x  4  ds 
     2 2 

  3  0  0  (1  s )(2  s ) 
2 2


 1 4  ds 
 0      2 2 

3   0  (1  s )(2  s ) 
2 2

  ds 
   2 2 

12 0  (1  s )(2  s ) 
2 2

replace s by x

  dx 
   2 

12 0  (1  x )(4  x ) 
2

6.
State and Prove Convolution theorem and Parseval’s identity.

Solution:

Convolution theorem:

The Fourier transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their
Fourier transform.

F  f ( x ) * g ( x)   F ( s ).G ( s )

Proof

The Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by


1
F ( s )  F ( f ( x ))   f ( x ) e isx dx (1)
2  

Then convolution is defined by


1
f ( x) * g ( x) 
2 
 f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt (2)


1
Then, F  f ( x) * g ( x)   f ( x ) * g ( x )e isx dx [From (1)]
2 

 
1 1
F  f ( x) * g ( x )    f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt e isx dx [From (2)]
2  2 

1

 1


 F  f ( x ) * g ( x )   f (t )   g(x  t) e
isx
dx dt (3)
2    2  
 4. 32

We know that,

1
G ( s )  G ( g ( x  t ))   g ( x  t )e
isx
dx
2 

By using Shifting Property,

(i ) F ( f ( x  a ))  e ias F ( s )
(ii ) F ( g ( x  t ))  e ist G ( s )

Then, equation (3) becomes


1
 F  f ( x) * g ( x)   f (t ) G g ( x  t dt
2 


f (t )G ( s )e ist dt
1
 F  f ( x) * g ( x)   (By shifting property (ii))
2 


1
 F  f ( x ) * g ( x )  G ( s )  f (t )e ist dt
2 

 F  f ( x) * g ( x)  F ( s ) G ( s )

Hence the proof.

Parseval’s Identity

If F[s] is the Fourier transform of f(x). Then

 

 
2 2
f ( x) dx  F (s) ds .
 

Proof:

By convolution theorem,

F  f ( x ) * g ( x)   F ( s ).G ( s )

 f ( x ) * g ( x )  F 1  F ( s ).G ( s )

 
1 1
  F ( s )G ( s ) e
 isx
 f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt  ds (4)
2  2 

Let, x  0, g (t )  f (t ), G ( s )  F ( s)
 4. 33

Equation (3)
 
  f (t ) g ( t ) dt   F (s) F ( s) e
is ( 0 )
ds
 

 


 f (t ) f (t )dt 

 F ( s ) F ( s ) ds
 

 
2 2
 f (t ) dt  F ( s) ds
 

 

  [t is a dummy variable]
2 2
 f ( x) dx  F ( s) ds
 