MODULE 2

• 1.DEF OF DBT, RH, AH,WBT,ETC. EFFECT OF TEMP. ON

HUMIDITY.

• 2.ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT - DETERMINING VARIABLES,

CONDITIONS FOR COMFORT. CONTROL OF QUALITY,
QUANTITY, TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY OF AIR.
• 3. PROPERTIES OF AIR-WATER MIXTURES-PSYCHROMETRY.
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES, PROCESSES & PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART.
• 4. SENSIBLE, LATENT & TOTAL HEAT (ENTHALPY)
• 5. NATURAL & MECHANICAL VENTILATION-STANDARD REQ.
OF VENTILATION FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIVING &
WORKS.
 SOME COMMONLY USED TERMS……
• DBT-TEMPERATURE OF AIR AS MEASURED BY ORDINARY MERCURY
THERMOMETER. MEASURED IN SHADE. TRUE AIR TEMPERATURE.
• WBT- TEMP. MEASURED BY THERMOMETER WHEN ITS BULB IS COVERED WITH
WET CLOTH/GAUZE/WICK & EXPOSED TO CURRENT OF MOVING AIR.
• SIMULTANEOUS DBT & WBT MEASUREMENT GIVES TEMP. & HUMIDITY OF AIR.
• DEW BULB TEMP- TEMP AT WHICH CONDENSATION STARTS.
• ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY – (HUMIDITY RATIO) - ACTUAL AMOUNT OF WATER PRESENT
IN UNIT MASS OR UNIT VOLUME OF AIR. g/kg or g/cubic metre of DRY AIR.
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY-RATIO OF ACTUAL WATER CONTENT TO THE MAXIMUM
POSSIBLE MOISTURE CONTENT, EXPRESSED IN PERCENTAGE. RH OF 100% DENOTES
SATURATED AIR. IT IS MEASURED BY WET-AND-DRY-BULB HYGROMETER.(ONE
THERMOMETER SHOWS DBT, THE OTHER WBT)
• TO SIMPLIFY RH MEASUREMENT AN UNIT CALLED GRAINS OF MOISTURE IS USED.
A GRAIN IS SO SMALL THAT THERE ARE 2800 GRAINS IN ONE CUP OF WATER &
7000 GRAINS IN ONE POUND OF WATER.
 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
HUMIDITY
• MOISTURE-HOLDING CAPACITY OF AIR
DEPENDS ON TEMP.
• WARM AIR HOLDS MORE MOISTURE THAN
COLD AIR. SAME A.H WILL RESULT IN DIFF. R.H
VALUES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
• PSYCHROMETRIC CHART ILLUSTRATES
RELATIONSHIP AMONG TEMP. & RH,AH.
COMFORT ZONE INDICATED IN BIOCLIMATIC CHART FOR MEN AT SEDENTARY WORK
IN WARM CLIMATES – ORIGINALLY BY V OLGYAY IN BRITISH UNITS
•TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY,
•AIRFLOW, RADIATION, I.A.Q.
•DIFF. SETS OF CONDITION MAY BE
COMFORTABLE DEPENDING ON TYPE OF
ACTIVITY.
•ECONOMICS & CONCERNS ABOUT ENERGY
CONSERVATION ARE CONSIDERED IN DEFINING
•COMFORT.
•SEASONS ALSO AFFECT COMFORT.

AN INTERIOR DESIGN TEMP. OF 24DEG. IS

CONSIDERED COMF. MOST AC SYSTEMS ARE
DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN SUMMER TEMP. OF
22-25.5 DEG & WINTER TEMP. OF 20-22 DEG.
HUMIDITY IN EXCESS OF 60% CONS. HIGH IN
GENERAL-USE SPACES. HUMIDITY LOWER
THAN 25-30 PER CENT RESULTS IN
UNCOMFORTABLE DRYING OF BREATHING
PASSAGES & PROBLEMS WITH STATIC
ELECTRICITY.
MEASURE OF AIRFLOW IS AIR VELOCITY.
LESS THAN 3 M/S IS STUFFY & 15 M/S IS
DRAFTY. IDEAL RADIATION IS 70-210
W/SQ.M
Simplified Bio-climatic Chart
 PROPERTIES OF AIR-WATER MIXTURES

• PSYCHROMETRY IS THE STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF

AIR-WATER MIXTURES. THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
IS A CONVENIENT SOURCE FOR DATA ON THE
PROPERTIES OF SUCH MIXTURES. TABLE 1 SHOWS
HOW IMPORTANT PROPERTIES ARE PRESENTED ON
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART. FIG. 1A IS A COMPLETE
CHART THAT CAN BE USED IN ANALYSIS OF
PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH HVAC.
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

• A psychrometric chart is a graph of the thermodynamic

parameters (properties) of moist air at a constant pressure,
often equated to an elevation relative to sea level. The
ASHRAE style psychrometric chart, was pioneered by Willis
Carrier in 1904. The psychrometric chart is shaped like a boot.
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
• The sole is the DBT, the instep curve is the WBT
& Dew-Point temperature. The RH lines are
approx. parallel to the instep curve, and the
grains of moisture scale is along the back of
the shoe. DBT lines are vertical on the chart,
the WBT lines are diagonal, the dew point and
grains of moisture lines are horizontal.
LINES REPRESENTING MAJOR PROPERTIES OF AIR-WATER MIXTURE ON ASHRAE
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
FIG. 1
 FIG. 1A PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

CONSTANT AH LINES
SATURATED MOIST AIR &
LIQUID WATER IN THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM
SENSIBLE HEATING(COOLING) OCCURS
WHEN AN AIR-WATER MIX. IS
RAISED(LOWERED) IN TEMP. BUT
ABSOLUTE MOISTURE CONTENT
REMAINS THE SAME.

IF MOIST AIR IS COOLED TO

SATURATION POINT, FURTHER COOLING
REMOVES MOISTURE.
HORIZONTALLY FOLLOWS SATURATION CURVE

IF DRY STEAM IS ADDED AIR REACHES A

HIGHER ENERGY LVL TAKING ON LATENT
HEAT OF STEAM.
IF WATER IS EVAPORATED TO AIR, FINAL ENERGY LVL DOES NOT CHANGE. AIR
COOLS TO PROVIDE HEAT REQ. FOR VAPORIZATION OF THE WATER.SENSIBLE
HEAT LOSS=LATENT HEAT GAIN, THUS CONSTANT ENTHALPY IS ACHIEVED. THIS IS
ADIABATIC SATURATION, I.E NO ENERGY IS ADDED OR REMOVED.

IT IS SEEN THAT LINES OF CONSTANT ENTHALPY SLOPE UPWARD & TO THE LEFT
AT APPROX. THE SAME SLOPE AS LINES OF CONSTANT W.B.T. IT IS SO AS WBT IS
A GOOD MEASURE OF TOTAL ENERGY.
(PLZ REFER FIG.1, d)

FOLLOWS WET BULB LINE BASIC PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES FIG. 2

COMFORT CHART
 SENSIBLE, LATENT & TOTAL HEAT
• SENSIBLE HEAT IS THE HEAT CONTENT OF DRY AIR & IS
MEASURED AS D.B.T BY ORDINARY THERMOMETER.
• LATENT HEAT DEALS WITH THE HEAT CONTENT OF THE
MOISTURE PRESENT IN AIR. WATER VAPOUR (WV), OR
HUMIDITY IN AIR POSSESES WATER’S LATENT HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION. TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF SENSIBLE
HEAT, WHILE WV CONTENT IS A MEASURE OF LATENT HEAT.

• THE COMBINATION OF THE AIR’S SENSIBLE & LATENT HEAT-

OR TOTAL HEAT CONTENT-IS CALLED THE ENTHALPY. IT
DIRECTLY AFFECTS HUMAN COMFORT. HIGH TEMPERATURE
OR HIGH HUMIDITY OR BOTH, CONSTITUTE HIGH ENERGY.
 SOURCES CONTRIBUTING TO SENSIBLE HEAT

• SENSIBLE HEATING(COOLING) OCCURS WHEN AN AIR-WATER MIXTURE IS RAISED

(LOWERED) IN TEMP. BUT THE ABS.HUM. REMAINS THE SAME. EACH PROCESS
OCCURS WHEN AIR IS WARMED OR COOLED BY BLDG. LOADS. & ALSO OCCUR IN
SYSTEMS AS THEY RESPOND TO COMPENSATE FOR LOADS.
• FOR EG. ROOM AIR IS COOLED AT AN OUTSIDE WALL IN WINTER. TO COMPENSATE
A HEATER AT THE BASE OF THE WALL MIGHT WARM THE AIR.
• HEAT FLOWS THRU THE EXTERIOR WALLS, FLOORS,DOORS, WINDOWS, ETC DUE TO
TEMP. DIFF BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES.

• LOAD DUE TO SOLAR RADIATION –

HEAT TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY BY RADIATION THRU WINDOW GLASS &
VENTILATORS.
HEAT FROM THE SUN WILL BE ABSORBED BY THE WALLS & ROOF & LATER
TRANSMITTED TO ROOM BY CONDUCTION.
• HEAT RECEIVED FROM OCCUPANTS.
• HEAT RECEIVED FROM EQUIPMENTS.
• HEAT REC. VIA INFILTRATED AIR FROM OUTSIDE THRU CRACKS IN D,W & V AND
THEIR FREQUENT OPENING.
• MISC.- HEAT GAIN BY THE DUCTS CARRYING COND. AIR & PASSING THRU UNCOND.
SPACE.
• HEAT TRANSFER THRU INTERIOR PARTITION OF ROOMS IN SAME BLDG.
 SOURCES CONTRIBUTING TO LATENT HEAT

• LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM AIR ENTERING INTO AIR-

CONDITIONED SPACE BY INFILTRATION.
• LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM OCCUPANTS.
• HEAT LOAD FROM COOKING FOOD & STORED
MATERIALS.
• MOISTURE PASSING DIRECTLY INTO AIR-
CONDITIONED SPACE THRU PERMEABLE WALLS
WHERE WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE IS HIGHER.
 SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR

• A TYPICAL HOME MAY HAVE 0.8 S.H FACTORE, A

RESTAURANT 0.6. THE RESTAURANT PRODUCES MORE
L.H IN FORM OF STEAM & VAPOUR.
• IF THE TOTAL COOLING REQUIRED IS 10 TONS, 6 TONS
IS REQUIRED TO REMOVE S.H & 4 TONS TO REMOVE
L.H IN THE RESTAURANT.
• SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR= SENSIBLE HEAT/TOTAL HEAT
• LATENT HEAT FACTOR=LATENT HEAT/TOTAL HEAT
• TOTAL HEAT=SENSIBLE HEAT + LATENT HEAT
 MODULE 2..continued

NATURAL/MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
 NATURAL VENTILATION & MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• NATURAL VENTILATION IS PROVIDED BY TWO BROAD
MECHANISMS-
• AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENCE-WIND FLOWS FROM HIGHER
PRESSURE AREA TO LOW PRESSURE AREA.
• STACK EFFECT- CAUSED BY NATURAL CONVECTION CURRENTS
OF WARM AIR RISING WITHIN A BUILDING. IS NOTICEABLE
WHEN THERE IS DIFF. IN HEIGHT SUCH AS IN STAIRWELL OF A
TALL BUILDING.
• MECHANICAL VENTILATION MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO USE
SPACES SUCH AS DEEP WITHIN BUILDINGS THAT CANNOT BE
EASILY VENTILATED BY NATURAL MEANS.
• DEPENDS ON SUPPLY OF ENERGY, USUALLY ELECTRICITY.
 Natural Ventilation: Suitability
• Most suited to:
• > Buildings with a narrow plan or atria.
• width of 15m or less
• > Sites with minimal external air and noise
pollution
• (though still possible if they are present)
• > Open plan layouts
 Not suited to:
• > Buildings with a deep floor plan
• > Buildings that require precise temperature
and humidity control
• > Buildings with individual offices or small
spaces
• > Buildings with continual heat loads above
35–40 W/m2
• Locations with poor air quality
 The flow through a building is related to the

• size of the openings (both inlets and outlets),

• restrictions along the flow path, furnishings
and
• the distance between openings.
 Basic principles for sizing and placing
openings are:

• The area of the opening at intake must be

equal to or 25% smaller than the area of
• opening for exhaust.
• Air flow will take the line of least resistance so
• follow the flow line to check for dead spots
• (areas where fresh air does not go).
• Consider security, privacy and noise transfer.
 A TYPICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
• A SIMPLE INPUT MECH.
SYSTEM PROVIDES
MOVEMENT OF AIR BUT
ONLY A LIM. DEGREE OF
CONTROL. A PLENUM
SYSTEM GIVES BETTER
CONTROL OF AIR BY USING
DUCTWORK & HAS THE
ABILITY TO HEAT AIR ALSO.
plenum ventilation
PLZ REFER FIG. a system of mechanical ventilation in which fresh air
is forced into the spaces to be ventilated from a
chamber (plenum chamber) at a pressure slightly
higher than atmospheric pressure, so as to expel
foul air.
Mechanical supply/natural
supply

Plenum ventilation
system
PLENUM SYSTEM
SYSTEMS

􀁼 Mechanical ventilation systems

􀁼 Mechanical extract/natural supply
􀁼 Mechanical supply/natural supply
􀁼 Combined mechanical extract & supply

Mechanical extract/natural
supply

Extract ventilation to a commercial

kitchen
Extract ventilation to a lecture theatre
Combined mechanical Combined mechanical extract and supply
extract & supply
 AIR CHANGE & TYP. VENTILATION RATES FOR DIFFERENT
CONDITIONS OF LIVING & WORKS
• THE RATE AT WHICH THE AIR IS REQUIRED TO BE EXTRACTED FROM
WITHIN THE SPACE FOR PROPER VENTILATION IS THE AIR CHANGE. IN THE
SIMPLE CASE IT CAN BE ASSUMED THAT IF AIR IS ACTIVELY EXTRACTED,
SUCH AS BY A FAN, THEN AIR WILL FLOW INTO REPLACE THE EXTRACTED
AIR. SO THE SUPPLY RATE MATCHES THE EXTRACTION RATE.

ELEMENTS RATES
COMMERCIAL KITCHEN 20-40 AIR CHANGES/HR
RESTAURANTS 10-15
CLASSROOMS 3-4
OFFICES 2-6
DOMESTIC ROOMS 1
GENERALLY OCC. ROOMS 8 Liters /Sec fresh air per
occupant
(ventilation design calculation)

Q, air volume flow rate (m3/s) = Room volume x air changes per hour
Time in seconds
Given
Room volume = 480 m3
Air changes per hour = 6

Therefore,

Q = 480 x 6 = 0.8 m cube / s

3600

Q, air volume flow rate (m3/s)

 WHEN TO GO FOR CENTRAL SYSTEM
• 25 TONS OF REFRIGERATION & 2500 CUBIC METER/MINUTE,
(OF CONDITIONED AIR)
• OR, 90,000 CUBIC FEET/MINUTE.

15-20 cfm/person is requirement.

For example, a room facing west with a 20% glazing to floor ratio may require 200 cfm, while if
it faced north it may require only 100 cfm. That is a 2-times factor, or about the difference
between an 8" and 6" supply duct. Using the average orientation method, the flow would have
been specified at about 150 cfm and a 7" duct.
THANKS…
THAT’S ALL FOR MODULE 02…MS
IV-HVAC & FF SERVICES.